Abstract
Although the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) is commonly used in sleep and other research settings, normative data for PVT performance in children have not been published. This report presents normal PVT performance measures among children without a sleep disorder participating in the Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea (TuCASA) study. TuCASA is a community-based, prospective study of sleep-disordered breathing in Caucasian and Hispanic children ages 6 to 11 years. A standard 10-min PVT trial was completed by 360 participants—48% female and 36% Hispanic; mean age 8.9 years. Detailed analyses were performed for 162 children with respiratory disturbance indices <1 and no parent-reported sleep problems. Mean and median reaction times (RT) decreased with increasing age (p trend < 0.001). Children ages 6 and 11 had median RTs of 544.24 and 325.70 ms, respectively. Standard deviations in RTs also decreased with increasing age (p trend = 0.001), as did lapses (p trend < 0.001), but no trend was apparent in total errors. There were statistically significant (p = 0.006) differences in the performance of boys and girls. Gender differences were greatest at age 6, where boys had shorter RTs, and decreased with age until performance was approximately equal by age 11. No ethnic differences were detected. Children’s PVT performance improves with age and differs by gender. These differences should be considered when the PVT is utilized in pediatric populations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Dinges DF, Powell JW (1985) Microcomputer analyses of performance on a portable, simple visual RT task during sustained operations. Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput 17:652–655
Dinges DF, Pack F, Williams K et al (1997) Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4–5 hours per night. Sleep 20:267–277
Dorrian J, Rogers NL, Dinges DF (2005) Psychomotor vigilance performance: a neurocognitive assay sensitive to sleep loss. In: Kushida C (ed) Sleep deprivation: clinical issues, pharmacology, and sleep loss effects. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 39–70
Jewett ME, Dijk DJ, Kronauer RE, Dinges DF (1999) Dose–response relationship between sleep duration and human psychomotor vigilance and subjective alertness. Sleep 22:171–179
Drummond S, Bischoff-Grethe A, Dinges DF, Ayalon L, Mednick SC, Meloy MJ (2005) The neural basis of the psychomotor vigilance task. Sleep 28:1059–1068
Harma M, Tarja H, Irja K et al (2006) A controlled intervention study on the effects of a very rapidly forward rotating shift system on sleep–wakefulness and well-being among young and elderly shift workers. Int J Psychophysiol 59:70–79
Lederer W, Kopp M, Hahn O et al (2006) Post-duty psychomotor performance in young and senior anaesthetists. Eur J Anaesthesiol 23:251–256
Russo MB, Kendall AP, Johnson DE et al (2005) Visual perception, psychomotor performance, and complex motor performance during an overnight air refueling simulated flight. Aviat Space Environ Med 76:C92–C103
Czeisler CA, Walsh JK, Roth T et al (2005) Modafinil for excessive sleepiness associated with shift-work sleep disorder. N Engl J Med 353:476–486
Kribbs NB, Pack AI, Kline LR et al (1993) Effects of one night without nasal CPAP treatment on sleep and sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:1162–1168
Dinges DF, Weaver TE (2003) Effects of modafinil on sustained attention performance and quality of life in OSA patients with residual sleepiness while being treated with nCPAP. Sleep Med 4:393–402
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2003) National sleep disorders research plan. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH Publication No. 03-5209. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/res_plan/index.html. Accessed on: March 15, 2006
Hunt CE (2004) Neurocognitive outcomes in sleep-disordered breathing. J Pediatr 145:430–432
Gozal D, O’Brien L, Row BW (2004) Consequences of snoring and sleep disordered breathing in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 26:166–168
Blunden S, Lushington K, Kennedy D (2001) Cognitive and behavioural performance in children with sleep-related obstructive breathing disorders. Sleep Med Rev 5:447–461
