Skip to main content
Log in

The Hypothesis of Apraxia of Speech in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In a sample of 46 children aged 4–7 years with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and intelligible speech, there was no statistical support for the hypothesis of concomitant Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). Perceptual and acoustic measures of participants’ speech, prosody, and voice were compared with data from 40 typically-developing children, 13 preschool children with Speech Delay, and 15 participants aged 5–49 years with CAS in neurogenetic disorders. Speech Delay and Speech Errors, respectively, were modestly and substantially more prevalent in participants with ASD than reported population estimates. Double dissociations in speech, prosody, and voice impairments in ASD were interpreted as consistent with a speech attunement framework, rather than with the motor speech impairments that define CAS.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed text revision). Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (2007a). Childhood apraxia of speech [Position Statement]. Available from www.asha.org/policy.

  • American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA). (2007b). Childhood apraxia of speech [Technical Report]. Available from www.asha.org/policy.

  • Aziz, A. A., Shohdi, S., Osman, D. M., & Habib, E. I. (2010). Childhood apraxia of speech and multiple phonological disorders in Cairo-Egyptian Arabic speaking children: Language, speech, and oro-motor differences. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 74, 578–585.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baltaxe, C. (1981). Acoustic characteristics of prosody in autism. In P. Mittler (Ed.), Frontier of knowledge in mental retardation (pp. 223–233). Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baltaxe, C. A. M. (1984). Use of contrastive stress in normal, aphasic, and autistic children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 97–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baltaxe, C., & Guthrie, D. (1987). The use of primary sentence stress by normal, aphasic, and autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17, 255–271.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baltaxe, C., & Simmons, J. (1985). Prosodic development in normal and autistic children. In E. Schopler & G. Mesibov (Eds.), Communication problems in autism (pp. 95–125). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartak, L., Rutter, M., & Cox, A. (1975). A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorders: III. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6, 383–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartolucci, G., & Pierce, S. J. (1977). A preliminary comparison of phonological development in autistic, normal, and mentally retarded subjects. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 12, 137–147.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartolucci, G., Pierce, S., Streiner, D., & Eppel, P. T. (1976). Phonological investigation of verbal autistic and mentally retarded subjects. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6, 303–316.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. V. M., Mayberry, M., Wong, D., Maley, A., Hill, W., & Hallmayer, J. (2004). Are phonological processing deficits part of the broad autism phenotype? American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B, 128, 54–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnel, A., McAdams, S., Smith, B., Berthiaume, C., Bertone, A., Ciocca, V., et al. (2010). Enhanced pure-tone pitch discrimination among persons with autism but not Asperger syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 48, 2465–2475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, J. (1976). Articulation in early childhood autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 6, 297–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boucher, M. J., Andrianopoulos, M. V., & Velleman, S. L. (2010). Prosodic features in the spontaneous speech of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Paper presented at the International Child Phonology Conference. Memphis, TN: The University of Memphis.

  • Boucher, M. J., Andrianopoulos, M. V., Velleman, S. L., & Pecora, L. (2009). Voice characteristics of autism. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, New Orleans, LA.

  • Campbell, T. F., Dollaghan, C. A., Rockette, H. E., Paradise, J. L., Feldman, H. M., Shriberg, L. D., et al. (2003). Risk factors for speech delay of unknown origin in 3-year-old children. Child Development, 74, 346–357.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, S., Charman, T., Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Loucas, T., Meldrum, D., et al. (2007). Validation of the social communication questionnaire in a population cohort of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1324–1332.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cleland, J., Gibbon, F. E., Peppé, S. J., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2010). Phonetic and phonological errors in children with high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12, 69–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cytel Software Corporation. (2001). StatXact 5.0.3. Cambridge, MA: Cytel Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B., & Velleman, S. (2008). Establishing a basic speech repertoire without using NSOME: Means, motive, and opportunity. Seminars in Speech and Language, 29, 312–319.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, M., Mottron, L., & Gernsbacher, M. A. (in press). Learning in autism. In J. H. Byrne (Series Ed.) & H. Roediger (Vol. Ed.), Learning and memory: A comprehensive reference: Cognitive psychology. New York: Elsevier.

