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Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) with the Use of Visual Supports for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Validity and Reliability

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Abstract

The validity and reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) were measured, taking into consideration the preference for visual learning of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The TGMD-3 was administered to 14 children with ASD (4–10 years) and 21 age-matched typically developing children under two conditions: TGMD-3 traditional protocol, and TGMD-3 visual support protocol. Excellent levels of internal consistency, test–retest, interrater and intrarater reliability were achieved for the TGMD-3 visual support protocol. TGMD-3 raw scores of children with ASD were significantly lower than typically developing peers, however, significantly improved using the TGMD-3 visual support protocol. This demonstrates that the TGMD-3 visual support protocol is a valid and reliable assessment of gross motor performance for children with ASD.

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Author Contributions

All authors made a substantial contribution to the study. The study was designed by KA and JS. JS and DU supervised the study and KA collected the data. KA and JS conducted the statistical analyses. All authors contributed to the writing of the manuscript, and have read and approved the final manuscript.

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K. Allen, B. Bredero, T. Van Damme, D. Ulrich and Johan Simons declare they have no conflict of interest.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Appendix: TGMD-3 Visual Supports

Appendix: TGMD-3 Visual Supports

The Picture Communication Symbols 1981–2013 by DynaVox Mayer-Johnson LLC. All Rights Reserved Worldwide. Used with permission. Adapted by University of Michigan, School of Kinesiology, Centre for Physical Activity & Health in Pediatric Disabilities (see Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Locomotor skills picture task cards (run, gallop and hop)

Fig. 2
figure 2

Locomotor skills picture task cards (skip, horizontal jump and slide)

Fig. 3
figure 3

Ball skills picture task cards (two-hand strike, one-hand forehand strike, dribble and catch)

Fig. 4
figure 4

Ball skills picture task cards (kick, overhand throw and underhand throw)

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Allen, K.A., Bredero, B., Van Damme, T. et al. Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) with the Use of Visual Supports for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Validity and Reliability. J Autism Dev Disord 47, 813–833 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-016-3005-0

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