Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Konkret geht es um den Diabetes-Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder Risiken, die Herzinsuffizienz sowie die kardiovaskuläre Primär- und Sekundärprävention. Sind Sie hier schon auf dem neuesten Stand? Unsere Experten beleuchten, wo und warum das bisherige Procedere geändert werden soll und was in der Praxis sinnvoll ist. Holen Sie sich Ihr Update und 2 CME-Punkte beim MMW-Webinar am 24. April von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. 
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
Erschienen in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 1/2013

01.02.2013 | OriginalPaper

Discrimination and the Health of Immigrants and Refugees: Exploring Canada’s Evidence Base and Directions for Future Research in Newcomer Receiving Countries

verfasst von: Sara Edge, Bruce Newbold

Erschienen in: Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health | Ausgabe 1/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Research and practice increasingly suggests discrimination compromises health. Yet the unique experiences and effects facing immigrant and refugee populations remain poorly understood in Canada and abroad. We review current knowledge on discrimination against newcomers in Canada, emphasizing impacts upon health status and service access to identify gaps and research needs. Existing knowledge centers around experiences within health-care settings, differences in perception and coping, mental health impacts, and debates about “non-discriminatory” health-care. There is need for comparative analyses within and across ethno-cultural groups and newcomer classes to better understand factors shaping how discrimination and its health effects are differentially experienced. Women receive greater attention in the literature given their compounded vulnerability. While this must continue, little is known about the experiences of youth and men. Governance and policy discourse analyses would elucidate how norms, institutions and practices shape discriminatory attitudes and responses. Finally, “non-discriminatory health-care” interventions require critical evaluation to determine their effectiveness.
Literatur
1.
Krieger N, Sidney S. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA study of young black and white adults. Am J Public Health. 1998;86(10):1370–8.CrossRef
2.
Hyman I. Racism as a determinant of immigrant health. Report for the strategic initiatives and innovations directorate of the public health agency of Canada and the metropolis project; 2009.
3.
Karlsen S, Nazroo JY. The relationship between racial discrimination, social class and health among ethnic minority groups. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:624–31.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Carrasco C, Gillespie M, Goodluck M. Accessing primary care in Canada: giving voice to the perceptions and experiences of racialized immigrants (a systematic review). Paper presented at the ethnic and pluralism studies student conference. Canada: University of Toronto; 2009.
5.
Access Alliance (under the coordination of Yogendra Shakya). Racialization of health inequalities: focus on children. City of Toronto and neighbourhood highlights. Toronto: Access Alliance Multicultural Community Health Centre; 2007.
6.
Women’s Health in Women’s Hands. Racial discrimination as a health risk for female youth: implications for policy and healthcare delivery in Canada. Toronto, ON: The Canadian Race Relations Foundation; 2003.
7.
Kafele K. Racial discrimination in mental health: racialized and aboriginal communities. Report for Ontario Human Rights Commission; 2004.
8.
Access Alliance. Racialized groups and health status: a literature review exploring poverty, housing, race-based discrimination and access to health care as determinants of health for racialized groups. Toronto: Access Alliance Multicultural Community Health Centre; 2005.
9.
Fenta H, Hyman I, Noh S. Mental health service utilization by Ethiopian immigrants and refugees in Toronto. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194(12):925–34.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Taylor J, Turner RJ. Perceived discrimination, social stress and depression in the transition to adulthood: racial contrasts. Soc Psychol Q. 2002;65(3):213–25.CrossRef
11.
Karlsen S, Nazroo JY, McKenzie K, Bhui K, Weich S. Racism, psychosis and common mental disorder among ethnic minority groups in England. Psychol Med. 2005;35:1795–803.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Harris R, Tobias M, Jeffreys M, Waldegrave K, Karlsen S, Nazroo J. Racism and health: the relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63:1428–41.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Krieger N. Theories for social epidemiology in the twenty first century: an ecosocial perspective. Int J Epidemiol. 2001;30:668–77.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Nazroo JY. The structuring of ethnic inequalities in health: economic position, racial discrimination, and racism. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):277–84.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):200–8.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Statistics Canada. Projections of the diversity of the Canadian population, 2006 to 2031 (91-551-X); 2010.
