Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Dialectical theory and the study of HIV/AIDS and other epidemics

  • Published:
Dialectical Anthropology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Epidemics have been important in human history. This article discusses epidemics as part of a metabolic dialectics of humanity within nature. The creative thoughts and actions of those people most threatened by HIV/AIDS, and the thoughts and actions of science, have shaped both each other and the virus. The virus has reacted through mutation in ways that mimic strategic intelligence. The dialectics of capital and states has shaped these interactions and, in some cases, been shaped by them. Practical action to minimize the harms epidemics do can be strengthened by understanding of these epidemics, and Marxist theory and practices can be strengthened by understanding the dialectics of public health and the struggles around it more fully.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Lewontin and Levins (2007).

  2. McNeill (1977), Diamond (1997).

  3. Lewontin and Levins (2007), Weiss and McMichael (2004).

  4. Ewald (1993).

  5. Anderson (1995), Dunayevskaya (1958, 1973, 1981, 2002), James (1980), Lenin (1972), Levins and Lewontin (1985), Lewontin and Levins (2007), Lukacs (1972, 1975), Marcuse (1960), Ollman (1993).

  6. Ewald (1993).

  7. Lewontin and Levins (2007).

  8. Levins and Lewontin (1985).

  9. Ewald (1993), McNeill (1977).

  10. Foster (2000), Smith (1991).

  11. Marx (1963).

  12. Ewald (1993).

  13. Goudsmit (1998).

  14. de Sousa (2009).

