Introduction
Methods
Study design and study participants
Data assessment
Laboratory analysis
Quality assurance
Diagnostic conventions and covariates
Statistical analyses
Results
Characteristics of study population and duration of fasting status
Blood glucose levels and fasting status
Age-groups | Fasting status | Differencea
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fasting (≥8 h) | Non-fasting (<8 h) | |||||
(years) | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD |
P value* | |
Men | ||||||
<36 | 618 | 4.79 ± 0.61 | 1,206 | 4.78 ± 0.86 | 0.012 | 0.74 |
36–59 | 1,613 | 5.13 ± 0.86 | 3,785 | 5.21 ± 1.19 | −0.082 | 0.0045 |
60–80 | 759 | 5.37 ± 0.84 | 2,242 | 5.50 ± 1.34 | −0.128 | 0.0022 |
≥80 | 38 | 5.43 ± 0.65 | 167 | 5.73 ± 1.46 | −0.302 | 0.0529 |
All | 3,028 | 5.13 ± 0.83 | 7,400 | 5.24 ± 1.22 | −0.115 | <0.001 |
Women | ||||||
<36 | 924 | 4.57 ± 0.49 | 2,602 | 4.60 ± 0.69 | −0.032 | 0.1272 |
36–59 | 2,196 | 4.91 ± 0.63 | 7,356 | 4.95 ± 0.92 | −0.037 | 0.0303 |
60–80 | 868 | 5.21 ± 0.81 | 3,260 | 5.23 ± 1.09 | −0.018 | 0.5864 |
≥80 | 79 | 5.27 ± 0.74 | 311 | 5.43 ± 1.14 | −0.162 | 0.1261 |
All | 4,067 | 4.90 ± 0.69 | 13,529 | 5.0 ± 0.96 | −0.056 | <0.001 |
Blood glucose levels and hours of last caloric intake
Control of external influence factors
Men | Women | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Change of blood glucose (mmol/L) | Change of blood glucose (mmol/L) | |||
ß | 95%-CI | ß | 95%-CI | |
Age (years) | 0.010 | 0.008; 0.011 | 0.010 | 0.009; 0.012 |
Fasting duration (h) | −0.024 | −0.029; −0.018 | −0.009 | −0.013; −0.006 |
Time of day of blood sampling | ||||
Morning (<12.00 p.m.) | −0.052 | −0.075; −0.029 | −0.027 | −0.042; −0.011 |
Afternoon (≥ 12.00 p.m.) | 0.011 | −0.015; 0.037 | 0.020 | 0.005; 0.035 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.120 | −0.189; −0.050 | −0.095 | −0.132; −0.058 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.003 | −0.026; 0.021 | 0.018 | 0.001; 0.034 |
Systole blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.004 | 0.002; 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.002; 0.003 |
Intake of beta-blocker | 0.160 | 0.100; 0.220 | 0.152 | 0.111; 0.193 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.010 | 0.008; 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.006; 0.009 |
Smoking | 0.048 | −0.004; 0.100 | 0.022 | −0.013; 0.056 |
Beverage | ||||
Soft/fizzy drinksa
| 0.004 | −0.054; 0.062 | 0.046 | 0.001; 0.089 |
Hard liquora
| 0.234 | 0.053; 0.414 | 0.212 | 0.014; 0.409 |
Physical activity (ref. <2 h/week) | −0.096 | −0.150; −0.042 | −0.034 | −0.069; 0.001 |
Sensitivity analyses
∆measurement 1 − measurement 2 (mmol/L) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | Meandif
| 95%-CI | SDdif
| |
Men | ||||
Fasting–fasting | 612 | 0.047 | −0.004; 0.099 | 0.653 |
Non fasting–fasting | 3,099 | 0.344 | 0.301; 0.388 | 1.234 |
Fasting–nonfasting | 64 | −0.053 | −0.274; 0.168 | 0.886 |
Nonfasting–nonfasting | 425 | 0.024 | −0.102; 0.150 | 1.320 |
Women | ||||
Fasting–fasting | 664 | 0.112 | 0.051; 0.172 | 0.794 |
Non fasting–fasting | 4,472 | 0.275 | 0.247; 0.304 | 0.975 |
Fasting–nonfasting | 94 | −0.130 | −0.313; 0.053 | 0.892 |
Nonfasting–nonfasting | 729 | 0.153 | 0.072; 0.233 | 1.108 |
1. Measurement | 2. Fasting measurement ≥ 8 h | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fasting duration (h) | Blood glucose categorya
| Low | Medium | High | All | ||||
% | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | ||
≥8 | Low | 91.8 | 938 | 7.9 | 81 | 0.3 | 3 | 80.2 | 1,022 |
>0 (random) | 90.6 | 4,966 | 8.7 | 479 | 0.7 | 37 | 72.5 | 5,482 | |
≥3 | 89.3 | 2,473 | 10.3 | 278 | 0.7 | 20 | 79.6 | 2,771 | |
≥8 | Medium | 48.2 | 109 | 45.6 | 103 | 6.2 | 14 | 17.7 | 226 |
>0 (random) | 77.0 | 1,220 | 21.6 | 343 | 1.4 | 22 | 21.0 | 1,585 | |
≥3 | 67.0 | 382 | 30.9 | 176 | 2.1 | 12 | 21.0 | 1,101 | |
≥8 | High | 40.7 | 11 | 37.0 | 10 | 22.2 | 6 | 2.1 | 27 |
>0 (random) | 57.5 | 284 | 31.2 | 154 | 11.3 | 56 | 6.5 | 494 | |
≥3 | 48.9 | 69 | 32.6 | 46 | 18.4 | 26 | 4.1 | 141 | |
≥8 | All | 83.0 | 1,085 | 15.2 | 194 | 1.8 | 23 | 100 | 1,275 |
>0 (random) | 85.6 | 6,470 | 12.9 | 976 | 1.5 | 115 | 100 | 7,561 | |
≥3 | 84.0 | 2,924 | 14.4 | 500 | 1.7 | 58 | 100 | 3,482 |