17.
Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005;8(1):19–32.CrossRef
18.
Magalhaes L, Carrasco C, Gastaldo D. Undocumented migrants in Canada: a scope literature review on health, access to services, and working conditions. J Immigr Minor Health. 2010. doi:10.​1007/​s10903-009-9280-5.PubMed
19.
Krieger N. Refiguring “race”: epidemiology, racialized biology, and biological expressions of race relations. Int J Health Serv. 2000;30:211–6.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Tang A, Browne A. “Race” matters: racialization and egalitarian discourses involving aboriginal people in the Canadian health care context. Ethn Health. 2008;13(2):109–27.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Kobayashi KM, Prus S, Zhiqui L. Ethnic differences in self-rated and functional health: does immigrant status matter? Ethn Health. 2008;13(2):129–47.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Veenstra G. Racialized identity and health in Canada: results from a nationally representative survey. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(4):538–42.PubMedCrossRef
23.
De Maio FG, Kemp E. The deterioration of health status among immigrants to Canada. Glob Public Health. 2010;5(5):462–78.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Newbold B. Health care use and the Canadian immigrant population. Int J Health Serv. 2009;39(3):545–65.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Magoon, J. The health of refugees in Winnipeg. Report prepared for Winnipeg regional health authority. Winnipeg, Manitoba; 2005.
26.
Wang, S. The experiences of Chinese immigrant women with the health care delivery system in Canada. Unpublished thesis in partial fulfillment of masters of nursing. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University; 1997.
27.
Johnson JL, Bottorf JL, Browne AJ, Grewal J, Hilton BA, Clarke H. Othering and being othered in the context of health care services. Health Commun. 2004;16(2):253–71.CrossRef
28.
Wahoush EO. Equitable health-care access: the experiences of refugees and refugee claimant mothers with an ill preschooler. Can J Nurs Res. 2009;41(3):186–206.PubMed
29.
Reitmanova S, Gustafson DL. “They can’t understand it”: maternity health and care needs of immigrant muslim women in St. John’s, Newfoundland. Matern Child Health J. 2008;12:101–11.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Spitzer DL. In visible bodies: minority women, nurses, time, and the new economy of care. Med Anthropol Q. 2004;18(4):490–508.PubMedCrossRef
31.
McKeary M, Newbold B. Barriers to care: the challenges for Canadian refugees and their health care providers. J Refug Stud. 2010;23(4):523–45.CrossRef
32.
Beiser M, Noh S, Hou F, Kaspar V, Rummens J. Southeast Asian refugees’ perceptions of racial discrimination in Canada. Can Ethn Stud. 2001;33(1):46–59.
33.
Noh S, Kaspar V, Wickrama KAS. Overt and subtle racial discrimination and mental health: preliminary findings for Korean immigrants. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(7):1269–74.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Noh S, Kaspar V. Perceived discrimination and depression: moderating effects of coping, acculturation, and ethnic support. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(2):232–8.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Dion KL, Kawakami K. Ethnicity and perceived discrimination in Toronto: another look at the personal/group discrimination discrepancy. Can J Behav Sci. 1996;28(3):203–13.CrossRef
36.
Moghaddam FM, Taylor DM, Ditto B, Jacobs KM, Bianchi E. Psychological distress and perceived discrimination: a study of women from India. Int J Intercult Relat. 2002;26:381–90.CrossRef
37.
Breton R. The ethnic group as a political resource in relation to problems of incorporation: perceptions and attitudes. In: Breton R, Isajiw WW, Kalbach WE, Reitz JG, editors. Ethnic identity and equality: varieties of experience in a Canadian city. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1990. p. 196–255.
38.
Krieger N. Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure? Soc Sci Med. 1990;30:1273–81.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Noh S, Beiser M, Kaspar V, Hou F, Rummens J. Perceived racial discrimination, depression and coping: a study of Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40:193–207.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Ruggiero KM, Taylor DM. Why minority group members perceive the discrimination that confronts them: the role of self-esteem and perceived control. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1997;72:373–89.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Gee GC, Ryan A, Laflamme DJ, Holt J. Self-reported discrimination and mental health status among African descendants, Mexican Americans, and other latinos in the New Hampshire REACH 2010 initiative: the added dimension of immigration. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(10):1821–8.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Caxaj C, Berman H. Belonging Among newcomer youths: intersecting experiences of inclusion and exclusion. Adv Nurs Sci. 2010;3(4):E17–30.
43.
Khanlou N, Koh J, Mill C. Cultural identity and experiences of prejudice and discrimination of Afghan and Iranian immigrant youth. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2008;63(3):494–513.CrossRef
