nach oben

Journal of Religion and Health

Erschienen in:

01.08.2014 | Original Paper

Substance Abuse in Middle Eastern Adolescents Living in Two Different Countries: Spiritual, Cultural, Family and Personal Factors

verfasst von: Lina Kurdahi Badr, Asma Taha, Vivien Dee

Erschienen in: Journal of Religion and Health | Ausgabe 4/2014

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

It is estimated that the percentage of students using illicit substances by sixth grade has tripled over the last decade not only in developed countries but in developing countries as well probably due to the transition to a more Western society. Although much has been done to understand the mechanisms underlying substance abuse, few studies have been conducted with minority ethnic and religious groups such as Middle Eastern Youth. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether there are differences in factors contributing to substance abuse in adolescents from Lebanon versus the USA and to decipher the role of spirituality, religion, and culture among other factors that may influence substance abuse. A correlational cross-sectional design was used with adolescents living in two different countries: Los Angeles, California and Beirut, Lebanon. Muslim adolescents had significantly less rates of alcohol and substance use than Christians in both Lebanon and Los Angeles. More years lived in the USA increases the likelihood of abuse for both Muslims and Christians. Attachment to God and family was negatively associated with substance abuse. These results among others facilitate a better understanding of the influence of culture, religion, family and personal factors on substance abuse. Culturally sensitive interventions could benefit from the findings of this pilot study.

AAIF. (2011). Demographics: Socio-economic characteristics on the Arab Americans C. I. C. (CIC), American Community Survey (ACS).

Ahmed, A. S. (2009). Islam today: A short introduction to the Muslim world London, B.Tauris & Co.

Amer, M. M., & Hovey, J. D. (2005). Examination of the impact of acculturation, stress and religiosity on mental health variables for 2nd generation individuals. Ethnicity and Disease, 15, S111–S112.

Arfken, C. L., Kubiak, S. P., & Farrag, M. (2009). Acculturation and polysubstance abuse in Arab-American treatment clients. Transcultural Psychiatry, 46(4), 608–622.PubMedCrossRef

Azaiza, F., Shoham, M., Bar-Hamburger, R., & Abu-Asbeh, K. (2008). Psychoactive substances use among Arab pupils in Israel. Journal of Social Work Practice in Addictions, 8(1), 21–43.CrossRef

Azaiza, F., Shoham, M., Bar-Hamburger, R., & Abu-Asbeh, K. (2009). Psychoactive substance use among Arab adolescent school dropouts in Israel: A phenomenon and its implications. Health and Social Care in the Community, 17(1), 27–35.PubMedCrossRef

Azar, M., & Badr, L. K. (2006). The adaptation of mothers of children with intellectual disability in Lebanon. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 17(4), 375–380.PubMedCrossRef

Barnea, Z., Teichman, M., & Rahav, G. (1993). Substance use and abuse among deviant and non-deviant adolescents in Israel. Journal of Drug Education, 23(3), 223–236.PubMedCrossRef

Beitin, B. K., & Allen, K. R. (2005). Resilience in Arab American couples after September 11,2001: A systems perspective. Journal ofMarital Family Therapy, 31(3), 251–267.CrossRef

Bishop, B. J. (2008). Stress and depression among older residents in religious monasteries: Do friends and God matter? International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 67(1), 1–23.PubMedCrossRef

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books and Hogarth Press.

Brook, J. S., Lee, J. Y., Finch, S. J., Koppel, J., & Brook, D. W. (2011). Psychosocial factors related to cannabis use disorders. Substance Abuse, 32(4), 242–251.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Bryant, A. (2007). Gender differences in spiritual development during the college years. Sex Roles, 56(11–12), 835–846.CrossRef

CASA. (2001). Spirituality and religion reduce risk of substance abuse. New York: Columbia University.