  • Dewey, D., Roy, E. A., Square-Storer, P. A., & Hayden, D. C. (1988). Limb and oral praxic abilities of children with verbal sequencing deficits. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 30, 743–751.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, J. J., Bennetto, L., Watson, D., Gunlogson, C., & McDonough, J. (2008). Resolving ambiguity: A psycholinguistic approach to understanding prosody processing in high- functioning autism. Brain and Language, 106, 144–152.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, J. J., Watson, D., Bennetto, L., McDonough, J., & Gunlogson, C. (2009). An acoustic analysis of prosody in high-functioning autism. Applied Psycholinguistics, 30, 385–404.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowell, L. R., Mahone, E. M., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2009). Associations of postural knowledge and basic motor skill with dyspraxia in autism: Implication for abnormalities in distributed connectivity and motor learning. Neuropsychology, 23, 563–570.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, C., Jones, M. R., & Baruch, C. (2000). The development of rhythmic attending on auditory sequences: attunement, referent period, focal attending. Cognition, 77, 251–288.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, J. R. (2005). Motor speech disorders: Substrates, diferential diagnosis, and management (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, L., & Dunn, L. (1997). Peabody picture vocabulary test-III. San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessments.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dziuk, M. A., Gidley Larson, J. C., Apostu, A., Mahone, E. M., Denckla, M. B., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2007). Dyspraxia in autism: association with motor, social, and communicative deficits. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 49, 734–739.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eigsti, I., Bennetto, L., & Dadlani, M. (2007). Beyond pragmatics: Morphosyntactic development in autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 1007–1023.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fay, W., & Schuler, A. (1980). Emerging language in autistic children. Baltimore: University Park Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, J., Bartolucci, G., Ginsberg, G., & Szatmari, P. (1991). The use of intonation to ommunicate in pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 771–782.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flipsen, P., Jr. (1999). Articulation rate and speech-sound normalization following speech delay. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

  • Foreman, C. (2002). The use of contrastive focus by high-functioning children with autism. Dissertation Abstracts International 62, 3759A (UMI No. DA3032821).

  • Gernsbacher, M. A., Sauer, E. A., Geye, H. M., Schweigert, E. K., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2008). Infant and toddler oral- and manual motor skills predict later speech fluency in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 43–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldmann Gross, R., & Grossman, M. (2008). Update on apraxia. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 8, 490–496.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gotham, K., Risi, S., Pickles, A., & Lord, C. (2007). The autism diagnostic observation schedule: Revised algorithms for improved diagnostic validity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 613–627.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, D., Baird, G., Barnett, A., Henderson, L., Huber, J., & Henderson, S. (2002). The severity and nature of motor impairment in Asperger syndrome: A comparison with specific developmental disorder of motor function. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 655–668.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, R. B., Bemis, R. H., Plesa-Skwerer, D., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2010). Lexical and affective prosody in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53, 778–793.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, P. (2003). Pitch memory, labeling and disembedding in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 543–551.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Järvinen-Pasley, A. M., Wallace, G. L., Ramus, F., Happe, F., & Heaton, P. (2008). Enhanced perceptual processing of speech in autism. Developmental Science, 11, 109–121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, C. R. G., Happé, F., Baird, G., Simonoff, E., Marsden, A. J. S., Tregay, J., et al. (2009). Auditory discrimination and auditory sensory behaviours in autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychologia, 47, 2850–2858.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, R. D. (2000). Research on speech motor control and its disorders: A review and prospective. Journal of Communication Disorders, 33, 391–427.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kent, R. D. (2004). The uniqueness of speech among motor systems. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 18, 495–505.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent, R. D. (2010). Muscle-fiber heterogeneity in craniofacial muscles: Implications for speech development and speech motor control. Paper presented at the Fifthteenth Biennial conference on motor speech: Motor speech disorders & speech motor control, Savannah, GA.

