Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined as age-related lean tissue mass (LTM) loss resulting in reduced muscular strength, physical function, and mobility. Up to 33 % of older adults currently are sarcopenic, with likely many more undiagnosed. The purpose of this investigation was to predict sarcopenia status from easily accessible functional measures of community-dwelling older adults. Forty-three community-dwelling older adults (n = 32 females and n = 11 males) participated in the present investigation. Inclusion criteria included ≥65 years of age, mini-mental state examination score ≥24, and no falls within previous 12 months. All subjects completed their appendicular skeletal mass (ASM) assessment via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and were categorized as either sarcopenic or non-sarcopenic. Physical assessments included 10-m usual walk, hand-grip (HG) strength, 6-min walk, 8-ft up-and-go, 30-s chair stand, 30-s arm curl, and sit-to-stand muscular power. A forward, stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that age, sex, weight, height, 10-m walk, HG, and sit-to-stand muscular power account for 96.1 % of the variance in ASM. The area under the curve was 0.92 for correctly identifying sarcopenic participants compared to their actual classification. This is the first prediction model used to identify sarcopenia based on parameters of demographic and functional fitness measures in community-dwelling older adults. The ability to accurately identify sarcopenia in older adults is imperative to their quality of life and ability to perform activities of daily living.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adell E, Wehmohorner S, Rydwik E (2013) The test-retest reliability of 10 meters maximal walking speed in older people living in a residential care unit. J Geriatr Phys Ther 36:74–77
Batsis JA, Barre LK, Mackenzie TA, Pratt SI, Lopez-Jimenez F, Bartels SJ (2013) Variation in the prevalence of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity in older adults associated with different research definitions: dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. J Am Geriatr Soc 61:974–980. doi:10.1111/jgs.12260
Baumgartner RN et al (1998) Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 147:755–763
Bohannon RW, Schaubert KL (2005) Test-retest reliability of grip-strength measures obtained over a 12-week interval from community-dwelling elders. J Hand Ther 18:426–427. doi:10.1197/j.jht.2005.07.003, quiz 428
Campbell T, Vallis L (2014) Predicting fat-free mass index and sarcopenia in assisted-living older adults. Age 36:1–13. doi:10.1007/s11357-014-9674-8
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) The state of aging and health in America in 2013. Atlanta, GA
Cesari M et al (2012) Biomarkers of sarcopenia in clinical trials-recommendations from the International Working Group on Sarcopenia. J Cachex Sarcopenia Muscle 3:181–190. doi:10.1007/s13539-012-0078-2
Chen J et al (2010) Cumulative exposure to ionizing radiation from diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac imaging procedures: a population-based analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 56:702–711. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.014
Cheung CL, Lam KS, Cheung BM (2016) Evaluation of cutpoints for low lean mass and slow gait speed in predicting death in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 71:90–95. doi:10.1093/gerona/glv112
Cockrell JR, Folstein MF (2002) Principles and practice of geriatric psychiatry. In: Copeland JRM, Abou-Saleh MT, Blazer DG (eds) Principles and practice of geriatric psychiatry. Wiley, New York, pp 147–158
Cruz-Jentoft AJ et al (2010) Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 39:412–423. doi:10.1093/ageing/afq034
Doherty TJ (2003) Invited review: aging and sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 95:1717–1727. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00347.2003
Glenn JM, Gray M, Binns A (2015) The effects of loaded and unloaded high-velocity resistance training on functional fitness among community-dwelling older adults. Age & Ageing. doi:10.1093/ageing/afv081
Goodpaster BH et al (2006) The loss of skeletal muscle strength, mass, and quality in older adults: the health, aging and body composition study. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci 61:1059–1064
Gray M, Paulson S (2014) Developing a measure of muscular power during a functional task for older adults. BMC Geriatr 14:145–150
Hesseberg K, Bentzen H, Bergland A (2015) Reliability of the senior fitness test in community-dwelling older people with cognitive impairment. Physiother Res Int 20:37–44. doi:10.1002/pri.1594
Ishii S et al (2014) Development of a simple screening test for sarcopenia in older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 14(Suppl 1):93–101. doi:10.1111/ggi.12197
Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Ross R (2002) Low relative skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia) in older persons is associated with functional impairment and physical disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:889–896
Janssen I, Shepard DS, Katzmarzyk PT, Roubenoff R (2004) The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc 52:80–85
Kim M, Kim H (2013) Accuracy of segmental multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis for assessing whole-body and appendicular fat mass and lean soft tissue mass in frail women aged 75 years and older. Eur J Clin Nutr 67:395–400. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.9
Kyle UG, Genton L, Hans D, Pichard C (2003) Validation of a bioelectrical impedance analysis equation to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM). Clin Nutr 22:537–543. doi:10.1016/S0261-5614(03)00048-7
Lauretani F et al (2003) Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol 95:1851–1860. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00246.2003
Martin-Ponce E, Hernandez-Betancor I, Gonzalez-Reimers E, Hernandez-Luis R, Martinez-Riera A, Santolaria F (2014) Prognostic value of physical function tests: hand grip strength and six-minute walking test in elderly hospitalized patients. Sci Rep 4:7530. doi:10.1038/srep07530
McIntosh EI, Smale KB, Vallis LA (2013) Predicting fat-free mass index and sarcopenia: a pilot study in community-dwelling older adults. Age (Dordr) 35:2423–2434. doi:10.1007/s11357-012-9505-8
Peters DM, Fritz SL, Krotish DE (2013) Assessing the reliability and validity of a shorter walk test compared with the 10-meter walk test for measurements of gait speed in healthy, older adults. J Geriatr Phys Ther 36:24–30. doi:10.1519/JPT.0b013e318248e20d
Rikli RE, Jones CJ (2001) Senior fitness test manual. Human Kinetics, Champaign
Rolland Y et al (2008) Sarcopenia: its assessment, etiology, pathogenesis, consequences and future perspectives. J Nutr Health Aging 12:433–450
Rossi AP et al (2014) Identifying sarcopenia in acute care setting patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 15:303.e307–303.e312. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2013.11.018
Sergi G et al. (2014) Assessing appendicular skeletal muscle mass with bioelectrical impedance analysis in free-living Caucasian older adults Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.07.010.
Sillanpää E et al (2014) Body composition in 18- to 88-year-old adults—comparison of multifrequency bioimpedance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Obesity 22:101–109. doi:10.1002/oby.20583
Studenski SA et al (2014) The FNIH sarcopenia project: rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Med Sci 69:547–558. doi:10.1093/gerona/glu010
Toombs RJ, Ducher G, Shepherd JA, De Souza MJ (2012) The impact of recent technological advances on the trueness and precision of DXA to assess body composition. Obesity 20:30–39. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.211
Visser M, Deeg DJH, Lips P, Harris TB, Bouter LM (2000) Skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength in relation to lower-extremity performance in older men and women. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:381–386. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2000.tb04694.x
Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Goodpaster BH, Newman AB, Nevitt M, Stamm E, Harris TB (2002) Leg muscle mass and composition in relation to lower extremity performance in men and women aged 70 to 79: the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:897–904
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Gray, M., Glenn, J.M. & Binns, A. Predicting sarcopenia from functional measures among community-dwelling older adults. AGE 38, 22 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-016-9887-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-016-9887-0