Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Gambling Studies 2/2008

01.06.2008 | Original Paper

Measuring Self-efficacy in Gambling: The Gambling Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire

verfasst von: Leanne M. Casey, Tian P. S. Oei, Katherine M. Melville, Emily Bourke, Peter A. Newcombe

Erschienen in: Journal of Gambling Studies | Ausgabe 2/2008

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This paper reports on the development and psychometric properties of a Gambling Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (GRSEQ). Two hundred and ninety-seven gamblers from both normal and clinical populations completed an initial set of 31-items of which 26 were selected for inclusion in the final version of the GRSEQ. A series of factor analyses showed four clear factors accounting for 84% of the variance. These factors can be summarised as situations and thoughts associated with gambling, the influence of drugs on gambling, positive emotions associated with gambling and negative emotions associated with gambling. The GRSEQ total score and factors scores showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha ranging from 0.92 to 0.98). Participants experiencing problems with gambling scored significantly lower on the GRSEQ, and discriminant analyses showed that the scale is able to correctly classify the non-problem (i.e., community and student samples) and problem gamblers (i.e., clinical sample). Furthermore, the GRSEQ showed significant negative relationships with other gambling-related variables (gambling urge and gambling-related cognitions) and negative mood states (depression, anxiety and stress) and was shown to be sensitive to change in treatment of pathological gambling. The results suggest that the GRSEQ is a useful measure of gambling refusal self-efficacy that is suitable for assessment of gamblers from both normal and clinical populations.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Allsop, S., Saunders, B., & Phillips, M. (2000). The process of relapse in severely dependent male problem drinkers. Addiction, 95, 95–106.PubMedCrossRef Allsop, S., Saunders, B., & Phillips, M. (2000). The process of relapse in severely dependent male problem drinkers. Addiction, 95, 95–106.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Annis, H. M., & Davis, C. S. (1988). Self-efficacy and the prevention of alcoholic relapse: Initial findings from a treatment trial. In T. B. Baker & D. Cannon (Eds.), Addictive disorders: Psychological research on assessment and treatment (pp. 88–112). New York: Praeger Publishing Company. Annis, H. M., & Davis, C. S. (1988). Self-efficacy and the prevention of alcoholic relapse: Initial findings from a treatment trial. In T. B. Baker & D. Cannon (Eds.), Addictive disorders: Psychological research on assessment and treatment (pp. 88–112). New York: Praeger Publishing Company.
Zurück zum Zitat Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181.CrossRef Antony, M. M., Bieling, P. J., Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Swinson, R. P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176–181.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Arrindell, W. A. (2001). Changes in waiting-list patients over time: Data on some commonly-used measures. Beware! Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1227–1247.PubMedCrossRef Arrindell, W. A. (2001). Changes in waiting-list patients over time: Data on some commonly-used measures. Beware! Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1227–1247.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Co.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron, E., & Dickerson, M. (1999). Alcohol consumption and self-control of gambling behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15(1), 3–15.PubMedCrossRef Baron, E., & Dickerson, M. (1999). Alcohol consumption and self-control of gambling behaviour. Journal of Gambling Studies, 15(1), 3–15.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Blaszczynski, A., Huynh, S., Dumlao, V. J., & Farrell, E. (1998). Problem gambling within a Chinese speaking community. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14(4), 359–380.PubMedCrossRef Blaszczynski, A., Huynh, S., Dumlao, V. J., & Farrell, E. (1998). Problem gambling within a Chinese speaking community. Journal of Gambling Studies, 14(4), 359–380.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Blaszczynski, A., & McConaghy, N. (1989a). Anxiety and/or depression in the pathogenesis of addictive gambling. International Journal of the Addictions, 24(4), 337–350.PubMed Blaszczynski, A., & McConaghy, N. (1989a). Anxiety and/or depression in the pathogenesis of addictive gambling. International Journal of the Addictions, 24(4), 337–350.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Blaszczynski, A. P., & McConaghy, N. (1989b). The medical model of pathological gambling: Current shortcomings. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 5(1), 42–52.CrossRef Blaszczynski, A. P., & McConaghy, N. (1989b). The medical model of pathological gambling: Current shortcomings. Journal of Gambling Behavior, 5(1), 42–52.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Breen, R. B., & Zuckerman, M. (1999). ‘Chasing’ in gambling behavior: Personality and cognitive determinants. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 1097–1111.CrossRef Breen, R. B., & Zuckerman, M. (1999). ‘Chasing’ in gambling behavior: Personality and cognitive determinants. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 1097–1111.