  • Kjelgaard, M. M., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2001). An investigation of language impairment in autism: Implications for genetic subgroups. Language & Cognitive Processes, 16, 287–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwiatkowski, J., & Shriberg, L. D. (1993). Speech normalization in developmental phonological disorders: A retrospective study of capability-focus theory. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 24, 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwiatkowski, J., & Shriberg, L. D. (1998). The capability-focus treatment framework for child speech disorders. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology: A Journal of Clinical Practice, 7, 27–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Legerstee, M., Markova, G., & Fisher, T. (2007). The role of maternal affect attunement in dyadic and triadic communication. Infant Behavior and Development, 30, 296–306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Rutter, M., DeLavore, P., & Risi, S. (2000). Autism diagnostic observation schedule-General. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCaleb, P., & Prizant, B. (1985). Encoding of new versus old information by autistic children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 50, 230–240.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, J., & Peppé, S. (2003). Prosody in autism spectrum disorders: a critical review. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 38, 325–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCann, J., Peppé, S., Gibbon, F. E., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2007). Prosody and its relationship to language in school-aged children with high-functioning autism. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 42, 682–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCann, J., Peppé, S., Gibbon, F., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2008). The prosody- language relationship in children with high-functioning autism. In E. McGregor, M. Nunez, K. Cebula, & J. C. Gomez (Eds.), Autism: An integrated view from neurocognitive, clinical, and intervention research (pp. 214–235). Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCauley, R. J., Strand, E., Lof, G. L., Schooling, T., & Frymark, T. (2009). Evidence-based systematic review: effects of nonspeech oral motor exercises on speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18, 343–360.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCleery, J. P., Tully, L., Slevc, L. R., & Schreibman, L. (2006). Consonant production patterns of young severely language-delayed children in autism. Journal of Communication Disorders, 39, 217–231.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDuffie, A., Turner, L., Stone, W., Yoder, P., Wolery, M., & Ulman, T. (2007). Developmental correlates of different types of motor imitation in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 401–412.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mostofsky, S. H., Burgess, M. P., & Gidley Larson, J. C. (2007). Increased motor cortex white matter volume predicts motor impairment in autism. Brain, 130, 2117–2122.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mostofsky, S. H., Dubey, P., Jerath, V. K., Jansiewicz, E. M., Goldberg, M. C., & Denckla, M. B. (2006). Developmental dyspraxia is not limited to imitation in children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of the International NeuropsycholologicaSociety, 12, 314–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mottron, L., Dawson, M., Soulières, I., Hubert, B., & Burack, J. A. (2006). Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: An update, and eight principles of autistic perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 27–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagamani, B., Velleman, S., Andrianopoulos, Boucher, M., Thayer, L., & Kuck, A. (2009). Language-free assessment tool for motor speech disorders in difficult-to- test populations. Paper presented at the annual convention of the american speech-language-hearing association, New Orleans, LA.

  • National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD). (2010). NIH workshop on nonverbal school-aged children with autism. Bethesda, MD.

  • Ozonoff, S., Young, G. S., Goldring, S., Greiss-Hess, L., Herrera, A. M., Steele, J., et al. (2008). Gross motor development, movement abnormalities, and early identification of autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 644–656.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paccia, J., & Curcio, F. (1982). Language processing and forms of immediate echolalia in autistic children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 25, 42–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Page, J., & Boucher, J. (1998). Motor impairments in children with autistic disorder. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 14, 233–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, R., Augustyn, A., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (2005a). Perception and production of prosody by speakers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 201–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul, R., Augustyn, A., Klin, A., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2000). Grammatical and pragmatic prosody perception in high-functioning autism. Paper presented at the 21st Annual Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.