Chen, C. Y., Dormitzer, C. M., Bejarano, J., & Anthony, J. C. (2004). Religiosity and the earliest stages of adolescent drug involvement in seven countries of Latin America. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159(12), 1180–1188.PubMedCrossRef

Dillon, F. R., Turner, C. W., Robbins, M. S., & Szapocznik, J. (2005). Concordance among biological, interview and self-report measures of drug use among african american and hispanic adolescents referred for drug abuse treatment. Psychology Addiction Behavior, 19(4), 404–413.CrossRef

Dornbusch, S. M., Erickson, K. G., Laird, J., & Wong, C. A. (2001). The relation of family and school attachment to adolescent deviance in diverse groups and communities. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, 396–422.CrossRef

Duncan, S. C., Gau, J. M., Duncan, T. E., & Strycker, L. A. (2011). Development and correlates of alcohol use from ages 13–20. Journal of Drug Education, 41(3), 235–252.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Edlund, M. J., Harris, K. M., Koenig, H. G., Han, X., Sullivan, G., Mattox, R., et al. (2010). Religiosity and decreased risk of substance use disorders: Is the effect mediated by social support or mental health status? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(8), 827–836.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Erickson, C. D., & Al-Timimi, N. R. (2001). Providing mental health services to Arab Americans: Recommendations and considerations. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 4, 308–327.CrossRef

Ghandour, L. A., Karam, E. G., & Maalouf, W. E. (2009). Lifetime alcohol use, abuse and dependence among university students in Lebanon: Exploring the role of religiosity in different religious faiths. Addiction, 104(6), 940–948.PubMedCrossRef

Guillem, E., Pelissolo, A., Vorspan, F., Bouchez-Arbabzadeh, S., & Lépine, J. P. (2009). Socio-demographic profiles, addictive and mental comorbidity in cannabis users in an outpatient specific setting. Encephale, 35(3), 226–233.PubMedCrossRef

Hamilton, H. A., Noh, S., & Adlaf, E. M. (2009). Perceived financial status, health, and adjustment in adolescence. Social Science and Medicine, 68(8), 1527–1534.PubMedCrossRef

Hammoud, M. M., White, C. B., & Fetters, M. D. (2005). Opening cultural doors: Providing culturally sensitive healthcare to Arab American and American Muslim patients. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 193, 1307–1311.PubMedCrossRef

Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Ogburn, E., & Grant, B. F. (2007). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(7), 830–842.PubMedCrossRef

HHS, U. S. (2002). Summary of findings from the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, volume II technical appendices and selected tables. S. A. a. M. H. S. Administration. Rockville: USA.gov.

Hodge, D. R. (2005). Social work and the house of Islam: orienting practitioners to the beliefs and values of Muslims in the United States. National Association of Social Workers, 50(2), 162–173.

Horner, P., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Delva, J., Bares, C. B., Andrade, F., & Castillo, M. (2011). The association of family and peer factors with tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use among Chilean adolescents in neighborhood context. Substance Abuse Rehabilitation, 2(1), 163–172.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Horton, K. D., Ellison, C. G., Loukas, A., Downey, D. L., & Barrett, J. B. (2012). Examining attachment to God and health risk-taking behaviors in college students. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(2), 552–566.PubMedCrossRef

Islam, S. M. S., & Johnson, C. A. (2003). Correlates of smoking behavior among Muslim Arab-American adolescents. Ethnicity and Health, 8(4), 319–337.PubMedCrossRef

Jiang, Y. (2003). The association between parental alcohol-related behaviors and children’s drinking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 69(3), 253–262.CrossRef

Johnson, T. J., Sheets, V. L., & Kristeller, J. L. (2008). Identifying mediators of the relationship between religiousness/spirituality and alcohol use. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69(1), 160–170.PubMed

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (2000). Monitoring the future national survey results on adolescent drug use: Overview of key findings, 1999 (p. 48). Bethesda: National Institute on Drug Abuse. (NIH Publication No. 00–4690).

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2011). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2010, volume II. College students and adults ages 19–50 Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, pp. 312–334.