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cattell, R. B. (1966). The screen test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.CrossRef Cattell, R. B. (1966). The screen test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 245–276.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6, 284–290.CrossRef Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6, 284–290.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cicchetti, D. V., & Sparrow, S. S. (1990). Assessment of adaptive behaviour in young children. In J. J. Johnson & J. Goldman (Eds.), Developmental assessment in clinical child psychology: A handbook (pp. 173–196). New York: Permagon Press. Cicchetti, D. V., & Sparrow, S. S. (1990). Assessment of adaptive behaviour in young children. In J. J. Johnson & J. Goldman (Eds.), Developmental assessment in clinical child psychology: A handbook (pp. 173–196). New York: Permagon Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Condiotte, M. M., & Lichtenstein, E. (1981). Self-efficacy and relapse in smoking cessation programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 648–658.PubMedCrossRef Condiotte, M. M., & Lichtenstein, E. (1981). Self-efficacy and relapse in smoking cessation programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 648–658.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Corless, T., & Dickerson, M. (1989). Gamblers’ self-perceptions of the determinants of impaired control. British Journal of Addiction, 84(12), 1527–1537.PubMedCrossRef Corless, T., & Dickerson, M. (1989). Gamblers’ self-perceptions of the determinants of impaired control. British Journal of Addiction, 84(12), 1527–1537.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Crisp, B. R., Thomas, S. A., Jackson, A. C., Smith, S., Borrell, J., Ho, W., et al. (2004). Not the same: A comparison of female and male clients seeking treatment from problem gambling counselling services. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(3), 283–299.CrossRef Crisp, B. R., Thomas, S. A., Jackson, A. C., Smith, S., Borrell, J., Ho, W., et al. (2004). Not the same: A comparison of female and male clients seeking treatment from problem gambling counselling services. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(3), 283–299.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development. Newbury: Sage. DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development. Newbury: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Dickerson, M. G. (1993). Internal and external determinants of persistent gambling: Problems in generalising from one form of gambling to another. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9(3), 225–245.CrossRef Dickerson, M. G. (1993). Internal and external determinants of persistent gambling: Problems in generalising from one form of gambling to another. Journal of Gambling Studies, 9(3), 225–245.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dickerson, M., Cunningham, R., England, S. L., & Hinchy, J. (1991). On the determinants of persistent gambling: III. Personality, prior mood, and poker machine play. International Journal of the Addictions, 26(5), 531–548.PubMed Dickerson, M., Cunningham, R., England, S. L., & Hinchy, J. (1991). On the determinants of persistent gambling: III. Personality, prior mood, and poker machine play. International Journal of the Addictions, 26(5), 531–548.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat DiClemente, C. C., Fairhurst, S. K., & Piotrowski, N. A. (1995). Self-efficacy and addictive behaviour. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment; Theory, research, and application (pp. 109–138). New York: Plenum Press. DiClemente, C. C., Fairhurst, S. K., & Piotrowski, N. A. (1995). Self-efficacy and addictive behaviour. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment; Theory, research, and application (pp. 109–138). New York: Plenum Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows. London: Sage. Field, A. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for windows. London: Sage.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedland, N., Keinan, G., & Regev, Y. (1992). Controlling the uncontrollable: Effects of stress on illusory perceptions of controllability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 923–931.PubMedCrossRef Friedland, N., Keinan, G., & Regev, Y. (1992). Controlling the uncontrollable: Effects of stress on illusory perceptions of controllability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 923–931.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hasking, P. A., & Oei, T. P. (2007). Alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy and coping in an alcohol-dependent sample. Addictive Behaviors, 32(1), 99–113.PubMedCrossRef Hasking, P. A., & Oei, T. P. (2007). Alcohol expectancies, self-efficacy and coping in an alcohol-dependent sample. Addictive Behaviors, 32(1), 99–113.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hodgins, D., Peden, N., & Makarchuk, K. (2004). Self-efficacy in pathological gambling treatment outcome: Development of a Gambling Abstinence Self-efficacy Scale (GASS). International Gambling Studies, 4(2), 99–108.CrossRef Hodgins, D., Peden, N., & Makarchuk, K. (2004). Self-efficacy in pathological gambling treatment outcome: Development of a Gambling Abstinence Self-efficacy Scale (GASS). International Gambling Studies, 4(2), 99–108.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Joreskog, J., & Sorbom, D. (2004). Lisrel 8.7. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International. Joreskog, J., & Sorbom, D. (2004). Lisrel 8.7. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International.
