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Kinetics of the Inhibition of Renin and Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme by Polar and Non-polar Polyphenolic Extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina and Gongronema Latifolium Leaves

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro modulation of the renin-angiotensin system by polyphenolic extracts and fractions of two green leafy vegetables, Vernonia amygdalina (VA) and Gongronema latifolium (GL), that are used for food and medicinal purposes. An 80% acetone extract of each leaf was fractionated on silicic acid-packed column to give two main fractions: acetone eluate (flow-through) and ethanol eluate (column-bound), that consist mostly of chlorophyllic and non-chlorophyllic fractions, respectively. Column fractionation resulted in polyphenolic fractions that displayed higher potency against angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and renin than the crude acetone extracts; generally, the chlorophyllic fraction was more active than the non-chlorophyllic fraction. ACE-inhibitory activity was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the chlorophyllic fraction of VA than GL, with IC50 values of 0.207 and 0.413 mg/ml, respectively. Similarly, the chlorophyllic fraction of VA had significantly higher (p < 0.05) renin inhibition than GL, with IC50 values of 0.172 and 0.513 mg/ml, respectively. Kinetics studies showed that the chlorophyllic fractions of VA and GL exhibited mostly mixed-type ACE and renin inhibitions. We concluded that the hydrophobic nature of the chlorophyllic fraction may have contributed to the increased interaction with enzyme protein and inhibition of activities of ACE and renin.

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Abbreviations

ACE:

Angiotensin I converting enzyme

AI:

Angiotensin I

AII:

Angiotensin II

FAPGG:

N-(3-[2-furyl]acryloyl)-phenylalanylglycyglycine

GL:

Gongronema latifolium

IC50 :

Half maximal inhibitory concentration

Ki :

Inhibition constant

Km :

Michaelis-Menten constant

RAS:

Renin-angiotensin system

VA:

Vernonia amygdalina

Vmax:

Maximum velocity

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Acknowledgements

Funding for this work was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to REA, and the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (DFAIT) and Canadian Bureau for International Education (CBIE) to CFF and REA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, PMB 704, Akure, Nigeria

    Comfort F. Ajibola

  2. Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada

    Comfort F. Ajibola & Rotimi E. Aluko

  3. Human Resources and Skill Development, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Afolabi F. Eleyinmi

  4. The Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Rotimi E. Aluko

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  1. Comfort F. Ajibola
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  2. Afolabi F. Eleyinmi
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Correspondence to Rotimi E. Aluko.

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Ajibola, C.F., Eleyinmi, A.F. & Aluko, R.E. Kinetics of the Inhibition of Renin and Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme by Polar and Non-polar Polyphenolic Extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina and Gongronema Latifolium Leaves. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 66, 320–327 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-011-0257-x

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