Metastatic breast cancer is generally incurable with only a few patients achieving long-term survival after standard chemotherapy [1]. Though an expanding arsenal of active agents is available for the treatment of metastatic disease, overall survival has changed little during the last half century.
Extensive laboratory data suggests that angiogenesis plays an essential role in breast cancer development, invasion and metastasis. Of the identified angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; also known as vascular permeability factor) is the most potent and specific and is a crucial regulator of both normal and pathologic angiogenesis [2]. Bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against VEGF-A, has modest activity as a single agent but improves response rate and PFS but not overall survival when administered in combination with chemotherapy.
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There is also strong evidence supporting a role for platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) signaling in breast cancer autocrine and paracrine signaling. PDGFR has been detected in the stromal compartment of many human breast cancers by immunostaining [3]. High levels of immunostaining for PDGF receptor ligands, PDGF-A and PDGF-B, have been commonly detected directly on breast cancer cells in archival human tumors [4].
Sorafenib is a multikinase inhibitor targeting several serine/threonine and receptor tyrosine kinase receptors including VEGF, PDGF and the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway [5]. Sorafenib monotherapy (400 mg twice daily) had little activity in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer in two previously reported trials [6]. The addition of sorafenib to chemotherapy drugs is currently being investigated in the TIES (Trials to Investigate the Effects of Sorafenib in Breast Cancer) program. Two of these studies have already been completed and presented—the NU 07B1 and the SOLTI-0701 trials. The SOLTI trial reported by Baselga et al. showed a significant clinical benefit with the combination of capecitabine and sorafenib when compared to capecitabine monotherapy, PFS of median, 6.4 vs. 4.1 mo; hazard ratio 0.58; 1-sided p = 0.0006. This was achieved at the expense of more toxicity. The NU07B1 trial reported by Gradishar et al., compared the safety and efficacy of sorafenib in combination with paclitaxel vs paclitaxel with placebo. Results showed no improvement in PFS which was the primary endpoint [7‐9].
Considering that pro-angiogenic peptides are produced in increasing numbers as tumors progress, we hypothesized that combined inhibition of multiple angiogenesis pathways, whether serial or parallel, may increased activity. Results of a phase I trial of a combination of bevacizumab and sorafenib in 39 patients with a variety of tumour types (Azad et al., 2008a, b) has already been reported including ovarian cancer. Their results showed an unexpectedly high partial response rate (PR 1⁄4 46 %) in patients with relapsed EOC compared with 16–21 % response rate reported with bevacizumab alone [10]. Our trial evaluates combined VEGF inhibition with sorafenib and bevacizumab in pre-treated patients with advanced breast cancer.
Patients and methods
Patient eligibility
Eligible patients, ≥18 years old, had histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the breast with evidence of metastatic disease, measurable according to RECIST 1.0 criteria. Patients were also required to have an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1 as well as adequate hematologic, renal and hepatic function. Patients with HER2 positive (3+ by immunohistochemistry or gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization) disease must have received prior trastuzumab therapy. Patients could not have received more than 2 prior chemotherapy regimens, considering all adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy as one regimen. Prior hormonal therapy was allowed. Prior radiation therapy was allowed as long as the irradiated area is not the only source of evaluable disease.
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The study was performed in compliance of good clinical practice, the Helsinki Declaration, and federal and institutional guidelines. Ethical review boards at each institution approved the trial protocol prior to patient enrollment. All patients provided written informed consent.
Treatment plan
Sorafenib was administered orally at 200 mg daily; sorafenib dose could be increased to 200 mg twice daily in patients without significant toxicity in the first two cycles. Bevacizumab was given intravenously at 5 mg/kg every other week. One cycle was considered to be 28 days. Treatment continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity intervened.
Toxicities were evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 3. Patients were evaluated clinically every week for the first cycle than every other week for the subsequent cycle. Hypertension was monitored weekly during the first cycle, then prior to each bevacizumab infusion. Urine protein creatinine ratio or dipstick urinalysis was performed every 8 weeks. Complete blood count and serum chemistries were obtained before each cycle. No Bevacizumab dose reduction was allowed and no dose modification was specified for grades 1/2 toxicities. Bevacizumab was discontinued for any arterial thromboembolic event, all grade 4 non hematologic toxicities, and grades 3 and 4 allergic reactions. Bevacizumab therapy was held for other clinically relevant grade 3 toxicities, then resumed upon resolution or adequate control. Sorafenib was held for all grade 3/4 toxicities and, depending on clinical severity, either permanently discontinued or restarted at a lower dose upon resolution.
Disease status was assessed according to RECIST criteria at the end of every third cycle.
Statistical considerations
The primary endpoint was PFS, defined as the time from first treatment to disease progression or death from any cause. The study was designed to detect an improvement from median PFS of 3 months based on the previous experience with bevacizumab monotherapy to 5 months. Assuming a type I error of 5 % and 90 % power, 39 patients were required. To account for potential dropouts and unevaluable patients, a total sample size of 42 patients was initially planned. Based on the toxicity experience in the first 18 patients, an unplanned analysis of PFS was requested. When this failed to suggest significant benefit for the combined regimen, the study was terminated.
Secondary endpoints included overall response rate (ORR), clinical benefit response defined as the percentage of evaluable patients with confirmed complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD) for at least 6 months (CR+PR+SD), and safety. The median and range of continuous variables are presented. Frequencies and percents of categorical variables are provided. Exact binomial 95 % confidence intervals were calculated for response. The method of Kaplan-Meier was used to calculate median duration of follow-up, survival, and progression free survival [11].