Karam, E. G., Ghandour, L. A., Maalouf, W. E., Yamout, K., & Salamoun, M. M. (2010). A rapid situation assessment (RSA) study of alcohol and drug use in Lebanon. Journal Medical Libanais Lebanese Medical Journal, 58(2), 76–85.

Karam, E. G., Maalouf, W. E., & Ghandour, L. A. (2004). Alcohol use among university students in Lebanon: Prevalence, trends and covariates. The IDRAC University Substance Use Monitoring Study (1991 and 1999). Drug Alcohol Dependence, 76(3), 273–286.PubMedCrossRef

Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602.PubMedCrossRef

Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1992). An attachment-theory approach psychology of religion. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(1), 3–28.CrossRef

Kuehn, B. M. (2011). Teen marijuana use on the rise. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 305(3), 242.CrossRef

Lansford, J., Malone, P., Dodge, K. A., Crozier, J. C., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2006). A 12-year prospective study of patterns of social information processing problems and externalizing behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(5), 709–718.CrossRef

Latimer, W., & Zur, J. (2010). Epidemiologic trends of adolescent use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. Child Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 19(3), 451–464.PubMedCrossRef

Marsiglia, F. F., Kulis, S., Nieri, T., & Parsai, M. (2005). God forbid! substance use among religious and nonreligious youth. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(4), 585–598.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Martel, M., Pierce, L., Nigg, J. T., Jester, J. M., Adams, K., Puttler, L. I., et al. (2009). Temperament pathways to childhood disruptive behavior and adolescent substance abuse: Testing a cascade model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(3), 363–373.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Maselko, J., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2006). Gender differences in religious practices, spiritual experiences and health: results from the US general social survey. Social Science and Medicine, 62(11), 2848–2860.PubMedCrossRef

Merikangas, K. R., & McClair, V. L. (2012). Epidemiology of substance use disorders. Human Genetics, 131(6), 779–789.PubMedCrossRef

Morales, J. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2006). Effects of multiple context and cumulative stress on urban children’s adjustment in elementary school. Child Development, 77(4), 907–923.PubMedCrossRef

Moreira-Almeida, A., Neto, F. L., & Koenig, H. G. (2006). Religiousness and mental health: A review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28(3), 242–250.PubMedCrossRef

Neumark, Y. D., Rahav, G., Teichman, M., & Hasin, D. (2001). Alcohol drinking patterns among Jewish and Arab men and women in Israel. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 62(4), 443–447.

Newcomb, M. D. (1997). Psychosocial predictors and consequences of drag use: A developmental perspective with in a prospective study. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 16(1), 51–89.PubMedCrossRef

NIDA. (2004). The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States: 1992–2002. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President.

Ortega, A. N., Rosenheck, R., Alegría, M., & Desai, R. (2000). Acculturation and the lifetime risk of psychiatric and substance use disorders among Hispanics. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1888, 728–735.CrossRef

Patterson, G. R. (1998). Continuities–a search for causal mechanisms: Comment on the special section. Developmental Psychology, 34(6), 1263–1268.PubMedCrossRef

Piehler, T. F., Véronneau, M. H., & Dishion, T. J. (2012). Substance use progression from adolescence to early adulthood: Effortful control in the context of friendship influence and early—onset use. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(7), 1045–1058.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Piko, B. F., & Fitzpatrick, K. M. (2004). Substance use, religiosity, and other protective factors among Hungarian adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 29(6), 1095–1107.PubMedCrossRef

Piko, B. F., Kovacs, E., Kriston, P., & Fitzpatrick, K. M. (2012). To believe or not to believe? Religiosity, spirituality, and alcohol use among Hungarian adolescents. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(4), 666–674.PubMed

Polit, D., & Beck, C. (2008). Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. Philadelphia, Lippincott: Williams and Wilkins.

Richards, R., McGee, R., Williams, S. M., Welch, D., & Hancox, R. J. (2010). Adolescent screen time and attachment to parents and peers. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 164(3), 258–262.CrossRef

Rissel, C., McLellan, L., & Bauman, A. (2000). Factors associated with delayed tobacco uptake among Vietnamese/Asian and Arabic youth in Sydney, NSW. Australian New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 24(1), 22–28.PubMedCrossRef

Salibi, K. S. (2009). A house of many mansions: The history of Lebanon reconsidered. New York: I.B.Tauris & Co.