  • Paul, R., Bianchi, N., Augustyn, A., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (2008). Production of syllable stress in speakers with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2, 110–124.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, R., Shriberg, L. D., McSweeny, J., Cicchetti, D., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (2005b). Brief report: Relations between prosodic performance and communication and socialization ratings in high functioning speakers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 861–869.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peppé, S., McCann, J., Gibbon, F., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2006). Assessing prosodic and pragmatic ability in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 1776–1791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peppé, S., McCann, J., Gibbon, F., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2007). Receptive and expressive prosodic ability in children with high-functioning autism. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 1015–1028.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett, E., Pullara, O., O’Grady, J., & Gordon, B. (2009). Speech acquisition in older nonverbal individuals with autism: A review of features, methods, and prognosis. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 22, 1–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poot, M., Beyer, V., Schwaab, I., Damatova, N., van’t Slot, R., Protheri, J., et al. (2010). Disruption of CNTNAP2 and additional structural genome changes in a boy with speech delay and autism spectrum disorder. Neurogenetics, 11, 81–89.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, N. L., Hersh. J., Karlsson, H. B., Lohmeier, H. L., McSweeny, J. L., Reese, A., et al. (2010). Perceptual and acoustic developmental comparative data for the Madison Speech Assessment Protocol (MSAP). Manuscript in preparation.

  • Potter, N. L., Kent, R. D., & Lazarus, J. A. (2009). Oral and manual force control in preschool-aged children: is there evidence for common control? Journal of Motor Behavior, 41, 66–81.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pronovost, W., Wakstein, M., & Wakstein, D. (1966). A longitudinal study of speech behavior and language comprehension in fourteen children diagnosed as atypical or autistic. Exceptional Children, 33, 19–26.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rapin, I., Dunn, M. A., Allen, D. A., Stevens, M. C., & Fein, D. (2009). Subtypes of language disorders in school-age children with autism. Developmental Neuropsychology, 34, 66–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, C. (2009). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders—Autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, United States, 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance summaries, 58(SS10), 1–20 (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control).

  • Rogers, S. J. (2009). What are infant siblings teaching us about autism in infancy? Autism Research, 2, 125–137.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, S. J., Bennetto, L., McEvoy, R., & Pennington, B. F. (1996). Imitation and pantomime in high-functioning adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Child Development, 67, 2060–2073.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Russo, N., Larson, C., & Kraus, N. (2009). Audio-vocal system regulation in children with autism spectrum disorders. Experimental Brain Research, 188, 111–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Bailey, A., & Lord, C. (2003). SCQ: The social communication questionnaire. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Maywood, L., & Howlin, P. (1992). Language delay and social development. In P. Fletcher & D. Hall (Eds.), Specific speech and language disorders in children: Correlates, characteristics, and outcomes (pp. 63–78). London: Whurr.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samson, F., Mottron, L., Jemel, B., Belin, P., & Ciocca, V. (2006). Can spectro-temporal complexity explain the autistic pattern of performance on auditory tasks? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36, 65–76.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoen, E., Paul, R., & Chawarska, K. (2010). Vocal production in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. In R. Paul & P. Flipsen (Eds.), Speech sound disorders in children (pp. 181–204). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Semel, E., Wiig, E., & Secord, W. (2003). Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals-4 (CELF–4). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharda, M., Subhadra, T. P., Sahay, S., Nagaraja, C., Singh, L., Mishra, R., et al. (2010). Sounds of melody—Pitch patterns of speech in autism. Neuroscience Letters. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2010.04.066.

  • Sheinkopf, S. J., Mundy, P., Oller, D. K., & Steffens, M. (2000). Vocal atypicalities in preverbal autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30, 345–354.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D. (1994). Five subtypes of developmental phonological disorders. Clinics in Communication Disorders, 4(1), 38–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D. (2010a). Apraxia of speech and nonverbal school-aged children with autism. Paper presented at the NIH workshop on nonverbal school-aged children with autism, Bethesda, MD.

  • Shriberg, L. D. (2010b). Childhood speech sound disorders: From post-behaviorism to the post- genomic era. In R. Paul & P. Flipsen (Eds.), Speech sound disorders in children (pp. 1–34). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D. (2010c). Speech and genetic substrates of Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Paper presented at the fifthteenth biennial conference on motor speech: Motor speech disorders & speech motor control, Savannah, GA.