Results
Patient characteristics
From October 2007 to March 2009, 18 patients were enrolled. Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Nearly half of the patients had triple negative (ER-, PR-, HER2-) disease, and most had received 1 or 2 prior chemotherapy regimens.
Table 1
Patient characteristics (n = 18)
Median | Range | ||
Age | 56 years | 33–75 years | |
Median | Mean | ||
Number of cycles | 3 | 4.3 | |
n | % | ||
Gender | |||
Female | 17 | 94.4 | |
Male | 1 | 5.6 | |
Race | |||
Caucasian | 13 | 72.2 | |
African American | 5 | 27.8 | |
ECOG performance status | |||
0 | 13 | 72.2 | |
1 | 5 | 27.8 | |
Breast cancer subtypes | |||
ER-/PR-/HER2− | 8 | 44.4 | |
ER-/PR-/HER2+ | 1 | 5.6 | |
ER+/PR-/HER2− | 4 | 22.2 | |
ER+/PR+/HER2− | 3 | 16.7 | |
ER+/PR+/HER2 unknown | 2 | 11.1 | |
Prior chemotherapy regimens | |||
0 | 1 | 5.6 | |
1 or 2 | 17 | 94 | |
Prior hormonal therapy | 9 | 50.0 | |
Prior radiation therapy | 11 | 61.1 | |
Efficacy
Median PFS was 2.8 months, 95 % CI (1.8–6.1). There were no complete or partial responses. Six patients had stable disease but only three (20 %) were stable for 6 months or more. Three patients died within 30 days of last therapy.
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Toxicity
In general, this toxicity was substantial. Although no grade 4 toxicity was noted, 9 (50 % of patients reported grade 3 toxicity (Table 2). Hypertension was common with 14 (78 %) patients experiencing grade 2 or 3 toxicity. GI toxicity, sensory neuropathy, rash, and pain were also relatively common. Seven patients discontinued therapy due to toxicity; reasons for treatment discontinuation were uncontrolled hypertension (n = 2), nausea (n = 1), neuropathy (n = 1), pain (n = 1), rash (n = 1) and wound complications (n = 1). One patient had a grade 3 hypersensitivity reaction; however patient was able to continue with treatment with premedication. No hematologic toxicities were reported, however elevation in the liver transaminases were noted in two patients.
Table 2
Treatment-related toxic effects
Toxicity category | Grade 1 | Grade 2 | Grade 3 | Total | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
GI | 6 | 33.3 | 7 | 38.9 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 72.2 |
Derm | 4 | 22.2 | 2 | 11.1 | 1 | 5.6 | 7 | 38.9 |
CV | 0 | 0 | 11 | 61.1 | 4 | 22.2 | 15 | 83.3 |
Neuro | 2 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.6 | 3 | 16.7 |
Lab | 1 | 5.6 | 1 | 5.6 | 2 | 11.1 | 4 | 22.2 |
Other | 6 | 33.3 | 5 | 27.8 | 5 | 27.8 | 16 | 88.9 |
Discussion
This report summarizes the results of the study of the combination of Sorafenib with Bevacizumab in previously treated patients with metastatic breast cancer. Our results show that the combination of the two angiogenic inhibitors in this patient population is poorly tolerated. All patients experienced some kind of toxicity and in half of them the toxicity was reported to be grade 3. The trial was stopped early because of the poor safety profile as well as the lack of significant efficacy of this combination over bevacizumab alone in the short follow up period where it was evaluated.
The significant toxicity of this combination questions the safety of dual VEGF blockade or VEGF/PDGF inhibition. This problem had been encountered in the earlier phase I studies of Sorafenib and Bevacizumab where a recurrent theme was the inability to dose escalate those drugs and where the maximal tolerated dose ended up having to be the initial dose which is usually much lower than the efficacious dose [10, 12]. When it comes to double angiogenesis blockade, our experience also mirrors some of the other combinations like with the combination of bevacizumab with Sunitinib. Several studies with this combination in solid tumors had to be halted secondary to significant side effects including anemia, myelosuppression, fatigue and gastrointestinal complications. In a phase I study by Feldman et al., Sunitinib and bevacizumab was tried in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma, again significant toxicity was encountered, with similar toxicity profile with the one we encountered with hypertension, fatigue and GI problems being very common [13]. Other studies reflect the same reality. In a recent phase 3 trial the SABRE-B study evaluated the triple combination of paclitaxel, bevacizumab and Sunitinib in metastatic breast cancer, that study accrual was also stopped because poor tolerability and inability to dose escalate sunitinib as planned secondary to the toxicity profile [14]. Many other trials reproduced similar results [15, 16]. The broad spectrum of signaling inhibition of the TKI’s brought increased toxicity with dose reductions and limited drug exposure that ultimately, we believe, hindered activity.
Overall results with VEGF TKIs in MBC have been disappointing. The broader spectrum of activity had provided hope for greater efficacy. However, with that broader profile comes increased toxicity, need for dose reductions and the general inability to combine with chemotherapy.
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In conclusion drug development is a challenging task; the combination of biologics is very unpredictable and could be misleading. A deeper understanding of the biology of breast cancer and its underlying molecular identity is warranted prior to embarking into further targeted therapy trials.
Conflict of interest
Lida A Mina, MD.: No Conflict of Interest
Cynthia S Johnson: No Conflict of Interest
Cynthia Burkhardt: No Conflict of Interest
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Menggang Yu: No Conflict of Interest
Robin Zon, MD: No Conflict of Interest
Kathy D Miller, MD: Honoraria to disclose: Yes Genentech
Research funding to disclose: Genentech and Trial supported by Bayer
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