  15. Smith (1991).

  16. Crum-Cianflone et al. (2009).

  17. Des Jarlais et al. (1989), Friedman et al. (2007).

  18. Zinn (2003).

  19. Rockwell et al. (2006), Marmor et al. (1987), Friedman et al. (1987b).

  20. Wallace and Wallace (1998).

  21. Marmor et al. (1987).

  22. Friedman (1998).

  23. Wallace and Wallace (1998), Friedman et al. (1999).

  24. Farmer (1993).

  25. Auerbach et al. (1984).

  26. Levine (1998).

  27. Adam (1995), Altman (1986).

  28. Goudsmit (1998).

  29. Gisselquist et al. (2004).

  30. Stillwaggon (2005).

  31. Harman (1999), Rediker and Linebaugh (2000).

  32. Barnett and Whiteside (2002), Friedman and Reid (2002), Gisselquist et al. (2004), Marais (2000).

  33. Friedman et al. (1987a, 2007), Rockwell et al. (2006).

  34. Friedman et al. (1987b).

  35. Friedman et al. (2007).

  36. Gangopadhyay et al. (2005).

  37. AMMAR (2009).

  38. Lenin (1916, 1972).

  39. Dunayevskaya (1973, 2002), Trotsky (1970), Farber (1990).

  40. Mills (1948), Weir (1972), Friedman (1982, 1985).

  41. Allen (1969), Louis (1970), Quimby and Friedman (1989).

  42. Altman (1986), Henman et al. (1998a), b, Kochems et al. (1996), Pisani (2008).

  43. Friedman et al. (2008).

  44. CDC (2007), Cohen (1999), Friedman et al. (1987b), Friedman et al. (2009a).

  45. Farmer (1993).

  46. Barnett and Whiteside (2002), Stillwaggon (2005).

  47. Epele and Pecheny (2007).

  48. Friedman et al. (2006b, 2009b).

  49. Aral and St. Lawrence (2002), Rhodes and Simic (2005), Strathdee et al. (2006).

  50. Marais (2000), Friedman and Reid (2002).

  51. Friedman and Reid (2002), Strathdee et al. (2006).

  52. Pawlowicz et al. (2010).

  53. Hankins et al. (2002).

  54. Strathdee et al. (2006).

  55. Gisselquist (2005), Spiegel (2004).

  56. Friedman (1998), Friedman et al. (2001).

  57. Friedman (1998).

  58. Friedman and Reid (2002).

  59. Epele and Pecheny (2007).

  60. Spinelli et al. (2005, 2006), Verdú (2008).

  61. Bastos et al. (2007).

  62. Binstock and Cerrutti (2005), Bayón (2006), UNICEF (2008).

  63. Touzé (2006), Rangugni et al. (2006a, b).

  64. Argentine Federal Penitentiary Service (2007).

  65. Friedman et al. (2006b), Pawlowicz et al. (2010), Rossi et al. (2004, 2005, 2006).

  66. Friedman et al. (2006c), International Centre for Prison Studies (2008).

  67. Friedman (1998).

  68. Iriart (2008).

  69. Brenner (2002), Kliman (2006).

  70. Braverman (1974), Friedman (1982, 1985).

  71. Epstein (1996), Lune (2006).

  72. Rossi et al. (2009).

  73. De Melo et al. (2006).

  74. Rossi et al. (2007).

  75. Lukacs (1972), Engels (1968), Levins and Lewontin (1985).

  76. Friedman et al. (2006a).

  77. Friedman (1998), Friedman et al. (2001).

  78. Friedman (2008).

  79. Friedman and Reid (2002), Lenin (1905).

References

  • Allen, Robert L. 1969. Black awakening in capitalist America: An analytic history. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam, Barry D. 1995. The rise of a gay and lesbian movement. Revised edition. Social movements past and present series. New York: Twayne Publishers.

  • Altman, Dennis. 1986. AIDS in the mind of America. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Kevin. 1995. Lenin, Hegel, and Western Marxism. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aral, S.O., and J.S. St. Lawrence. 2002. The ecology of sex work and drug use in Saratov Oblast, Russia. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29(12): 798–805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Argentine Federal Penitentiary Service. 2007. Reports of the Penitentiary System (June 2003–June 2005, 2006, 2007). Available at: http://ppn.gov.ar.nwd-online.com.ar/system/contenido.php?id_cat=5.

  • Asociación de Mujeres Meretrices de la Argentina (AMMAR). 2009. Available at: http://www.ammar.org.ar/. Accessed 1 July 2009 .

  • Auerbach, D.M., W.W. Darrow, H.W. Jaffe, and J.W. Curran. 1984. Cluster of cases of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: Patients linked by sexual contact. American Journal of Medicine 76: 487–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, Tony, and Alan Whiteside. 2002. AIDS in the twenty-first century: Disease and globalization. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bastos, F.I., W. Caiaffa, D. Rossi, M. Vila, and M. Malta. 2007. The children of Mama Coca: Coca, Cocaine and the fate of harm reduction in South America. The International Journal of Drug Policy 18(2): 99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bayón, M.A. 2006. Social precarity in Mexico and Argentina: Trends, manifestations and national trajectories. CEPAL Review 88: 125–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binstock, G., and M. Cerrutti. 2005. Carreras truncadas: el abandono escolar en el nivel medio en la Argentina. Buenos Aires: UNICEF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braverman, Harry. 1974. Labor and monopoly capital. New York: Monthly Review Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner, Robert. 2002. The economics of global turbulence. New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • CDC (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2007. Fact sheet: HIV/AIDS among African Americans. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/resources/factsheets/aa.htm.