  • Shriberg, L. D., Allen, C. T., McSweeny, J. L., & Wilson, D. L. (2001a). PEPPER: Programs to examine phonetic and phonologic evaluation records [Computer software]. Madison, WI: Waisman Center Research Computing Facility, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

  • Shriberg, L. D., Ballard, K. J., Tomblin, J. B., Duffy, J. R., Odell, K. H., & Williams, C. A. (2006). Speech, prosody, and voice characteristics of a mother and daughter with a 7;13 translocation affecting FOXP2. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 49, 500–525.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., Campbell, T. F., Karlsson, H. B., Brown, R. L., McSweeny, J. L., & Nadler, C. J. (2003). A diagnostic marker for childhood apraxia of speech: The lexical stress ratio. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 17, 549–574.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., Fourakis, M., Hall, S., Karlsson, H. K., Lohmeier, H. L, McSweeny, J., et al. (2010a). Extensions to the speech disorders classification system (SDCS). Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 24, 795–824.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., Fourakis, M., Hall, S., Karlsson, H. K., Lohmeier, H. L, McSweeny, J., et al. (2010b). Perceptual and acoustic reliability estimates for the speech disorders classification system (SDCS). Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 24, 825–846.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., Jakielski, K. J., & El-Shanti, H. (2008). Breakpoint localization using array—CGH in three siblings with an unbalanced 4q:16q translocation and Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS). American Journal of Medical Genetics: Part A, 146A, 2227–2233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., Jakielski, K. J., Raca, G., Laffin, J. J. S., Jackson, C. A., & Rice, G. M. (2010c). Speech, prosody, and voice characteristics of a mother and son with apraxia of speech associated with a disruption in FOXP2. Manuscript in preparation.

  • Shriberg, L. D., & Kent, R. D. (2005). Clinical phonetics (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1985). Continuous speech sampling for phonologic analyses of speech-delayed children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 50, 323–334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1994). Developmental phonological disorders I: A clinical profile. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 1100–1126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., Kwiatkowski, J., Best, S., Hengst, J., & Terselic-Weber, B. (1986). Characteristics of children with phonologic disorders of unknown origin. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 51, 140–161.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., Kwiatkowski, J., & Rasmussen, C. (1990). The prosody-voice screening profile. Tucson, AZ: Communication Skill Builders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., Lohmeier, H. L., Campbell, T. F., Dollaghan, C. A., Green, J. R., & Moore, C. A. (2009). A nonword repetition task for speakers with misarticulations: The syllable repetition task (SRT). Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 52, 1189–1212.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., Paul, R., McSweeny, J. L., Klin, A., Volkmar, F. R., & Cohen, D. J. (2001b). Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, 1097–1115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shriberg, L. D., Potter, N. L., & Strand, E. A. (in press). Prevalence and phenotype of Childhood Apraxia of Speech in youth with galactosemia. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.

  • Shriberg, L. D., Tomblin, J. B., & McSweeny, J. L. (1999). Prevalence of speech delay in 6-year-old children and comorbidity with language impairment. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 1461–1481.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (2006). Speech motor development: Integrating muscles, movements, and linguistic units. Journal of Communication Disorders, 39, 331–349.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. (2007). Genes, language development and language disorders. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13, 96–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, I. M., & Bryson, S. E. (1994). Imitation and action in autism: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 259–273.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sparrow, S., Cicchetti, D., & Balla, D. (2005). Vineland adaptive behavior scales-II (VABS-II). San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessments.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strand, E., McCauley, R. J., Weigand, S. D., Stoeckel, R. E., & Baas, B. S. (2010). Dynamic assessment of apraxia of speech in children: Validity and reliability evidence for the DEMSS. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Szajnberg, N. M., Skrinjaric, J., & Moore, A. (1989). Affect attunement, attachment, temperament, and zygosity: a twin study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 249–253.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tager-Flusberg, H. (1981). On the nature of linguistic functioning in early infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 45–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tager-Flusberg, H. (2009). Atypical language development: Autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. In E. Hoff & M. Schatz. Blackwell handbook of language development (pp 432–452). Oxford: Blackwell.

