Introduction
Methods
Results
Quality and Type of Studies
Element | [7] Solis et al. (1990) | [21] Ismail and Szpunar (1990) | [28] Stewart et al. (2002) | [29] Graham et al. (2005) | [30] Riley et al. (2008) | [31] Jaramillo et al. (2009) | [32] Quandt et al. (2007) | [33] Nurko et al. (1998) | [34] Wu et al. (2005) | [35] Akresh (2009) | [36] Yu et al. (2001) | [37] Lai and Hui (2007) | [38] Locker et al. (1998) | [39] Mikami et al. (1999) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Purpose of the study (1–3) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
2 | Sample selection (1–3) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
3 | Description of the sample (1–3) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
4 | Independent variables (1–3) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 |
5 | Dependent variables (1–3) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
6 | Reliability of measurement tool(s) (1–3) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
7 | Validity of measurement tool(s) (1–3) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
8 | Blinding (1–2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
9 | Conclusion (1–3) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
10 | Procedures (1–2) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
11 | Descriptive statistics (1–3) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
12 | Inferential statistics (1–3) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
13 | Clinical and statistical significance (1–2) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Total score | 28 | 33 | 32 | 29 | 30 | 33 | 34 | 27 | 28 | 30 | 33 | 32 | 30 | 29 |
Element | [40] Ugur and Gaengle (2002) | [41] Selikowitzand Holst (1986) | [42] Marino et al. (2001) | [43] Spolsky et al. (2000) | [44] Watson et al. (1999) | [45] Cruz et al. (2009) | [46] Cruz et al. (2004) | [47] Werneck et al. (2008) | [48] Bedi (1989) | [49] Jacobsson et al. (2005) | [50] Bissar et al. (2007) | [51] Selikowitz (1987) | [52] Swoboda et al. (2006) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Purpose of the study (1–3) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
2 | Sample selection (1–3) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | |
3 | Description of the sample (1–3) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
4 | Independent variables (1–3) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
5 | Dependent variables (1–3) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
6 | Reliability of measurement tool(s) (1–3) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
7 | Validity of measurement tool(s) (1–3) | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
8 | Blinding (1–2) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
9 | Conclusion (1–3) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
10 | Procedures (1–2) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
11 | Descriptive statistics (1–3) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | |
12 | Inferential statistics (1–3) | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |
13 | Clinical and statistical significance (1–2) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
Total score | 27 | 29 | 33 | 34 | 33 | 32 | 33 | 31 | 26 | 34 | 31 | 28 | 32 |
Immigrants | Age (years) |
N
| Type of sample | Acculturation measures | Association with oral health outcomea
| Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Host country | Ethnicity | Use of dental care | Oral diseases | Others | |||||
United States | Hispanics | 17–74 | 5,411 | Random | Mexican–American: Language Ethnic identification Cuban-Americans and Puerto Ricans: Language | Use of English language (+) Recency of dental visit Ethnic identification (0) Recency of dental visit | [7] | ||
12–74 | 2,289 | Random | Acculturation scale: Language Ethnic identification Nativity | Acculturation (+) Dental insurance (+) Dental visits | Acculturation (0) decayed, missing teeth (−) gingivitis and periodontal pockets | [21] | |||
18–74 | 6,324 | Random | Acculturation scale: Mexican–American: Language Ethnic identification Nativity Cuban-Americans/Puerto Ricans: Language | Acculturation (+) dental care in the past 5 years in all Hispanic groups (Mexican–American, Cuban-American and Puerto Ricans) (+) dental care in the past 2 years in Cuban-American and Puerto Ricans | [28] | ||||
≧18 | 810 | Random | Language use | Use of English language: (+) Having a dental home | [29] | ||||
≧18 | 911 | Random | Language Nativity Cultural identification | Use of English language: (+) healthcare visit for orofacial pain (+) having a regular dentist Hispanic culture identification: (−) having a regular dentist | Use of English language: (−) orofacial pain, difficulty eating, sleeping, depression Nativity (−) orofacial pain, sleep difficulty | [30] | |||
≧18 | 21,958 | Random | Language preference | Use of English language: (0) Use of dental services | [31] | ||||
≧18 | 240 | Convenience | Language proficiency | Language proficiency (+) Oral Health Status Index | [43] | ||||