  • Cohen, C. 1999. The boundaries of blackness: AIDS and the breakdown of black politics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crum-Cianflone, N., L. Eberly, Y. Zhang, A. Ganesan, A. Weintrob, V. Marconi, R.V. Barthel, S. Fraser, B.K. Agan, and S. Wegner. 2009. Is HIV becoming more virulent? Initial CD4 cell counts among HIV seroconverters during the course of the HIV epidemic: 1985–2007. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48(9): 1285–1292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Melo, A.C., W.T. Caiaffa, C.C. César, R.V. Dantas, and B.F. Couttolenc. 2006. Utilization of HIV/AIDS treatment services: Comparing injecting drug users and other clients. Caderno de Saúde Publica 22(4): 803–813.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Sousa, João Dinis. 2009. Pandemic HIV-1: Its old origin and overlooked mysteries. AIDS Reviews 11: 52–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Des Jarlais, D.C., S.R. Friedman, D.M. Novick, J.L. Sotheran, et al. 1989. HIV-1 infection among intravenous drug users in Manhattan, New York City, from 1977 through 1987. JAMA 261(7): 1008–1012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, J. 1997. Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunayevskaya, Raya. 1958. Marxism and freedom. New York: Bookman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunayevskaya, Raya. 1973. Philosophy and revolution. New York: Dell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunayevskaya, Raya. 1981. Rosa Luxemburg, Women’s Liberation, and Marx’s philosophy of revolution. Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunayevskaya, Raya. 2002. The power of negativity. New York: Lexington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engels, Frederick. 1968. Dialectics of nature. New York: International Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epele, María, and Mario Pecheny. 2007. Harm reduction policies in Argentina: A critical view. Global Public Health 4: 342–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, Steven. 1996. Impure science: AIDS, activism, and the politics of knowledge. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ewald, Paul. 1993. Evolution of infectious disease. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farber, Samuel. 1990. Before Stalinism. The rise and fall of Soviet democracy. New York: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farmer, Paul. 1993. AIDS and accusation: Haiti and the geography of blame. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, John Bellamy. 2000. Marx’s ecology: Materialism and nature. New York: Monthly Review Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S.R. 1982. Teamster rank and file. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S.R. 1985. Worker opposition movements. Research in Social Movement, Conflicts, and Change 8: 133–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S.R., D.C. Des Jarlais, J.L. Sotheran, J. Garber, H. Cohen, and D. Smith. 1987a. AIDS and self-organization among intravenous drug users. International Journal of the Addictions 22: 201–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S.R., J.L. Sotheran, A. Abdul-Quader, B.J. Primm, D.C. Des Jarlais, P. Kleinman, C. Mauge, D.S. Goldsmith, W. El-Sadr, and R. Maslansky. 1987b. The AIDS epidemic among Blacks and Hispanics. Milbank Quarterly 65: 455–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S.R. 1998. The political economy of drug-user scapegoating—And the philosophy and politics of resistance. Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy 5(1): 15–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S.R., R. Curtis, A. Neaigus, B. Jose, and D.C. Des Jarlais. 1999. Social networks, drug injectors’ lives, and HIV/AIDS. New York: Kluwer/Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Samuel R., Matthew Southwell, Nick Crofts, Denise Paone, Jude Byrne, and Regina Bueno. 2001. Harm reduction—A historical view from the left: A response to commentaries. International Journal of Drug Policy 12: 259–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Samuel R., and Gary Reid. 2002. The need for dialectical models as shown in the response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 22: 177–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S.R., S.C. Kippax, N. Phaswana-Mafuya, D. Rossi, and C.E. Newman. 2006a. Emerging future issues in HIV/AIDS social research. AIDS 20: 959–960.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Samuel R., Diana Rossi, and Peter L. Flom. 2006b. “Big events” and networks: Thoughts on what could be going on. Connections 27(1): 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, S.R., H.L.F. Cooper, B. Tempalski, M. Keem, R. Friedman, P.L. Flom, and D.C. Des Jarlais. 2006c. Relationships of deterrence and law enforcement to drug-related harms among drug injectors in U.S.A. metropolitan areas. AIDS 20(1): 93–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Samuel R., Wouter de Jong, Diana Rossi, Graciela Touzé, Russell Rockwell, Des Jarlais, C. Don, and Richard Elovich. 2007. Harm reduction theory: Users culture, micro-social indigenous harm reduction, and the self-organization and outside-organizing of users’ groups. International Journal on Drug Policy 18: 107–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Samuel R., Diana Rossi, and Nancy Phaswana-Mafuya. 2008. Globalization and interacting large-scale processes and how they may affect the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In HIV/AIDS: Stories of a global epidemic (working title), edited by Cynthia Pope, Renée White, and Robert Malow. 2008. New York: Routledge, Inc.