Kaemingk KL, Pasvogel AE, Goodwin JL et al (2003) Learning in children and sleep disordered breathing: findings of the Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea (TuCASA) prospective cohort study. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 9:1016–1026
Arman AR, Ersu R, Save D et al (2005) Symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity in children with habitual snoring: evidence from a community-based study in Istanbul. Child Care Health Dev 31:707–717
Chervin RD, Ruzicka DL, Archbold KH et al (2005) Snoring predicts hyperactivity 4 years later. Sleep 28:746–751
Dillon JE, Ruzicka DL, Champine DJ et al (2003) DSM-IV disruptive behavior disorders in children before and after adenotonsillectomy. Sleep 26:A138
Mulvaney SA, Goodwin JL, Morgan WJ, Rosen GR, Quan SF, Kaemingk KL (2006) Behavior problems associated with sleep disordered breathing in school-aged children—the Tucson children’s assessment of sleep apnea study. J Pediatr Psychol 31:322–330
Goodwin J, Enright P, Morgan W et al (2001) Feasibility of using unattended polysomnography in children for research: report of the Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study (TuCASA). Sleep 24:937–944
Goodwin JL, Kaemingk KL, Fregosi RF et al (2003) Clinical outcomes associated with sleep-disordered breathing in Caucasian and Hispanic children—the Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea study (TuCASA). Sleep 26:587–591
Adam M, Retey J, Khatami R, Landolt H (2006) Age-related changes in the time course of vigilant attention during 40 hours without sleep in men. Sleep 29:55–57
Parasuraman R, Nestor P, Greenwood P (1989) Sustained-attention capacity in young and older adults. Psychol Aging 4:339–345
Wilkinson RT, Allison S (1989) Age and simple reaction time: decade differences for 5,325 subjects. J Gerontol 44:P29–P35
Blatter K, Graw P, Munch M, Knoblauch V, Wirz-Justice A, Cajochen C (2006) Gender and age differences in psychomotor vigilance performance under differential sleep pressure conditions. Behav Brain Res 168:312–317
Noble C, Baker BL, Jones TA (1964) Age and sex parameters and psychomotor learning. Percept Mot Skills 19:935–945
Finlayson MA, Reitan RM (1976) Handedness in relation to measures of motor and tactile-perceptual function in normal children. Percept Mot Skills 43:475–481
Gardner RA, Broman M (1979) The Purdue pegboard: normative data on 1334 school children. J Clin Child Psychol 8:156–162
Conners CK, Epstein JN, Angold A, Klaric J (2003) Continuous performance test performance in a normative epidemiological sample. J Abnorm Child Psychol 31:555–562
Greenberg LM, Waldman ID (2003) Developmental normative data on the test of variables of attention (T.O.V.A.). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 34:1019–1030
Spreen O, Strauss E (1998) A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, New York
Casey BJ, Giedd JN, Thomas KM (2000) Structural and functional brain development and its relation to cognitive development. Biol Psychol 54:241–257
Conners CK (1994) The Conners continuous performance test. Multi-Health Systems, Toronto
Greenberg LM (1991) T.O.V.A.™ interpretation manual. Author, Minneapolis
Gordon M (1991) Instruction manual for the Gordon diagnostic system, model III-R. Gordon Systems, Dewitt
Rosvold HE, Mirsky AF, Sarason I, Bronsome ED, Beck LH (1956) A continuous performance test of brain damage. J Consult Psychol 20:343–350
Lamond N, Dawson D, Roach GD (2005) Fatigue assessment in the field: validation of a hand-held electronic psychomotor vigilance task. Aviat Space Environ Med 76:486–489
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank Charles Wynstra, MBA, RRT; Marty Ukockis, RPSGT, RRT; Marissa Carey, Ph.D.; Fernanda Martinez, Ph.D.; and Mary Frances Miller, BA, for their diligence in data collection and scoring. We also thank the principals, teachers, parents, and students from the Tucson Unified School District for their ongoing support of this research. This document is a portion of a thesis submitted in partial completion of the requirements for a Master of Science degree at the University of Arizona. This work was supported by HL 62373 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Venker, C.C., Goodwin, J.L., Roe, D.J. et al. Normative psychomotor vigilance task performance in children ages 6 to 11—the Tucson Children’s Assessment of Sleep Apnea (TuCASA). Sleep Breath 11, 217–224 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-007-0103-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-007-0103-4