≦13 years (children); Mean: 27.7 years (mothers) | 79 children; 108 mothers; 102 fathers | Convenience | Place of birth, language, length of residence | Bivariate analysis: Local-born children (+) dental visit in the last year Mothers’ language preference & length of residence (0) use of dental services of any family member | Bivariate analysis: Local-born children (+) oral health rated by mother Mothers’ language preference & length of residence (0) self-rated oral health of any family member | [32] | |||
3–6 | 130 | Convenience | Country of birth, language use | Born in United States (+) dental visit Use of English Language (+) dental visit | Born in United States (−) dental caries Use of English language (−) dental caries | [33] | |||
2–5 | 142 | Convenience | Mother’s language use Mother’s length of residency | Mother’s use of English language (0) Caries in children Mother’s Length of residence (−) Caries in children | [44] |
Immigrants | Age (years) |
N
| Type of sample | Acculturation Measures | Association with oral health outcomea
| Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Host country | Ethnicity | Use of dental care | Oral diseases | Others | |||||
United States | Asians, Hispanics, African Americans | 60–75 | 408 | Convenience | Length of residence | Length of residence (+) oral health related quality of life | [52] | ||
Chinese, Asian Indians, Haitians, Dominicans, Hispanics, Caribbeans | 18–65 | 1,318 | Convenience | Country of birth, age at immigration, length of residence, language preference | Age at immigration: (+) caries (+) periodontal diseases (+) treatment need Length of residency: (0) caries (0) periodontal diseases (−) need for treatment of caries Use of English Language: (0) caries, periodontal disease, treatment need | [45] | |||
Russians and Chinese | >55 | 477 | Convenience | Length of residence | Length of residence (+) use of dental service in Chinese (0) use of dental service in Russians | [34] | |||
Hispanics, Asians | Mean 40 | 6,135 | Random | Length of residence, language proficiency | Length of residence (+) dental visit English proficiency in Hispanics (+) dental visit English proficiency in Asians (0) dental visit | [35] | |||
Haitians | ≧18 | 425 | Convenience | Acculturation scale: Language, media use and preferences, social interactions, food preference, self-identification | Acculturation (−) decayed teeth (−) periodontal attachment loss (−) missing teeth | [46] | |||
Hispanics, African Americans, Asians, others | 11–21 | 5,622 | Random | Country of birth Language | Local-born (+) dental visit Language (0) dental visit | [36] |
Immigrants | Age (years) |
N
| Type of sample | Acculturation measures | Association with oral health outcomea
| Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Host country | Ethnicity | Use of dental care | Oral diseases | Others | ||||||
Canada | Chinese | ≧55 | 1,537 | Random | Language competency Length of residency | English Language competency: (0) use of dental service Length of residence (+) use of dental service | [37] | |||
Europeans, Africans, Asians, Central Americans | 13–14 | Random | Length of residence | Bivariate analysis: Length of residence (+) annual dental visit | Bivariate analysis: Length of residence (−) calculus (−) gingivitis (−) caries (−) treatment need | [38] | ||||
Portuguese-Speaking Immigrants | ≦4 | 104 | Convenience | Parents’ age at immigration | Mother’s age at immigration: (+) caries in children Father’s age at immigration: (+) caries in children | [47] | ||||
United Kingdom | Japanese | 3–12 | 161 | Random | Country of birth | Bivariate analysis: Born in United Kingdom (+) dental visit | Bivariate analysis: Born in United Kingdom (+) knowledge on caries | [39] | ||
Asians | 5 | 329 | Convenience | Mother’s language use | Mother’s use of English language (−) caries in children | Mother’s use of English (+) oral hygiene of children | [48] | |||
Sweden | Not specified | 15 | 131 | Convenience | Age at immigration | Bivariate analysis: Age at immigration (+) caries | [49] | |||
German | Turkish | >12 | 532 | Convenience | Language proficiency | Level of German language (+) use of dental service | [40] | |||
Immigrants from Turkey, Poland, USSR, Yugosla | 12–14 | 570 | Random | Country of birth | Bivariate analysis: Born in German (−) DMFT | [50] | ||||
Norway | Pakistani | >20 | 160 | Convenience | Length of residence | Length of residence (+) use of dental care | [41] | |||
Pakistani | >20 | 160 | Convenience | Length of residence | Length of residence (−) subgingival calculus (−) pocket depth | [51] | ||||
Australia | Vietnamese | ≧18 | 147 | Convenience | Acculturation scale: Psychological-behavioural acculturation | Psychological acculturation (+) dental visit (in people aged 35 years and above and had spend 20% of their life in Australia) | Data mining (KnowledgeSEEKER) Medium level of psychological acculturation: High DMFS scores (among laborers and students) Behavioral acculturation (−) DMFS (for young adult aged 18–35 years and not working outside home) | Data mining (KnowledgeSEEKER) Medium level of psychological acculturation: Poor oral health knowledge | [42] |