  • Friedman, Samuel R. 2008. Making the world anew in a period of workers’ council rule. We! Magazine #63, Volume 2, Number 18, Wednesday, 2 April 2008. http://www.mytown.ca/we/friedman.

  • Friedman, S.R., H.L.F. Cooper, and A. Osborne. 2009a. Structural and social contexts of HIV risk among African-Americans. American Journal of Public Health 99: 1002–1008. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.140327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, Samuel R., Diana Rossi, and Naomi Braine. 2009. Theorizing “big events” as a potential risk environment for drug use, drug-related harm and HIV epidemic outbreaks. International Journal on Drug Policy.

  • Gangopadhyay, Dwijendra Nath, Mitra Chanda, Kamalesh Sarkar, Swapan Kumar Niyogi, Sekhar Chakraborty, Malay Kumar Saha, Byomkesh Manna, Smarajit Jana, Pratim Ray, Sujit Kumar M.D. Bhattacharya, and Roger Detels. 2005. Evaluation of sexually transmitted diseases/human immunodeficiency virus intervention programs for sex workers in Calcutta, India. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 32(11):680–684.

  • Gisselquist, David, John J. Potterat, and Stuart Brody. 2004. Running on empty: Sexual co-factors are insufficient to fuel Africa’s turbocharged HIV epidemic. International Journal of STD and AIDS 15: 442–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gisselquist, D. 2005. Impact of long-term civil disorders and wars on the trajectory of HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance (1).

  • Goudsmit, Jaap. 1998. Viral sex: The nature of AIDS. New York: Oxford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hankins Catherine, A., R. Friedman Samuel, Zafar Tariq, and A. Strathdee Steffanie. 2002. Transmission and prevention of HIV and STD in war settings: Implications for current and future armed conflicts. AIDS 16: 2245–2252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harman, Chris. 1999. A people’s history of the world. London: Bookmarks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henman, A.R., P. Paone, D.C. Des Jarlais, L.M. Kochems, and S.R. Friedman. 1998a. From ideology to logistics: The organizational aspects of syringe exchange in a period of institutional consolidation. Substance Use and Misuse 33: 1213–1230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henman, A.R., D. Paone, D.C. Des Jarlais, L.M. Kochems, and S.R. Friedman. 1998b. Injection drug users as social actors: A stigmatized community’s participation in the syringe exchange programs of New York City. AIDS Care 10: 397–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Centre for Prison Studies. 2008. Prison brief for Argentina. Available at http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/wpb_country.php?country=212.

  • Iriart, C. 2008. ‘Capital financiero versus complejo médico-industrial: los desafíos de las agencias regulatorias. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 13(5): 1619–1626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, C.L.R. 1980. Notes on dialectics. Westport, CT: Lawrence Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kliman, Andrew. 2006. Reclaiming Marx’s Capital: A refutation of the myth of inconsistency. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kochems, L.M., D. Paone, D.C. Des Jarlais, I. Ness, J. Clark, and S.R. Friedman. 1996. The transition from underground to legal syringe exchange: The New York City experience. AIDS Education and Prevention 8: 471–489.

  • Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich. 1972. Collected works: v. 38: Philosophical notebooks. Moscow: Progress Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich. 1905. Two tactics of social-democracy in the democratic revolution. http://www.marx.org/archive/lenin/works/1905/tactics/ch13.htm.

  • Lenin, Vladimir I. 1916. Imperialism, the highest stage of capitalism.

  • Levine, Martin P. 1998. Gay Macho: The life and death of the homosexual clone. New York, NY: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, Georg. 1972. History and class consciousness: Studies in Marxist dialectics. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lukacs, Georg. 1975. The young Hegel. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levins, Richard, and Richard Lewontin. 1985. The dialectical biologist. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewontin, Richard, and Richard Levins. 2007. Biology under the influence: Dialectical essays on ecology, agriculture, and health. New York: Monthly Review Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Louis, Debbie. 1970. And we are not saved: A history of the movement as people. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lune, Howard. 2006. Urban action networks: HIV/AIDS and community organizing in New York City. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, William H. 1977. Plagues and peoples. Garden City, NY: Anchor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marais, Hein. 2000. To the edge: AIDS review 2000. Johannesburg: University of Pretoria Press.

