During reflection about work and partner-violence after having left their abusive partners, the women discovered how employment had been, and this still was very important to them. Being a skilled worker gave a sense of acceptance and worth, and helped build self-esteem, helped provide a sanctuary from violence, and allowed for a wider scope of action, as the following examples illustrate:
Susan: But for me it has been so incredibly important to go to work, because out there in working life we are worth something. So maybe that is why I survived and didn’t throw myself off the balcony, because I experienced so much acceptance at work.
Tine: My job has always been my sanctuary. I have been able to be a professional there, you know—to concentrate on things.
Farris: For me it’s a kind of a freedom. It’s good for me to work, because then my head is somewhere else.
As the quotes illustrate work was experienced as being of high importance to women living in abusive relationships since work represented a path to freedom and an opportunity to use their resources, in addition to providing a feeling of worth and a better life.
Spillover of Intimate Partner Violence into Paid Work
The women described spillover of intimate partner violence into paid work through feelings of fear, shame and guilt, as well as through their need to get help from colleagues to do their job satisfactorily. The feeling of fear of their partner affected their work situation in different ways. They talked about how they felt strained and were looking over their shoulders even at work. Being interrupted by their partners or ex-partners and remembering the threats of hurting and killing them, taking the children away from them or making their future miserable by destroying their reputation, made it difficult to concentrate. For some of the women, the partners’ threats had dominated their earlier lives and continued to do so even after they had left their partner, at work, as well as at home. They were afraid of being stalked on the way to and from work. Some described how fear caused concentration problems, which again was a source of new fears, such as fear of giving patients the wrong medication.
Gaby recounted the following: I work with medication as a nurse, and I hand out drugs. To go to work is one thing, but then you have to concentrate and remember, and then suddenly you might get a call from one of your children saying: ‘Now I do not want to be here, I do not want to be with daddy, you must come home, mummy;’ and then it starts churning, but then you have to start concentrating: What kind of medicine was it? Yes, I’ll take that one with me, and it might be completely wrong, and that’s very dangerous. So I stopped working in that job as a home-based care provider.
They were also afraid of failing to care for their children when leaving them alone with their partner while they were working shifts. For instance, they were worried that their partner would not pick up the children from kindergarten or school as agreed; or they were afraid that the partner would leave the children alone at home. Some asked their employers for day shifts only.
Pernilla described this as follows: When our youngest was three months old and the oldest was four, he left them alone while I was at work and he was supposed to look after them; and then I thought: I cannot go to work, I cannot do anything.
Some of the participants experienced stalking that interrupted their workday. Gina said: I never answer the telephone at work. If any known customer asks for me (most of our customers are known) I will call them back. If someone else calls, my boss will tell them that I am not available. My ex-partner gets others to call me and stalk me. They say that they will rape and kill me. I have a secret telephone number for my own phone, but they still find it.
Some talked about how they took a new road to and from work to avoid meeting the partner, and some described how colleagues reorganized their job to protect them, as described by Susan: At work as a community care nurse my colleagues said they would help me. They drove me around in a big district, and he could not know my shift schedule or the address at which I worked.
Two of the three foreign women feared being killed by relatives other than their partner because they had received threats from their mothers-in-law and other relatives after they left the perpetrator. One of them also feared that the children would be moved to their home country, where women are denied the right to contact the children without the father’s permission.
Four of the participants had to leave their jobs as a consequence of moving to another part of the country for safety. Two of them had new jobs and two hoped to get new jobs. Three other participants had received sickness certification by their physicians since they could not concentrate well enough to work; one participant was out of work and was living on her savings.
The impression gained from the women’s stories was that living with abusive partners was a cause of fear both when living with the perpetrator and after leaving him. Fear had an impact on the women’s ability to relax and concentrate at work. They felt strained and anxious at work, and their job performance did not reflect their abilities.
Shame and guilt as consequences of IPV-related lies emerged as significant features in the women’s work lives through the fact that they did not want to reveal their shameful secret of being abused by their partner. The concepts of “shame” and “guilt” were not introduced by the researcher during the interviews. The concept of “shame” implies feelings of being insignificant and worthless, both in one’s own eyes and in others’ eyes, in addition to a desire to hide or escape. Some of the participants spoke of such experiences in relation to their roles as employees without using the concepts of “shame” or “guilt” when describing their experiences.
By causing the women to arrive late or miss work, or by making them extremely tired by keeping them awake all night, the partners continued to cause problems for the women’s work situation in a manner that generated experiences of shame. Frequent telephone calls to check up on the women also caused difficulties at work.
Some of the participants revealed shame and guilt related to living in an abusive relationship and not breaking out. They expressed being unable to tell the truth about why they were late for or absent from work. They felt that they had to keep up appearances and hide their shameful secret. This gave rise to even stronger experiences of shame, as described in the following statement by Susan: People have suspected something, but I have been really good at keeping up appearances, because that’s more important than anything—that no one finds out, because it’s a sign of failure that you are in a relationship like that and cannot get out of it.”
The “sign of failure” was associated with a feeling of “shame”, which seemed to be related to not breaking out of the violent relationship. Sometimes the women told lies to avoid revealing their shameful secret. According to the women, it was not easy to tell someone that their partners failed to pick up the children at kindergarten for the fifth time or that they left two young children completely alone in the flat. Some had experienced problems with walking because of sexual abuse, and others had visible bruises because of physical violence—things that also contributed to the experience of shame. Lena said that she lied to avoid having to participate in social events or teambuilding events at work. She could not tell her colleagues the truth about her partner, who did not allow her to participate and would hurt her if she did.
Lena: You have no idea how much I had to lie. I was always saying: ‘No, I don’t have a babysitter and he will be away at that time …’ It was just terrible. I am an incredibly honest person and very sceptical of people who lie, so to have to do it myself, and cover up... just terrible … And I’m a very sociable person, so I want to be together with the others.
The women’s stories moreover described thinking about themselves as “stupid”. Many felt that they wore the wrong clothes, that they had to refrain from expressing their thoughts, or that it was difficult to talk to other people. Expressions such as “low self-esteem” and “low self-confidence” were used several times. Harriet and Doris described the feelings as follows:
Harriet: Of course it affected me at work. I developed problems talking to people, I felt stupid. I do not know how to explain it, but I felt like I was a nobody.
Doris: My self-esteem is so low that you sort of don’t... Well, in the end you believe that it’s your fault and you are so deeply ashamed that you—a grown adult—are willing to live like that, in a way. As if you don’t deserve any better; and that’s not the truth, but you only realize that once you manage to get out of it, don’t you?
The problems in the violent relationships affect the women’s work situations through negative feelings. Fear, shame and guilt are all experienced as negative feelings. The women’s stories showed that they experienced these feelings intensely in relation to their jobs.