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Role of sialic acid-containing molecules in paramyxovirus entry into the host cell: A minireview

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Abstract

Sialic acid-containing compounds play a key role in the initial steps of the paramyxovirus life cycle. As enveloped viruses, their entry into the host cell consists of two main events: binding to the host cell and membrane fusion. Virus adsorption occurs at the surface of the host cell with the recognition of specific receptor molecules located at the cell membrane by specific viral attachment proteins. The viral attachment protein present in some paramyxoviruses (Respirovirus, Rubulavirus and Avulavirus) is the HN glycoprotein, which binds to cellular sialic acid-containing molecules and exhibits sialidase and fusion promotion activities. Gangliosides of the gangliotetraose series bearing the sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic (Neu5Ac) on the terminal galactose attached in α2-3 linkage, such as GD1a, GT1b, and GQ1b, and neolacto-series gangliosides are the major receptors for Sendai virus. Much less is known about the receptors for other paramyxoviruses than for Sendai virus. Human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 preferentially recognize oligosaccharides containing N-acetyllactosaminoglycan branches with terminal Neu5Acα2-3Gal. In the case of Newcastle disease virus, has been reported the absence of a specific pattern of the gangliosides that interact with the virus. Additionally, several works have described the use of sialylated glycoproteins as paramyxovirus receptors. Accordingly, the design of specific sialic acid analogs to inhibit the sialidase and/or receptor binding activity of viral attachment proteins is an important antiviral strategy. In spite of all these data, the exact nature of paramyxovirus receptors, apart from their sialylated nature, and the mechanism(s) of viral attachment to the cell surface are poorly understood.

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Abbreviations

DANA:

Neu5Ac2en 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetyl neuraminic acid

FANA:

deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-trifluoroacetylneuraminic acid

4-GU-DANA:

2,3-didehydro-2,4-dideoxy-4-guanidino-N-acetylneuraminic acid

SV5:

simian virus 5

hPIV1, 2 or 3:

human parainfluenza virus 1, 2 or 3

NDV:

Newcastle Disease Virus

Neu5Ac:

N-acetylneuraminic acid

Neu5Gc:

N-glycolylneuraminic acid

α-Neu5thioAc2Sme:

α-2-S-methyl-5-N-thioacetylneuraminic acid

RSV:

Respiratory Syncitial Virus

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  1. Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Departamental, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n, Lab. 108, Salamanca, 37007, Spain

    Enrique Villar & Isabel Muñoz Barroso

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  1. Enrique Villar
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  2. Isabel Muñoz Barroso
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Correspondence to Enrique Villar.

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The authors would like to dedicate this review to Prof. José A. Cabezas, recently retired who, as well being our mentor and colleague, introduced us into the fascinating field of sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates and viral sialidases at a time when just a very small number of scientists were paying attention to this important field of research. Also, he has been for us a continuous source of inspiration and friendship to us.

The ganglioside nomenclature of Svennerholm [1] is used.

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Villar, E., Barroso, I.M. Role of sialic acid-containing molecules in paramyxovirus entry into the host cell: A minireview. Glycoconj J 23, 5–17 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-006-5433-0

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