  • Tager-Flusberg, H., & Joseph, R. M. (2003). Identifying neurocognitive phenotypes in autism. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B(358), 303–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tager-Flusberg, H., Paul, R., & Lord, C. (2005). Communication in autism. In F. Volkmar, A. Klin, R. Paul, & D. Cohen (Eds.) Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders (3rd ed., pp. 335–364). New York: Wiley.

  • Thurber, C., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (1993). Pauses in the narratives produced by autistic, mentally-retarded, and normal children as an index of cognitive demand. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 23, 309–322.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Merwe, A. (2009). A theoretical framework for the characterization of pathological speech sensorimotor control. In M. R. McNeil (Ed.), Clinical management of sensorimotor speech disorders (2nd ed., pp. 3–18). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Santen, J. P. H., Prud’hommeaux, E. T., & Black, L. M. (2009). Automated assessment of prosody production. Speech Communication, 51, 1082–1097.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Santen, J. P. H., Prud’hommeaux, E. T., Black, L. M., & Mitchell, M. (2010). Computational prosodic markers for autism. Autism, 14, 215–236.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Velleman, S. L., Andrianopoulos, M., Boucher, M., Perkins, J. J., Averback, K. E., Currier, A. R., et al. (2010). Motor speech disorders in children with autism. In R. Paul & P. Flipsen (Eds.), Speech sound disorders in children (pp. 141–180). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.

  • Vernes, S. C., Newbury, D. F., Abrahams, B. S., Winchester, L., Nicod, J., Groszer, M., et al. (2008). A functional genetic link between distinct developmental language disorders. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 2381–2383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vivanti, G., Nadig, A., Ozonoff, S., & Rogers, S. J. (2008). What do children with autism attend to during imitation tasks? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 101, 186–205.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, M., Cleary, J., Buder, E., Oller, D., Sheinkopf, S., Mundy, P., et al. (2008). An acoustic inspection of vocalizations in young children with ASD. Poster presented at the International Meeting for Autism Research, London.

  • Watkins, K. E., Dronkers, N. F., & Vargha-Khadem, F. (2002). Behavioural analysis of an inherited speech and language disorder: comparison with acquired aphasia. Brain, 125, 452–464.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (2002). Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessments.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler intelligence scale for children (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson Assessments.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weismer, G. (2006). Philosophy of research in motor speech disorders. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 20, 315–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, A., Barry, J., & Bishop, D. (2007). The broader language phenotype of autism: a comparison with specific language impairment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 822–830.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wren, Y. E., Roulstone, S. E., & Miller, L. L. (2010). Identifying speech sound disorder in children aged 8 within ALSPAC: A prospective population study. Paper presented at the 13th meeting of the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association, Oslo, Norway.

  • Wren, Y., Roulstone, S., Miller, L., Emond, A., & Peters, T. (2009). Prevalence of speech impairment in 8-year-old children. Poster presented at the 30th Annual Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.

  • Zadikoff, C., & Lang, A. E. (2005). Apraxia in movement disorders. Brain, 128, 1480–1497.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, W. (2002). Psycholinguistic and motor theories of apraxia of speech. Seminars in Speech and Language, 23, 231–244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, W. (2008). Apraxia of speech. In G. Goldenberg & B. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of clinical neurology (pp. 269–285). London: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the following people in Madison for their assistance with this research: Jessica Hersh, Heather Karlsson, Heather Lohmeier, Jane McSweeny, Rebecca Rutkowski, Christie Tilkens, and David Wilson. In addition, we thank the following people in New Haven: Maysa Akbar, Kathleen Koenig, Moira Lewis, and Allison Lee for their data collection and clinical characterization, and Fred Volkmar, Director, Yale Child Study Center. This research was supported by National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders Grants DC007129 and DC000496 and by a core grant to the Waisman Center from the National Institute of Child Health and Development (Grant HD03352).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lawrence D. Shriberg.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shriberg, L.D., Paul, R., Black, L.M. et al. The Hypothesis of Apraxia of Speech in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 41, 405–426 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1117-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-1117-5

Keywords

Navigation