  • Marcuse, Herbert. 1960. Reason and revolution. Boston: Beacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmor, M., D.C. Des Jarlais, H. Cohen, S.R. Friedman, S.T. Beatrice, N. Dubin, W. el-Sadr, D. Mildvan, S. Yancovitz, U. Mathur, and R. Holzman. 1987. Risk factors for infection with human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug abusers in New York City. AIDS 1(1): 39–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, Karl. 1963. The 18th Brumaire of Louis Napoleon. New York: International Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C.Wright. 1948. The new men of power. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ollman, Bertell. 1993. Dialectical investigations. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawlowicz, M.P., D. Zunino Singh, D. Rossi, G. Touzé, G. Wolman, M. Bolyard, M. Sandoval, P.L. Flom, P. Mateu-Gelabert, and S.R. Friedman. 2010. Drug use and peer norms among youth in a high-risk drug use neighbourhood in Buenos Aires. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy 17(5): 544–559.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pisani, Elizabeth. 2008. The wisdom of whores: Bureaucrats, brothels, and the business of AIDS. New York: WW Norton & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quimby, E., and S.R. Friedman. 1989. Dynamics of black mobilization against AIDS in New York City. Social Problems 36(4): 403–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rangugni, V., D. Rossi, A. Corda, G. Garibotto, L. Caliocchio, L. Latorre, L. Scarlatta, and T. Blickman. 2006a. El paco bajo la lupa. El mercado de la pasta base de cocaína en el sur. Transnational Institute, Serie Drogas y Conflicto, Documentos de Debate No. 14, ISSN 1871-3408. Available at: http://www.tni.org/reports/drugs/debate14s.pdf.

  • Rangugni, V., D. Rossi, and A. Corda. 2006b. Informe pasta base de cocaína. Available at: http://www.tni.org/reports/drugs/pbcarg.pdf.

  • Rediker, Marcus, and Peter Linebaugh. 2000. The many-headed Hydra: Sailors, slaves, commoners and the hidden history of the revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rhodes, T., and M. Simic. 2005. Transition and the HIV risk environment. BMJ 331: 220–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rockwell, Russell, Herman Joseph, and Samuel R. Friedman. 2006. New York City injection drug users’ memories of syringe-sharing patterns and changes during the peak of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. AIDS and Behavior 10: 691–698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, D., S.R. Friedman, G. Touzé, M.P. Pawlowicz, D. Zunino Singh, P. Mateu-Gelabert, C. Maslow, M. Bolyard, and M. Sandoval. 2004. Drug use and HIV risk in Argentina’s social turmoil. NIDA International Forum, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 74.

  • Rossi, D., S. Friedman, M.P. Pawlowicz, D. Zunino Singh, G. Touzé, M. Bolyard, P. Goltzman, G. López, P. Mateu Gelabert, C. Maslow, and M. Sandoval. 2005. Impact of Argentine crisis on young IDUs and non-IDUs in a high-risk drug use environment in Buenos Aires. NIDA International Forum, Orlando, USA, 38.

  • Rossi, D., S.M. Friedman, M.P. Pawlowicz, D. Zunino Singh, G. Touzé, M. Bolyard, P. Goltzman, P. Mateu-Gelabert, C. Maslow, and M. Sandoval. 2006. Impact of Argentine crisis on drug use trends in poor neighborhoods of the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires. NIDA International Forum, Scottsdale, AZ, 34.

  • Rossi, D., M.P. Pawlowicz, and D. Zunino Singh. 2007. Accesibilidad de los usuarios de drogas a los servicios públicos de salud en las ciudades de Buenos Aires y Rosario. La perspectiva de los trabajadores de la salud. Serie Documentos de Trabajo, ed. Intercambios Asociación Civil y Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito, Buenos Aires.