Zurück zum Zitat Kyngdon, A., & Dickerson, M. (1999). An experimental study of the effect of prior alcohol consumption on a simulated gambling activity. Addiction, 94(5), 697–707.PubMedCrossRef Kyngdon, A., & Dickerson, M. (1999). An experimental study of the effect of prior alcohol consumption on a simulated gambling activity. Addiction, 94(5), 697–707.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ladouceur, R., Sylvain, C., Boutin, C., Lachance, S., Doucet, C., & Leblond, J. (2003). Group therapy for pathological gamblers: A cognitive approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 587–596.PubMedCrossRef Ladouceur, R., Sylvain, C., Boutin, C., Lachance, S., Doucet, C., & Leblond, J. (2003). Group therapy for pathological gamblers: A cognitive approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(5), 587–596.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ladouceur, R., Sylvain, C., Boutin, C., Lachance, S., Doucet, C., Leblond, J., et al. (2001). Cognitive treatment of pathological gambling. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(11), 774–780.PubMedCrossRef Ladouceur, R., Sylvain, C., Boutin, C., Lachance, S., Doucet, C., Leblond, J., et al. (2001). Cognitive treatment of pathological gambling. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(11), 774–780.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ledgerwood, D. M., & Downey, K. K. (2002). Relationship between problem gambling and substance use in a methadone maintenance population. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 483–491.PubMedCrossRef Ledgerwood, D. M., & Downey, K. K. (2002). Relationship between problem gambling and substance use in a methadone maintenance population. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 483–491.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(9), 1184–1188.PubMed Lesieur, H. R., & Blume, S. B. (1987). The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): A new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(9), 1184–1188.PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour, Research & Therapy, 33, 335–343.CrossRef Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour, Research & Therapy, 33, 335–343.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Marlatt, G. A. (1985). Situational determinants of relapse and skill training interventions. In G. A. Marlatt & J. R. Gordon (Eds.), Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in treatment of addictive behaviours (pp. 71–127). New York: The Guilford Press. Marlatt, G. A. (1985). Situational determinants of relapse and skill training interventions. In G. A. Marlatt & J. R. Gordon (Eds.), Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in treatment of addictive behaviours (pp. 71–127). New York: The Guilford Press.
Zurück zum Zitat May, R. K., Whelan, J. P., Steenbergh, T. A., & Meyers, A. W. (2003). The gambling self-efficacy questionnaire: An initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 4, 339–357.CrossRef May, R. K., Whelan, J. P., Steenbergh, T. A., & Meyers, A. W. (2003). The gambling self-efficacy questionnaire: An initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Gambling Studies, 4, 339–357.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell, M., & Jolley, J. (2001). Research design explained. London: Harcourt College. Mitchell, M., & Jolley, J. (2001). Research design explained. London: Harcourt College.
