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Diversifying evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in Egypt from 2006 to 2011

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Abstract

An evolutionary analysis was conducted of 354 hemagglutinin (HA) and 208 neuraminidase (NA) genes, including newly generated sequences of 5 HA and 30 NA, of Egyptian H5N1 clade 2.2.1 viruses isolated from poultry and humans. Five distinct phylogenetically distinguishable clusters arose from a monophyletic origin since 2006. Only two clusters remained in circulation after 2009: (i) A cluster of viruses arose in 2007 in industrial-vaccinated chickens and carried multiple mutations in or adjacent to the immunogenic epitopes of the HA. Viruses within this cluster evolved with significantly elevated mutation rates indicating persisting selective pressures, e.g. to escape host immunity and (ii) The second group arose in 2008 and harboured strains from recent human infections featuring a conspicuous deletion in the HA receptor-binding domain and substitutions close to the highly conserved active site of the NA. In both sublineages, a number of positively selected amino acids, different glycosylation patterns and variations in the polybasic proteolytic cleavage site were observed. Continuous monitoring of the evolving H5N1 virus in Egypt is essential to develop new control campaigns in poultry and human population.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Hagag N. M., El-Husseiny M. H., Yehia N. from NLQP, Egypt and to Wessler D. and Illing C. FLI, Germany for their excellent technical support. Also, sincere gratitude is extended to three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments and useful contributions that improved the manuscript. This work was supported by an OIE-funded twinning project between the National Laboratory for Quality Control on Production, Dokki, Giza, Egypt and Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Isle of Riems, Germany and Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University Berlin, Germany. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests.

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  1. Marcus Graeber-Gerberding

    Present address: Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74 , 20359, Hamburg, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Koenigsweg 63, 14163, Berlin, Germany

    E. M. Abdelwhab & Hafez M. Hafez

  2. Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, Suedufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany

    E. M. Abdelwhab, Jürgen Stech, Christian Grund, Olga Stech, Marcus Graeber-Gerberding, Martin Beer & Timm C. Harder

  3. National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, P.O. Box 246, Dokki, Giza, 12618, Egypt

    E. M. Abdelwhab, Abdel-Satar Arafa, Mohamed K. Hassan & Mona M. Aly

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Abdelwhab, E.M., Arafa, AS., Stech, J. et al. Diversifying evolution of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in Egypt from 2006 to 2011. Virus Genes 45, 14–23 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-012-0758-1

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