Scherrer, J. F., Grant, J. D., Duncan, A. E., Pan, H., Waterman, B., Jacob, T., et al. (2008). Measured environmental contributions to cannabis abuse/dependence in an offspring of twins design. Addictive Behaviors, 33(10), 1255–2266.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Schwinn, T. M., Schinke, S. P., & Trent, D. N. (2010). Substance use among late adolescent urban youths: Mental health and gender influences. Addictive Behaviors, 35(1), 30–34.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Shochet, I. M., Homel, R., Cockshaw, W. D., & Montgomery, D. T. (2008). How do school connectedness and attachment to parents interrelate in predicting adolescent depressive symptoms? Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology, 37(3), 676–681.PubMedCrossRef

Smith, J. I. (1999). Islam in America. New York: Columbia University Press.

Stone, A. L., & Latimer, W. W. (2005). Adolescent substance use assessment: concordance between tools using self-administered and interview formats. Substance Use and Misuse, 40(12), 1865–1874.PubMedCrossRef

Sussman, S., Skara, S., Rodriguez, Y., & Pokhrel, P. (2006). Non drug use- and drug use-specific spirituality as 1-year predictors of drug use among high-risk youth. Substance Use and Misuse, 41(13), 1801–1816.PubMedCrossRef

Tobamidanik, L., & Zabkiewicz, D. (2009). Indicators of sense of coherence and alcohol consumption-related problems: The 2000 US national alcohol survey. Substance Use and Misuse, 44(3), 357–373.PubMedCrossRef

Van der Meer Sanchez, Z., & Nappo, S. A. (2008). Religious treatments for drug addiction: An exploratory study in Brazil. Social Science and Medicine, 67(4), 638–646.CrossRef

VanZundert, R. M., Van Der Vorst, H., Vermulst, A. A., & Engels, R. C. (2006). Pathways to alcohol use among Dutch students in regular education and education for adolescents with behavioral problems: The role of parental alcohol use, general parenting practices, and alcohol-specific parenting practices. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(3), 456–467.CrossRef

Wallace, J. M., Delva, J., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., Johnston, L. D., et al. (2007). Race/ethnicity, religiosity and adolescent alcohol, cigarette and marijuana use. Soc Work. Public Health., 23(2–3), 193–213.

WHO. (2006). Public health problems of alcohol consumption in the region. Mediterranean: R. Office and E.

Wilkinson, R. B. (2004). The role of parental and peer attachment in the psychological health and self-esteem of adolescents. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 33, 479–493.CrossRef

Wills, T. A., Yaeger, A. M., & Sandy, J. M. (2003). Buffering effect of religiosity for adolescent substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17(1), 24–31.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Substance Abuse in Middle Eastern Adolescents Living in Two Different Countries: Spiritual, Cultural, Family and Personal Factors
verfasst von: Lina Kurdahi Badr
Asma Taha
Vivien Dee
Publikationsdatum: 01.08.2014
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Religion and Health / Ausgabe 4/2014
Print ISSN: 0022-4197
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6571
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9694-1

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2014

Children with Asthma and Their Families’ Viewpoints on Spiritual and Psychological Resources in Adaptation with the Disease

Where is the Faith? Using a CBPR Approach to Propose Adaptations to an Evidence-Based HIV Prevention Intervention for Adolescents in African American Faith Settings

The Spiritual Well-Being of Elderly People: A Study of a French Sample

Spiritual Versus Religious Identity: A Necessary Distinction in Understanding Clinicians’ Behavior and Attitudes Toward Clinical Practice and Medical Student Teaching in This Realm

What is the Place of Clinicians’ Religious or Spiritual Commitments in Psychotherapy? A Virtues-Based Perspective

What Does Islam Say About Dieting?