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A mitochondrial bioenergetic basis of depression

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Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an important public health problem affecting 350 million people worldwide. After decades of study, the pathophysiology of MDD remains elusive, resulting in treatments that are only 30–60 % effective. This review summarizes the emerging evidence that implicates impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics as a basis for MDD. It is suggested that impaired mitochondrial bioenergetic function contributes to the pathophysiology of MDD via several potential pathways including: genetics/genomics, inflammation, oxidative stress, and alterations in neuroplasticity. A discussion of mitochondrial bioenergetic pathways that lead to MDD is provided. Evidence is reviewed regarding the mito-toxic or mito-protective impact of various antidepressant medications currently in use. Opportunities for further research on novel therapeutic approaches, including mitochondrial modulators, as stand-alone or adjunct therapy for reducing depression are suggested. In conclusion, while there is substantial evidence linking mitochondrial bioenergetics and MDD, there are currently no clear mitochondrial phenotypes or biomarkers to use as guides in targeting therapies beyond individuals with MDD and known mitochondrial disorders toward the general population of individuals with MDD. Further study is needed to develop these phenotypes and biomarkers, to identify therapeutic targets, and to test therapies aimed at improving mitochondrial function in individuals whose MDD is to some extent symptomatic of impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Katherine Downton from the University of Maryland, Baltimore Health Sciences and Human Services Library for assistance with our literature search.

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  1. University of Maryland School of Nursing, 655 W. Lombard Street, Room 404-J, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    N. Jennifer Klinedinst

  2. Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, University of Maryland Medical Center, Box #351 Room S12A09, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA

    William T. Regenold

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Klinedinst, N.J., Regenold, W.T. A mitochondrial bioenergetic basis of depression. J Bioenerg Biomembr 47, 155–171 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10863-014-9584-6

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