Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been reported in a few coastal regions of Srikakulam district and Chimakurthy mandal (~30–40 km away from the coast) in the Prakasham district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Some medical experts and the local population have apprehensions that the drinking water is the sole reason for this disease in these areas. As the source of drinking water for these two regions is only groundwater, major ions and trace elements were measured on waters from different sources to identify the causative element(s), if any. Comparison of hydrochemical data of both the areas indicates that groundwater in Srikakulam coastal region is less mineralized than that of the Prakasham region, which may be due to geological, hydrological and climatic reasons. However, the concentrations of various inorganic chemicals are within the permissible limits of drinking water. Hence, for the inorganic chemicals to cause ill health, including CKD, is unlikely or is ruled out in the study areas.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Atsdr (Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry), Centre for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov.
Balaram, V. (2003). Groundwater analysis by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES). In Proceedings of the Workshop on “Groundwater Contamination”, Central Groundwater Board (pp. 16–30), New Delhi.
Bandara, J. M. R. S., Senevirathna, D. M. A. N., Dasanayake, D. M. R. S. B., Herath, V., Bandara, J. M. R. P., Abeysekara, T., et al. (2008). Chronic renal failure among farm families in cascade irrigation systems in Sri Lanka associated with elevated dietary cadmium levels in rice and freshwater Wsh (Tilapia). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30(5), 465–478. doi:10.1007/s10653-007-9129-6.
BIS, (2003). Draft Indian Standard, Drinking water—specification (Second Revision of IS 10500), ICS No. 13.060.20, 2009. http://bis.org.in/sf/fad/FAD25(2047)C.pdf.
Chandrajith, R., Dissanayake, C. B., Ariyarathna, T., Herath, H. M. J. M. K., & Padmasiri, J. P. (2011a). Dose-dependent Na and Ca in fluoride-rich drinking water—another major cause of chronic renal failure in tropical arid regions. Science of the Total Environment, 409(4), 671–675.
Chandrajith, R., Nanayakkara, S., Itai, K., Aturaliya, T. N. C., Dissanayake, C. B., Abeysekera, T., et al. (2011b). Chronic kidney diseases of uncertain etiology (CKDue) in Sri Lanka: Geographic distribution and environmental implications. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 33(3), 267–278.
Coresh, J., Wei, G. L., McQuillan, G., Brancati, F. L., Levey, A. S., Jones, C., et al. (2001). Prevalence of high blood pressure and elevated serum creatinine level in the United States: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994). Archives of Internal Medicine, 161, 1207–1216.
Das, S. C., & Agarwal, S. K. (2006). Incidences of chronic kidney disease in India. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 21, 232–233.
Harinarayan, C. V., Kochupillai, N., Madhu, S. V., Gupta, N., & Meunjer, P. J. (2006). Fluorotoxic metabolic bone disease: An osteo-renal syndrome caused by excess fluoride ingestion in the tropics. Bone, 39, 907–914.
Jouvin, M. H., De Vernejoul, M. C., & Druet, P. (1987). Fluoride—induced chronic renal failure. American Journal of Kidney Disorders, 10(2), 136–139.
Maillou, L. U. (2001). Hypertension in chronic renal failure and ESRD: Prevalence, pathophysiology and outcome. Seminars in Nephrology, 21(2), 146–156.
McClellan, W. M., Knight, D. F., Karp, H., & Brown, W. W. (1997). Early detection and treatment of renal disease in hospitalized diabetic and hypertensive patients: Important differences between practice and published guidelines. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 29, 368–375.
Medicinenet.com. http://www.medicinenet.com/creatinine_blood_test/article.htm.
Prabahar, M. R., Chandrasekaran, V., & Soundararajan, P. (2008). Renal data from Asia-Africa: Epidemic chronic kidney disease in India—what can be done? Saudi Journal of Kidney Disorder and Transplantation, 19(5), 847–853.
Reddy, D. V., Nagabhushanam, P., Sukhija, B. S., Reddy, A. G. S., & Smedley, P. L. (2010). Fluoride dynamics in the granitic aquifer of the Wailapally watershed, Nalgonda District, India. Chemical Geology, 269, 278–289.
Reggabi, M., Khelfat, K., & Aoul, T. M. (1984). Renal function in residents of an endemic fluorosis area in southern Algeria. Fluoride, 17, 35–41.
Rondeau, V., Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Commenges, D., Helmer, C., & Dartigues, J. F. (2009). Aluminum and silica in drinking water and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease or cognitive decline: Findings from 15-year follow-up of the PAQUID cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169(4), 489–496. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn348.
WHO. (2011). Guidelines for drinking-water quality (4th ed.). Geneva: WHO.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful Dr. Prasada Raju, Adviser and Head (TMC), Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, on whose request the work was carried out, and the Director NGRI for permitting us to carry out the work. We are also thankful to RWS Panchayat Raj, Palasa Division, in particular, Mr. Ramakrishna, DE and Mr. Raja Babu, chemist for helping in sample collection and Dr. M. Satyanarayan, NGRI for measuring the trace elements. The editorial improvement of the MS done by Dr. Alex Stewart, Editorial Board member of this journal is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reddy, D.V., Gunasekar, A. Chronic kidney disease in two coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India: role of drinking water. Environ Geochem Health 35, 439–454 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-012-9506-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-012-9506-7