44.
Salehi R. Intersection of health, immigration and youth: a systematic literature review. J Immigr Minor Health. 2010;12:788–97.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Beiser M, Hou F. Ethnic identity, resettlement stress and depressive affect among Southeast Asian refugees in Canada. Soc Sci Med. 2006;63:137–50.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Branscombe N, Schmitt M, Harvey R. Perceiving pervasive discrimination among African Americans: implications for group identification and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999;77:135–49.CrossRef
47.
Noel J. Voices on health care: afro Carribean women’s experience. Unpublished thesis in partial fulfillment of masters of nursing. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Dalhousie University; 1996.
48.
Oxman-Martinez J, Abdool SN, Loiselle-Leonard M. Immigration, women and health in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2001;91(5):394–5.
49.
Guilfoyle J, Kelly L, St. Pierre-Hansen N. Prejudice in medicine: our role in creating health disparities. Can Family Physician. 2008;54:1511–3.
50.
Rousseau C. The mental health of refugee children. Transcul Psychiatry. 1995;32:299–331.CrossRef
51.
Carillo JE, Green AR, Betancourt JR. Cross-cultural primary care: a patient-based approach. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130(10):829–34.
52.
Betancourt JR, Green AR, Carillo JE. Defining cultural competence: a practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public Health Rep. 2003;118:293–302.PubMed
53.
Brach C, Fraser I. Can cultural competency reduce racial and ethnic health disparities? a review and conceptual model. Medi Care Res Rev. 2000;57(Supp. 1):181–217.
54.
Jacobsen K, Landau L. The dual imperative in refugee research: some methodological and ethical considerations in social science research on forced migration. Disasters. 2003;27(3):185–206.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Shariff-Marco S, Breen N, Landrine H, Reeve B, et al. Measuring everyday racial/ethnic discrimination in health surveys: how best to ask the questions, in one or two stages, across multiple racial/ethnic groups. Du Bois Rev. 2011;8(1):159–77.CrossRef
56.
Redwood-Campbell L, Thind H, Howard M, Koteles J, et al. Understanding the health of refugee women in host countries: lessons from the kosovar re-settlement in Canada. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2008;23(4):322–7.PubMed
57.
Medvedeva M. Perceived discrimination and linguistic adaptation of adolescent children of immigrants. J Youth Adolesc. 2010;39:940–52.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Potochnick SR, Perreira KM. Depression and anxiety among first-generation immigrant Latino youth. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010;198(7):470–7.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Benner AD, Kim SY. Experiences of discrimination amongst Chinese American adolescents and the consequences for socioemotional and academic development. Dev Psychol. 2009;45(6):1682–94.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Ornelas IJ, Eng M, Perreira KM. Perceived barriers to opportunity and their relation to substance use amongst Latino immigrant men. J Behav Med. 2010. doi:10.​1007/​s10865-010-9297-1.
61.
Gupta J, Acevedo-Garcia D, Hemenway D, Decker M, Raj A, Silverman J. Intimate partner violence perpetration, immigration status, and disparities in a community health centre-based sample of men. Public Health Rep. 2010;125:79–87.PubMed
62.
Anderson L, Scrimshaw S, Fullilove M, Fielding J, Normand J. The task force on community preventive services culturally competent health-care systems a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2003;243(S):68–79.CrossRef
63.
Henderson S, Kendall E, See L. The effectiveness of culturally appropriate interventions to manage or prevent chronic disease in culturally and linguistically diverse communities: a systematic literature review. Health Soc Care Community. 2011. doi:10.​1111/​j.​1365-2524.​2010.​00972.​x.
Metadaten
Titel
Discrimination and the Health of Immigrants and Refugees: Exploring Canada’s Evidence Base and Directions for Future Research in Newcomer Receiving Countries
verfasst von
Sara Edge
Bruce Newbold
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2013
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health / Ausgabe 1/2013
Print ISSN: 1557-1912
Elektronische ISSN: 1557-1920
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-012-9640-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2013

Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 1/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Brief Communication

Overweight and Obesity in French Hajj Pilgrims

Original Paper

Intervention Effects on Physical Activity and Insulin Levels in Men of Pakistani Origin Living in Oslo: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Original Paper

Perceived Discrimination and Smoking Among Rural-to-Urban Migrant Women in China

Original Paper

Hypertension Risk Assessment in the Largest Ethnic Groups in Jordan

Original Paper

Work-Related Injuries Among Immigrant Workers in Italy

Original Paper

Learning to Fit in: An Exploratory Study of General Perceived Self Efficacy in Selected Refugee Groups