Zurück zum Zitat Nicki, R. M., Remington, R. E., & MacDonald, G. (1984). Self-efficacy, nicotine-fading/self-monitoring and cigarette-smoking behaviour. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 477–485.PubMedCrossRef Nicki, R. M., Remington, R. E., & MacDonald, G. (1984). Self-efficacy, nicotine-fading/self-monitoring and cigarette-smoking behaviour. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22, 477–485.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Oei, T. P., Hasking, P. A., & Young, R. (2005). Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-Revised (DRSEQ-R): A new factor structure with confirmatory factor analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78(3), 297–307.PubMedCrossRef Oei, T. P., Hasking, P. A., & Young, R. (2005). Drinking Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire-Revised (DRSEQ-R): A new factor structure with confirmatory factor analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 78(3), 297–307.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2002). Pathological gambling: A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(7), 1009–1061.PubMedCrossRef Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2002). Pathological gambling: A comprehensive review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(7), 1009–1061.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2004a). The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): Development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction, 99(6), 757–769.PubMedCrossRef Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2004a). The Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS): Development, confirmatory factor validation and psychometric properties. Addiction, 99(6), 757–769.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2004b). The gambling urge scale: Development, confirmatory factor validation, and psychometric properties. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(2), 100–105.PubMedCrossRef Raylu, N., & Oei, T. P. S. (2004b). The gambling urge scale: Development, confirmatory factor validation, and psychometric properties. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 18(2), 100–105.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rounds-Bryant, J. L., Flynn, P. M., & Craighead, L. W. (1997). Relationship between self-efficacy perceptions and in-treatment drug use among regular cocaine users. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 23, 383–395.PubMedCrossRef Rounds-Bryant, J. L., Flynn, P. M., & Craighead, L. W. (1997). Relationship between self-efficacy perceptions and in-treatment drug use among regular cocaine users. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 23, 383–395.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sharpe, L. (2002). A reformulated cognitive-behavioral model of problem gambling: A biopsychosocial perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(1), 1–25.PubMedCrossRef Sharpe, L. (2002). A reformulated cognitive-behavioral model of problem gambling: A biopsychosocial perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(1), 1–25.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51, 663–671. Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51, 663–671.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevens, J. P. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. (2nd ed.). Hillsdale: Erlbaum. Stevens, J. P. (1992). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. (2nd ed.). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Zurück zum Zitat Sylvain, C., Ladouceur, R., & Boisvert, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and behavioral treatment of pathological gambling: A controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 727–732.PubMedCrossRef Sylvain, C., Ladouceur, R., & Boisvert, J. M. (1997). Cognitive and behavioral treatment of pathological gambling: A controlled study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 727–732.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Symes, B. A., & Nicki, R. M. (1997). A preliminary consideration of cue-exposure, response-prevention treatment for pathological gambling behaviour: Two case studies. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13(2), 145–157.PubMedCrossRef Symes, B. A., & Nicki, R. M. (1997). A preliminary consideration of cue-exposure, response-prevention treatment for pathological gambling behaviour: Two case studies. Journal of Gambling Studies, 13(2), 145–157.PubMedCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins. Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Zurück zum Zitat Young, R. M., & Oei, T. P. S. (1996). Drinking expectancy profile: Test manual. University of Queensland, Australia: Behaviour Research and Therapy Centre. Young, R. M., & Oei, T. P. S. (1996). Drinking expectancy profile: Test manual. University of Queensland, Australia: Behaviour Research and Therapy Centre.
Zurück zum Zitat Young, R. M., Oei, T. P. S., & Crook, G. M. (1991). Development of a drinking refusal self-efficacy questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behaviour Assessment, 13, 1–15.CrossRef Young, R. M., Oei, T. P. S., & Crook, G. M. (1991). Development of a drinking refusal self-efficacy questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behaviour Assessment, 13, 1–15.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zywiak, W. H., Connors, G. J., Maisto, S. A., & Westerberg, V. S. (1996). Section IIA. Replication and extention of Marlatt’s taxonomy: Relapse research and the reasons for drinking questionnaire: A factors analysis of Marlatt’s relapse taxonomy. Addiction, 91, S121–S130.PubMedCrossRef Zywiak, W. H., Connors, G. J., Maisto, S. A., & Westerberg, V. S. (1996). Section IIA. Replication and extention of Marlatt’s taxonomy: Relapse research and the reasons for drinking questionnaire: A factors analysis of Marlatt’s relapse taxonomy. Addiction, 91, S121–S130.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Measuring Self-efficacy in Gambling: The Gambling Refusal Self-Efficacy Questionnaire
verfasst von
Leanne M. Casey
Tian P. S. Oei
Katherine M. Melville
Emily Bourke
Peter A. Newcombe
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2008
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Gambling Studies / Ausgabe 2/2008
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3602
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-007-9076-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2008

Journal of Gambling Studies 2/2008 Zur Ausgabe