Skip to main content
Log in

Sleep Patterns of School-Age Children with Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism

  • ORIGINAL PAPER
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sleep patterns of 32 school-age children with Asperger syndrome (AS) and high-functioning autism (HFA) were compared to those of 32 typically developing age- and gender-matched children, using parent survey and one week of diary and actigraphic monitoring. Parents of children with AS/HFA more commonly reported that their children had difficulty falling asleep. One week of sleep recording with diary and actigraphy confirmed that children in the AS/HFA group spent a longer time awake in bed before falling asleep than children in the control group, possibly because the children in the AS/HFA group had earlier bedtimes. Other essential aspects of sleep patterns coincided between the groups. The sleep patterns of children with AS and HFA did not differ.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • The Actiwatch Activity Monitoring System. (1999). Instructions for use and software manual. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Neurotechnology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acebo, C., Sadeh, A., Seifer, R., Tzischinsky, O., Wolfson, A. R., Hafer, A., et al. (1999). Estimating sleep patterns with activity monitoring in children and adolescents: How many nights are necessary for reliable measures? Sleep, 22(1), 95–103.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder, 4th ed. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ancoli-Israel, S., Cole, R., Alessi, C., Chambers, M., Moorcroft, W., & Pollak, C. P. (2003). The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms. Sleep, 26(3), 342–392.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anders, T. F., Carskadon, M. A., Dement, W. C., & Harvey, K. (1978). Sleep habits of children and the identification of pathologically sleepy children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 9(1), 56–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergeron, C., Godbout, R., Mottron, L., & Stop, E. (1997). Sleep and dreaming in Asperger’s syndrome. Sleep Research, 26, 541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. W. (1996). Sleep and epilepsy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 5(3), 701–715.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahl, R. E., & Carskadon, M. A. (1995). Sleep and its disorders in adolescence. In R. Ferber & M. Kryger (Ed.), Principles and practice of sleep medicine in the child (pp. 19–27). Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson Mayes, S. (2001a). Does DSM-IV Asperger’s disorder exist? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29(3), 263–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson Mayes, S. (2001b). Non-significance of early speech delay in children with autism and normal intelligence and implications for DSM-IV Asperger's disorder. Autism, 5(1), 81–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers, S., & Gillberg, C. (1993). The epidemiology of Asperger syndrome. A total population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 34(8), 1327–1350.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers, S., Gillberg, C., & Wing, L. (1999). A screening questionnaire for Asperger syndrome and other high-functioning autism spectrum disorders in school age children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(2), 129–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fombonne, E., Simmons, H., Ford, T., Meltzer, H., & Goodman, R. (2001). Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorders in the British nationwide survey of child mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(7), 820–827.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaziuddin, M., Weidmer-Mikhail, E., & Ghaziuddin, N. (1998). Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome: A preliminary report. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42(Pt 4), 279–283.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist, A., Green, J., Cox, A., Burton, D., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (2001). Development and current functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome: A comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42(2), 227–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Godbout, R., Bergeron, C., Limoges, E., Stip, E., & Mottron, L. (2000). A laboratory study of sleep in Asperger’s syndrome. Neuroreport, 11(1), 127–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hering, E., Epstein, R., Elroy, S., Iancu, D. R., & Zelnik, N. (1999). Sleep patterns in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(2), 143–147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshino, Y., Watanabe, H., Yashima, Y., Kaneko, M., & Kumashiro, H. (1984). An investigation on sleep disturbance of autistic children. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica, 38(1), 45–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howlin, P. (2003). Outcome in high-functioning adults with autism with and without early language delays: Implications for the differentiation between autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33(1), 3–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J. A., Szatmari, P., Bryson, S. E., Streiner, D. L., & Wilson, F. J. (2000). The prevalence of anxiety and mood problems among children with autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism, 4(2), 117–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laberge, L., Petit, D., Simard, C., Vitaro, F., Tremblay, R. E., & Montplaisir, J. (2001). Development of sleep patterns in early adolescence. Journal of Sleep Research, 10(1), 59–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mindell, J. A., & Owens, J. A. (2003). A clinical guide to pediatric sleep. Diagnosis and management of sleep problems. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nass, R., & Gutman, R. (1997). Boys with Asperger’s disorder, exceptional verbal intelligence, tics, and clumsiness. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 39(10), 691–695.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paavonen, E. J., Nieminen-von Wendt, T., Vanhala, R., Aronen, E. T., & von Wendt, L. (2003). Effectiveness of melatonin in the treatment of sleep disturbances in children with Asperger disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 13(1), 83–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patzold, L. M., Richdale, A. L., & Tonge, B. J. (1998). An investigation into sleep characteristics of children with autism and Asperger’s disorder. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 34(6), 528–533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richdale, A. L. (1999). Sleep problems in autism: Prevalence, cause, and intervention. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41(1), 60–66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richdale, A. L. (2001). Sleep in children with autism and Asperger syndrome. In G. Stores, & L. Wiggs (Eds.), Sleep disturbance in children and adolescents with disorders of development: Its significance and management (pp. 181–195). Oxford: MacKeith Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richdale, A. L., & Prior, M. R. (1995). The sleep/wake rhythm in children with autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 4(3), 175–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sadeh, A., Raviv, A., & Gruber, R. (2000). Sleep patterns and sleep disruptions in school-age children. Developmental Psychology, 36(3), 291–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sadeh, A., Sharkey, K. M., & Carskadon, M. A. (1994). Activity-based sleep-wake identification: An empirical test of methodological issues. Sleep, 17(3), 201–207 .

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segawa, M., Katoh, M., Katoh, J., & Nomura, Y. (1992). Early modulation of sleep parameters and its importance in later behavior. Brain Dysfunction, 5, 211–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • SPSS base 9.0. (1999). User’s guide. Chicago, Ill.: SPSS Inc.

  • Stores, G. (2001). A clinical guide to sleep disorders in children and adolescents. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tani, P., Lindberg, N., Nieminen-Von Wendt, T., Von Wendt, L., Alanko, L., Appelberg, B., et al. (2003). Insomnia is a frequent finding in adults with Asperger syndrome. BMC Psychiatry, 3(1), 12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tonge, B. J. (1999). Behavioural and emotional disturbance in high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Autism, 3(2), 117–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (1993). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: WHO.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hiie Allik.

Additional information

This research was supported by grants from the Foundation of Majblommans Riksförbund, the Foundation of Samariten, the Märta and Nicke Nasvell Foundation, and the Kempe-Carlgrens Foundation.

Appendix

Appendix

Table A1  Description of cases according to ICD-10 research criteria for childhood autism and Asperger syndrome

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Allik, H., Larsson, JO. & Smedje, H. Sleep Patterns of School-Age Children with Asperger Syndrome or High-Functioning Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 36, 585–595 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0099-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-006-0099-9

Keywords

Navigation