Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Maternal and Child Health Journal 7/2011

01.10.2011

Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Childhood Obesity: Results from the CESAR Study

verfasst von: Krisztian Gorog, Sam Pattenden, Temenuga Antova, Emilia Niciu, Peter Rudnai, Salome Scholtens, Anna Splichalova, Katarina Slotova, Zoltán Vokó, Renata Zlotkowska, Danny Houthuijs

Erschienen in: Maternal and Child Health Journal | Ausgabe 7/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Childhood obesity is a worldwide public health concern. Recent studies from high income countries have demonstrated associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and children’s excess body weight. We examine associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and children’s overweight or obesity, in six countries in the less affluent Central/Eastern European region. Questionnaire data were analysed, for 8,926 singleton children aged 9–12 years. Country-specific odds ratios for effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on being overweight, and on obesity, were estimated using logistic regression. Heterogeneity between country-specific results, and mean effects (allowing for heterogeneity) were estimated. Positive associations between maternal smoking and overweight were seen in all countries but Romania. While not individually statistically significant, the mean odds ratio was 1.26 (95% CI 1.03–1.55), with no evidence of between-country heterogeneity. Obese children were few (2.7%), and associations between obesity and maternal smoking during pregnancy were more heterogeneous, with odds ratios ranging from 0.71 (0.32–1.57) in Poland to 5.49 (2.11–14.30) in Slovakia. Between-country heterogeneity was strongly related to average persons-per-room, a possible socioeconomic indicator, with stronger associations where households were less crowded. Estimates of dose–response relationships tended to be small and non-significant, even when pooled. Our results provide evidence of a link between maternal smoking in pregnancy and childhood overweight. Associations with obesity, though strong in some countries, were less consistent. Maternal smoking may confer an addition to a child’s potential for obesity, which is more likely to be realised in affluent conditions.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Lobstein, T., Baur, L., & Uauy, R. (2004). Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. Obesity Reviews, 5(Sl), 4–104.PubMedCrossRef Lobstein, T., Baur, L., & Uauy, R. (2004). Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. Obesity Reviews, 5(Sl), 4–104.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Campos, P., Saguy, A., Ernsberger, P., Oliver, E., & Gaesser, G. (2006). The epidemiology of overweight and obesity: Public health crisis or moral panic? International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 55–60.PubMedCrossRef Campos, P., Saguy, A., Ernsberger, P., Oliver, E., & Gaesser, G. (2006). The epidemiology of overweight and obesity: Public health crisis or moral panic? International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 55–60.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Power, C., Lake, J. K., & Cole, T. J. (1997). Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 21(7), 507–526.PubMedCrossRef Power, C., Lake, J. K., & Cole, T. J. (1997). Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 21(7), 507–526.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Olshansky, S. J., Passaro, D. J., Hershow, R. C., Layden, J., Carnes, B. A., Brody, J., et al. (2005). A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 1138–1145.PubMedCrossRef Olshansky, S. J., Passaro, D. J., Hershow, R. C., Layden, J., Carnes, B. A., Brody, J., et al. (2005). A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 1138–1145.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Young-Hyman, D., Schlundt, D. G., Herman, L., De Luca, F., & Counts, D. (2001). Evaluation of the insulin resistance syndrome in 5- to 10-year-old overweight/obese African-American children. Diabetes Care, 24(8), 1359–1364.PubMedCrossRef Young-Hyman, D., Schlundt, D. G., Herman, L., De Luca, F., & Counts, D. (2001). Evaluation of the insulin resistance syndrome in 5- to 10-year-old overweight/obese African-American children. Diabetes Care, 24(8), 1359–1364.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Dubois, L., & Girard, M. (2006). Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study. International Journal of Obesity, 30(4), 610–617.PubMedCrossRef Dubois, L., & Girard, M. (2006). Early determinants of overweight at 4.5 years in a population-based longitudinal study. International Journal of Obesity, 30(4), 610–617.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Power, C., & Jefferis, B. J. (2002). Fetal environment and subsequent obesity: A study of maternal smoking. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(2), 413–419.PubMedCrossRef Power, C., & Jefferis, B. J. (2002). Fetal environment and subsequent obesity: A study of maternal smoking. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(2), 413–419.