  • Rossi, D., S. Harris, and M. Vitarelli-Batista. 2009.The impacts of the Drug War in Latin America and the Caribbean. In At what cost? HIV and human rights consequences of the global “war on drugs.” New York: Open Society Institute—International Harm Reduction Development Program.

  • Smith, Neil. 1991. Uneven development: Nature, capital and the production of space. New York: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiegel, P.B. 2004. HIV/AIDS among conflict-affected and displaced populations: Dispelling myths and taking action. Disasters 28: 322–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spinelli, H., M. Alazraqui, G. Macías, M.G. Zunino, and J.C. Nadalich. 2005. Muertes violentas en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Una mirada desde el sector salud. Ed. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Buenos Aires.

  • Spinelli, H., M. Alazraqui, G. Zunino, H. Olaeta, H. Poggese, C. Concaro, and S. Porterie. 2006. Firearm-related deaths and crime in the autonomous city of Buenos Aires. Ciênc. saúde coletiva., Rio de Janeiro, V. 11, N. 2. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1413-81232006000200011&lng=en&nrm=iso. Accessed on 4 December 2006.

  • Stillwaggon, E. 2005. AIDS and the ecology of poverty. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Strathdee, S.A., J.A. Stachowiak, C.S. Todd, W.K. al-Delaimy, W. Wiebel, C. Hankins, and T.L. Patterson. 2006. Complex emergencies, HIV, and substance use: No “Big Easy” solution. Substance Use and Misuse 14: 1637–1651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Touzé, G. Ed. 2006. Saberes y prácticas sobre drogas. El caso de la pasta base de cocaína. ISBN 987-98893-3-9 Intercambios Asociación Civil – Federación Internacional de Universidades Católicas (IFCU), Buenos Aires.

  • Trotsky, Leon. 1970. The revolution Betrayed. New York: Pathfinder.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF. 2008. Adolescencia. Available in: http://www.unicef.org/argentina/spanish/children_798.htm. Accessed 09/25/08.

  • Verdú, M.C. 2008. Juventud y mecanismos de control social. De las drogas al gatillo fácil. In Visiones y actores del debate, ed. G. Touzé, 199–204. III y IV Conferencia Nacional sobre Políticas de Drogas. Intercambios Asociación Civil – Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Buenos Aires.

  • Wallace, D., and R. Wallace. 1998. A plague on your houses. New York, NY: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weir, Stanley Lewis. 1972. Class forces in the ‘70’s. Radical America 7.

  • Weiss, R.A., and A.J. McMichael. 2004. Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Nature Medicine 10: 70–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zinn, Howard. 2003. A people’s history of the United States. New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

A number of people have given us useful feedback on this article. These include Richard Levins, Peter Taylor, Paul Ewald, the Teaching Team of the Seminar of AIDS of the School of Social Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires. Useful feedback also was obtained from attendees at the 42nd Annual Don W. Gudakunst Memorial Lecture of the Department of Epidemiology at the University of Michigan, 2005 and at a presentation at the International Institute for Research and Education in Amsterdam, 2008. The authors would like to acknowledge support from US National Institute on Drug Abuse projects R01 DA13128 (Networks, Norms, and HIV/STI Risk among Youth), its supplement (Networks, Norms & Risk in Argentina’s Social Turmoil), and P30 DA11041 (Center for Drug Use and HIV Research). This research was also supported by a Fogarty International Center/NIH grant through the AIDS International Training and Research Program at Mount Sinai School of Medicine-Argentina Program (Grant # D43 TW001037) and by the Buenos Aires University, UBACyT SO44.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Development and Research Institutes, Inc, New York, NY, USA

    Samuel R. Friedman

  2. Intercambios Civil Association and Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Diana Rossi

Authors
  1. Samuel R. Friedman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Diana Rossi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Samuel R. Friedman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Friedman, S.R., Rossi, D. Dialectical theory and the study of HIV/AIDS and other epidemics. Dialect Anthropol 35, 403–427 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-011-9222-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-011-9222-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation