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Assessing the Straightforwardly-Worded Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale for Differential Item Functioning Across Gender and Ethnicity

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Abstract

The Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE; Leary Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371–375, 1983) assesses fear and worry about receiving negative evaluation from others. Rodebaugh et al. Psychological Assessment, 16, 169–181, (2004) found that the BFNE is composed of a reverse-worded factor (BFNE-R) and straightforwardly-worded factor (BFNE-S). Further, they found the BFNE-S to have better psychometric properties and provide more information than the BFNE-R. Currently there is a lack of research regarding the measurement invariance of the BFNE-S across gender and ethnicity with respect to item thresholds. The present study uses item response theory (IRT) to test the BFNE-S for differential item functioning (DIF) related to gender and ethnicity (White, Asian, and Black). Six data sets consisting of clinical, community, and undergraduate participants were utilized (N = 2,109). The factor structure of the BFNE-S was confirmed using categorical confirmatory factor analysis, IRT model assumptions were tested, and the BFNE-S was evaluated for DIF. Item nine demonstrated significant non-uniform DIF between White and Black participants. No other items showed significant uniform or non-uniform DIF across gender or ethnicity. Results suggest the BFNE-S can be used reliably with men and women and Asian and White participants. More research is needed to understand the implications of using the BFNE-S with Black participants.

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Notes

  1. To test whether the results of the DIF analyses were dependent on anchor items were-ran the analyses for both gender and ethnicity using items three and eight which did not exhibit LD. The results from the DIF analyses for using items three and eight versus the items described above were identical.

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported in part by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant F31-MH096433-01 to Cheri A. Levinson; National Institute of Health (NIH)/NIMH grant MH090308 to Thomas L. Rodebaugh; NIH grant UL1 RR024992 to Washington University St. Louis; National Institute of Aging (NIA) grant T32 AG0030 and NIMH grant T32 MH20004 to Patrick J. Brown; NIMH grant R01 MH064481-01A1 and GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals grant 101618 to Richard G. Heimberg; NIH grant K02 DA023200 to Carlos Blanco; NIH grant R01 MH064726 to Michael Liebowitz. Carlos Blanco, Franklin Schneier, and Michael Liebowitz were also supported by the New York Psychiatric Institute. The authors would like to thank the Center for Research Methods and Data Analysis at the University of Kansas for assistance in preparing this manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

Jared K. Harpole, Cheri A. Levinson, Carol M. Woods, Thomas L. Rodebaugh, Justin W. Weeks, Patrick J. Brown, Richard G. Heimberg, Andrew R. Menatti, Carlos Blanco, Franklin Schneier, and Michael Liebowitz all declare that there were no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

    Jared K. Harpole & Carol M. Woods

  2. Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Cheri A. Levinson, Thomas L. Rodebaugh & Patrick J. Brown

  3. Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA

    Justin W. Weeks & Andrew R. Menatti

  4. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA

    Patrick J. Brown, Carlos Blanco, Franklin Schneier & Michael Liebowitz

  5. Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Richard G. Heimberg

  6. Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Carlos Blanco & Franklin Schneier

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Harpole, J.K., Levinson, C.A., Woods, C.M. et al. Assessing the Straightforwardly-Worded Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale for Differential Item Functioning Across Gender and Ethnicity. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 37, 306–317 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9455-9

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