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Toschke, A. M., Koletzko, B., Slikker, W., Jr, Hermann, M., & von Kries, R. (2002). Childhood obesity is associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy. European Journal of Pediatrics, 161(8), 445–448.PubMedCrossRef Toschke, A. M., Koletzko, B., Slikker, W., Jr, Hermann, M., & von Kries, R. (2002). Childhood obesity is associated with maternal smoking in pregnancy. European Journal of Pediatrics, 161(8), 445–448.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Von Kries, R., Toschke, A. M., Koletzko, B., & Slikker, W., Jr. (2002). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156(10), 954–961.CrossRef Von Kries, R., Toschke, A. M., Koletzko, B., & Slikker, W., Jr. (2002). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood obesity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156(10), 954–961.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Toschke, A. M., Montgomery, S. M., Pfeiffer, U., & von Kries, R. (2003). Early intrauterine exposure to tobacco-inhaled products and obesity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158(11), 1068–1074.PubMedCrossRef Toschke, A. M., Montgomery, S. M., Pfeiffer, U., & von Kries, R. (2003). Early intrauterine exposure to tobacco-inhaled products and obesity. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158(11), 1068–1074.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergmann, K. E., Bergmann, R. L., von Kries, R., Böhm, O., Richter, R., Dudenhausen, J. W., et al. (2003). Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity in a birth cohort study: role of breast-feeding. International Journal of Obesity, 27, 162–172.PubMedCrossRef Bergmann, K. E., Bergmann, R. L., von Kries, R., Böhm, O., Richter, R., Dudenhausen, J. W., et al. (2003). Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity in a birth cohort study: role of breast-feeding. International Journal of Obesity, 27, 162–172.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Wideroe, M., Vik, T., Jacobsen, G., & Bakketeig, L. S. (2003). Does maternal smoking during pregnancy cause childhood overweight? Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 17(2), 171–179.PubMedCrossRef Wideroe, M., Vik, T., Jacobsen, G., & Bakketeig, L. S. (2003). Does maternal smoking during pregnancy cause childhood overweight? Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 17(2), 171–179.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitaker, R. C. (2004). Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: the role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics, 114(1), e29–e36.PubMedCrossRef Whitaker, R. C. (2004). Predicting preschooler obesity at birth: the role of maternal obesity in early pregnancy. Pediatrics, 114(1), e29–e36.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams, A. K., Harvey, H. E., & Prince, R. J. (2005). Association of maternal smoking with overweight at age 3 year in American Indian children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(2), 393–398.PubMed Adams, A. K., Harvey, H. E., & Prince, R. J. (2005). Association of maternal smoking with overweight at age 3 year in American Indian children. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82(2), 393–398.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Reilly, J. J., Armstrong, J., Dorosty, A. R., Emmett, P. M., Ness, A., Rogers, I., et al. (2005). Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: Cohort study. British Medical Journal, 330, 1357.PubMedCrossRef Reilly, J. J., Armstrong, J., Dorosty, A. R., Emmett, P. M., Ness, A., Rogers, I., et al. (2005). Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: Cohort study. British Medical Journal, 330, 1357.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Salsberry, P. J., & Reagan, P. B. (2005). Dynamics of early childhood overweight. Pediatrics, 116, 1329–1338.PubMedCrossRef Salsberry, P. J., & Reagan, P. B. (2005). Dynamics of early childhood overweight. Pediatrics, 116, 1329–1338.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Oken, E., Huh, S. Y., Taveras, E. M., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Gillman, M. W. (2005). Associations of maternal prenatal smoking with child adiposity and blood pressure. Obesity Research, 13(11), 2021–2028.PubMedCrossRef Oken, E., Huh, S. Y., Taveras, E. M., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Gillman, M. W. (2005). Associations of maternal prenatal smoking with child adiposity and blood pressure. Obesity Research, 13(11), 2021–2028.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Al Mamun, A., Lawlor, D. A., Alati, R., O’Callaghan, M. J., Williams, G. M., & Najman, J. M. (2006). Does maternal smoking during pregnancy have a direct effect on future offspring obesity? Evidence from a prospective birth cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164, 317–325.PubMedCrossRef Al Mamun, A., Lawlor, D. A., Alati, R., O’Callaghan, M. J., Williams, G. M., & Najman, J. M. (2006). Does maternal smoking during pregnancy have a direct effect on future offspring obesity? Evidence from a prospective birth cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164, 317–325.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen, A., Pennell, M. L., Klebanoff, M. A., Rogan, W. J., & Longnecker, M. P. (2006). Maternal smoking during pregnancy in relation to child overweight: Follow-up to age 8 years. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 121–130.PubMedCrossRef Chen, A., Pennell, M. L., Klebanoff, M. A., Rogan, W. J., & Longnecker, M. P. (2006). Maternal smoking during pregnancy in relation to child overweight: Follow-up to age 8 years. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 121–130.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Salsberry, P. J., & Reagan, P. B. (2007). Taking the long view: The prenatal environment and early adolescent overweight. Research in Nursing and Health, 30, 297–307.PubMedCrossRef Salsberry, P. J., & Reagan, P. B. (2007). Taking the long view: The prenatal environment and early adolescent overweight. Research in Nursing and Health, 30, 297–307.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilman, S. E., Gardener, H., & Buka, S. L. (2008). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and children’s cognitive and physical development: A causal risk factor? American Journal of Epidemiology, 168, 522–531.PubMedCrossRef Gilman, S. E., Gardener, H., & Buka, S. L. (2008). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and children’s cognitive and physical development: A causal risk factor? American Journal of Epidemiology, 168, 522–531.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma, A. J., Cogswell, M. E., & Li, R. (2008). Dose-response associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and subsequent childhood obesity: Effect modification by maternal race/ethnicity in a low-income US cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168, 995–1007.PubMedCrossRef Sharma, A. J., Cogswell, M. E., & Li, R. (2008). Dose-response associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and subsequent childhood obesity: Effect modification by maternal race/ethnicity in a low-income US cohort. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168, 995–1007.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Poston, W. S., & Foreyt, J. P. (1999). Obesity is an environmental issue. Atherosclerosis, 146(2), 201–209.PubMedCrossRef Poston, W. S., & Foreyt, J. P. (1999). Obesity is an environmental issue. Atherosclerosis, 146(2), 201–209.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Antova, T., Pattenden, S., Nikiforov, B., Leonardi, G. S., Boeva, B., Fletcher, T., et al. (2003). Nutrition and respiratory health in children in six central and Eastern European countries. Thorax, 58(3), 231–236.PubMedCrossRef Antova, T., Pattenden, S., Nikiforov, B., Leonardi, G. S., Boeva, B., Fletcher, T., et al. (2003). Nutrition and respiratory health in children in six central and Eastern European countries. Thorax, 58(3), 231–236.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Cole, T. J., Bellizzi, M. C., Flegal, K. M., & Dietz, W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. British Medical Journal, 320(7244), 1240.PubMedCrossRef Cole, T. J., Bellizzi, M. C., Flegal, K. M., & Dietz, W. H. (2000). Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey. British Medical Journal, 320(7244), 1240.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Pattenden, S., Armstrong, B. G., Houthuijs, D., Leonardi, G. S., Dusseldorp, A., Boeva, B., et al. (2000). Methodological approaches to the analysis of hierarchical studies of air pollution and respiratory health—examples from the CESAR study. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 10(5), 420–426.PubMedCrossRef Pattenden, S., Armstrong, B. G., Houthuijs, D., Leonardi, G. S., Dusseldorp, A., Boeva, B., et al. (2000). Methodological approaches to the analysis of hierarchical studies of air pollution and respiratory health—examples from the CESAR study. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 10(5), 420–426.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Strauss, R. S., & Knight, J. (1999). Influence of the home environment on the development of obesity in children. Pediatrics, 103(6), e85.PubMedCrossRef Strauss, R. S., & Knight, J. (1999). Influence of the home environment on the development of obesity in children. Pediatrics, 103(6), e85.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986). Meta analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7, 177–188.PubMedCrossRef DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986). Meta analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7, 177–188.PubMedCrossRef
29.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Horta, B. L., Victora, C. G., Menezes, A. M., Halpern, R., & Barros, F. C. (1997). Low birthweight, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation in relation to maternal smoking. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 11(2), 140–151.PubMedCrossRef Horta, B. L., Victora, C. G., Menezes, A. M., Halpern, R., & Barros, F. C. (1997). Low birthweight, preterm births and intrauterine growth retardation in relation to maternal smoking. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 11(2), 140–151.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons, T. J., Power, C., Logan, S., & Summerbell, C. D. (1999). Childhood predictors of adult obesity: A systematic review. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 23(S8), S1–S107.PubMed Parsons, T. J., Power, C., Logan, S., & Summerbell, C. D. (1999). Childhood predictors of adult obesity: A systematic review. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 23(S8), S1–S107.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Baird, J., Fisher, D., Lucas, P., Kleijnen, J., Roberts, H., & Law, C. (2005). Being big or growing fast: Systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity. British Medical Journal, 331(7522), 929–931.PubMedCrossRef Baird, J., Fisher, D., Lucas, P., Kleijnen, J., Roberts, H., & Law, C. (2005). Being big or growing fast: Systematic review of size and growth in infancy and later obesity. British Medical Journal, 331(7522), 929–931.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Ounsted, M., & Sleigh, G. (1975). The infant’s self-regulation of food intake and weight gain. Difference in metabolic balance after growth constraint or acceleration in utero. Lancet, 1(7922), 1393–1397.PubMedCrossRef Ounsted, M., & Sleigh, G. (1975). The infant’s self-regulation of food intake and weight gain. Difference in metabolic balance after growth constraint or acceleration in utero. Lancet, 1(7922), 1393–1397.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Vartiainen, E., Seppala, T., Lillsunde, P., & Puska, P. (2002). Validation of self reported smoking by serum cotinine measurement in a community-based study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56(3), 167–170.PubMedCrossRef Vartiainen, E., Seppala, T., Lillsunde, P., & Puska, P. (2002). Validation of self reported smoking by serum cotinine measurement in a community-based study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56(3), 167–170.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Rebagliato, M. (2002). Validation of self reported smoking. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56(3), 163–164.PubMedCrossRef Rebagliato, M. (2002). Validation of self reported smoking. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 56(3), 163–164.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Gehring, U., Leaderer, B. P., Heinrich, J., Oldenwening, M., Giovannangelo, M. E. C. A., Nordling, E., et al. (2006). Comparison of parental reports of smoking and residential air nicotine concentrations in children. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63, 766–772.PubMedCrossRef Gehring, U., Leaderer, B. P., Heinrich, J., Oldenwening, M., Giovannangelo, M. E. C. A., Nordling, E., et al. (2006). Comparison of parental reports of smoking and residential air nicotine concentrations in children. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63, 766–772.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Owen, L., & McNeill, A. (2001). Saliva cotinine as indicator of cigarette smoking in pregnant women. Addiction, 96(7), 1001–1006.PubMedCrossRef Owen, L., & McNeill, A. (2001). Saliva cotinine as indicator of cigarette smoking in pregnant women. Addiction, 96(7), 1001–1006.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Boyd, N. R., Windsor, R. A., Perkins, L. L., & Lowe, J. B. (1998). Quality of measurement of smoking status by self-report and saliva cotinine among pregnant women. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2(2), 77–83.PubMedCrossRef Boyd, N. R., Windsor, R. A., Perkins, L. L., & Lowe, J. B. (1998). Quality of measurement of smoking status by self-report and saliva cotinine among pregnant women. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 2(2), 77–83.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Song, Y. M. (2006). Commentary: Varying relation of socioeconomic status with obesity between countries at different stages of development. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 112–113.PubMedCrossRef Song, Y. M. (2006). Commentary: Varying relation of socioeconomic status with obesity between countries at different stages of development. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 112–113.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedman, L. S., Lukyanova, E. M., Serdiuk, A., Shkiryak-Nizhnyk, Z. A., Chislovska, N. V., Zvinchuk, A. V., et al. (2009). Social-environmental factors associated with elevated body mass index in a Ukrainian cohort of children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 4(2), 81–90.PubMedCrossRef Friedman, L. S., Lukyanova, E. M., Serdiuk, A., Shkiryak-Nizhnyk, Z. A., Chislovska, N. V., Zvinchuk, A. V., et al. (2009). Social-environmental factors associated with elevated body mass index in a Ukrainian cohort of children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 4(2), 81–90.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Childhood Obesity: Results from the CESAR Study
verfasst von
Krisztian Gorog
Sam Pattenden
Temenuga Antova
Emilia Niciu
Peter Rudnai
Salome Scholtens
Anna Splichalova
Katarina Slotova
Zoltán Vokó
Renata Zlotkowska
Danny Houthuijs
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2011
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Maternal and Child Health Journal / Ausgabe 7/2011
Print ISSN: 1092-7875
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-6628
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-009-0543-5

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2011

Maternal and Child Health Journal 7/2011 Zur Ausgabe