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Gender Differences in the Perception of Honour Killing in Individualist Versus Collectivistic Cultures: Comparison Between Italy and Turkey

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Abstract

Gender differences in the perception of honour killing were investigated in two countries, both traditionally considered honour cultures but with differing degrees of individualism and collectivism: Italy and Turkey. Ninety-six Turkish undergraduate students attending Istanbul University (40 % males, mean age = 21.2 years) and 68 Italian undergraduate students attending Turin University (34 % males, mean age = 24.6 years) filled in a questionnaire which assessed the perception of three honour killing scenarios (scenario 1: alleged adultery, scenario 2: adultery, scenario 3: adultery in flagrante delicto). The questionnaire measured the attribution of assailant and victim responsibility, the proposed punishment for the assailant, and the evaluation of the incidents as crimes. Results showed that regardless gender Turkish participants attributed more responsibility to the victim and less responsibility to the assailant, and proposed less severe punishments than the Italian participants. Moreover, Turkish men attributed less responsibility to the assailant and proposed less severe punishments than Turkish women. Finally, there was an interaction of gender by culture by scenario: Turkish women attributed less responsibility to the victim in the case of alleged adultery, compared to their male counterparts. These results are discussed in terms of the complex interaction between gender roles and the individualist versus collectivist social organization of Italy and Turkey, and the profound social changes that both countries have undergone in recent decades.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Via Verdi 10, 10124, Turin, Italy

    Federica Caffaro, Federico Ferraris & Susanna Schmidt

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  1. Federica Caffaro
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Appendix A

Appendix A

Istruzioni

Questo questionario si propone di rilevare la percezione della violenza sulle donne in Italia e in Turchia. Quello che Le chiediamo è di leggere attentamente le tre storie che seguono e di rispondere alle domande successive scegliendo le risposte a Lei più adatte. I pensieri di ogni persona sono diversi, quindi non esistono risposte giuste o sbagliate.

Questo studio non contiene dati sensibili, la partecipazione è volontaria, e i dati raccolti saranno usati unicamente allo scopo della ricerca.

Grazie per la collaborazione!

Scenario 1

Francesca, 30, sposata, rivede dopo molti anni un vecchio amico del liceo. I due si incontrano spesso la sera per andare al cinema o scambiare due chiacchiere. Attorno a tale amicizia la gente comincia a chiacchierare e fare illazioni. Dopo alcune battute ironiche, il marito chiede alla donna di smettere di frequentare il suo amico ma lei rifiuta. Ritenendo che la moglie si stia comportando in modo disonorevole nei confronti suoi e della famiglia, la uccide.

figure a

Scenario 2

Anna, 31 anni, è sposata da tre anni con un uomo di cui non è mai stata innamorata ma verso il quale è stata spinta dalla famiglia che lo considerava un buon partito. Insoddisfatta e delusa del suo matrimonio intreccia una relazione intima con un altro uomo. Il marito riceve un’imbeccata su questa relazione e, per lavare l’onore suo e della famiglia, uccide la donna.

figure b

Scenario 3

Erica, 28 anni, è felicemente sposata da tre anni quando si invaghisce di un uomo con il quale intesse una relazione segreta per diversi mesi. Il marito una sera torna a casa prima dal lavoro e li coglie a fare l’amore sul divano senza che loro se ne accorgano. Sconvolto, richiude la porta e vaga per la città. Dopo qualche ora torna a casa e, per salvare l’onore suo e della famiglia, uccide la moglie.

figure c

Talimatlar

Bu anketin amacı İtalya ve Türkiye’de kadın üzerine şiddet konusunda algıları açıklığa kavuşturmaktır. Sizden ricamız ekteki üç hikayeyi dikkatlice okuyup size en uygun cevapları seçmenizdir. Her insanın fikirleri farkılıdır ve doğru ve yanlış cevaplar bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma kişisel bilgiler içermemektedir, katılım gönüllülük esasına dayanır ve toplanan bilgiler sadece bu araştırmayla ilgili olarak kullanılıcaklardır.

İşbirliğiniz için teşekkür ediyoruz!

ÖYKÜ 1

Gizem, 30, evli, yıllar sonra eski bir lise arkadaşını görür. Íkisi sık sık görüşüp sohbet ediyor veya sinemaya gidiyorlar. Çevredeki insanlar bu arkadaşlık hakkında dedikodu ediyorlar. Bu dedikodular Gizem'in kocasının kulağına gidiyor, karısından bu arkadaşlıktan vazgeçmesini istiyor ama kadın reddediyor. Kendisinin ve ailesinin onuruna zarar verdiği sebebiyle adam karısını öldürüyor.

figure d

ÖYKÜ 2

Nur, 31, evli, 3 senedir evli ama kocasıyla aşk için değil, sadece o zengin olduğu için ailesinin zoruyla evlenmiş. Ílişkisinden tatminsiz olarak başka bir erkekle ilişkiye giriyor. Bu ilişkiyi kocasının kulağına ulaşıyor ve kendisinin ve ailesinin onurunu temizlemek için karısını öldürüyor.

figure e

ÖYKÜ 3

Deniz, 28, 3 senedir mutlu bir evliliği var fakat başka bir erkekten hoşlanıyor ve kendisiyle birkaçaylık gizli bir ilişki yaşıyor. Bir gece kocası eve dönüyor ve divanda onları sevişirken yakalıyor ama ikisi yakalandıklarından habersizler. Adam şoka giriyor, kapıyı kapayıp cıkıyor ve sokaklarda dolaşmaya başlıyor. Birkaç saat sonra eve dönüyor ve kendisinin ve ailesinin onurunu kurtarmak için karısını öldürüyor.

figure f

Instructions

This questionnaire aims to assess the perception of violence against women in Italy and Turkey. We ask you to read carefully the three scenarios reported below and to answer the respective questions by choosing the answers you judge most adequate for you. The thoughts of each person are different, thus there are no correct or wrong answers.

This study does not entail sensitive data, the participation is voluntary, and the collected data will be used only for research purposes.

Thanks for your collaboration!

Scenario 1

Francesca/Gizema, aged 30, married, after many years sees again an old male friend from high school. The two friends meet frequently in the evenings to go to the cinema or talk. Around this friendship people begin to gossip and to make insinuations. After some ironic jokes, the husband asks his wife to stop meeting her friend, but she refuses. Holding that the wife is behaving dishonourably towards himself and the family, he kills her.

figure g

Scenario 2

Anna/Nura, aged 31, was married for 3 years to a man she never loved, but towards whom she had been forced by her family, who considered him a good match. Unsatisfied and frustrated by her marriage, she establishes an intimate relationship with another man. The husband receives a hint about this relationship and in order to wipe out the offence against himself and the family he kills his wife.

figure h

Scenario 3

Erica/Deniza, aged 28, has been happily married for 3 years when she becomes infatuated with a man with whom she embarks on a secret affair for several months. One evening, her husband returns from work sooner than usual and discovers the two lovers on the sofa having sexual intercourse without being seen himself by them. Completely upset, he closes the door and cruises through the city. Some hours later, he returns home and, to wipe out the offence against himself and the family, kills his wife.

figure i

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Caffaro, F., Ferraris, F. & Schmidt, S. Gender Differences in the Perception of Honour Killing in Individualist Versus Collectivistic Cultures: Comparison Between Italy and Turkey. Sex Roles 71, 296–318 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0413-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-014-0413-5

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