Introduction
Methods
Measures
Analyses
Results
Involvement in Gambling
Gambled in the last 4 weeks | Gambled in the last 12 months 1
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (N) | % (95 % CI) | p-value | n (N) | % (95 % CI) | p-value | |
Total | 804 (7,813) | 10.3 (9.4–11.3) | 1890 (7,813) | 24.2 (23.1–25.3) | ||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 440 (3,456) | 12.8 (11.7–13.8) | <.0001 | 911 (3,456) | 26.4 (24.7–28.1) | <.0001 |
Female | 363 (4,355) | 8.4 (7.4–9.3) | 978 (4,355) | 22.5 (21.4–23.6) | ||
Age | ||||||
15 or less | 529 (5,033) | 10.6 (9.4–11.7) | 0.6462 | 1,189 (5,033) | 23.7 (22.4–24.9) | 0.09 |
16 or more | 273 (2,770) | 9.8 (8.6–11.1) | 697 (2,770) | 25.2 (23.3–27.1) | ||
Ethnicity | ||||||
Māori | 180 (1,490) | 12.1 (10.4–13.8) | 0.0008 | 375 (1,490) | 25.1 (22.7–27.5) | 0.08 |
Pacific | 142 (1,007) | 14.2 (10.8–17.5) | 264 (1,007) | 26.3 (23.2–29.3) | ||
Asian | 91 (983) | 9.3 (7.9–10.8) | 221 (983) | 22.6 (20.0–25.1) | ||
Other | 55 (474) | 11.6 (8.5–14.7) | 113 (474) | 23.9 (19.5–28.3) | ||
NZ European | 335 (3,852) | 8.7 (7.5–9.9) | 916 (3,852) | 23.8 (22.3–25.4) | ||
NZDep2006 | ||||||
Lower | 239 (2,598) | 9.3 (7.8–10.7) | 0.3063 | 639 (2,598) | 24.7 (22.6–26.7) | 0.52 |
Medium | 272 (2,809) | 9.7 (8.5–10.9) | 667 (2,809) | 23.8 (22.1–25.4) | ||
Higher | 286 (2,327) | 12.4 (10.5–14.2) | 565 (2,327) | 24.4 (22.5–26.3) | ||
Geography | ||||||
Urban | 693 (6,563) | 10.6 (9.6–11.6) | 0.3121 | 1,580 (6,563) | 24.1 (23.0–25.3) | 0.54 |
Rural | 104 (1,171) | 8.9 (7.3–10.5) | 291 (1,171) | 24.8 (22.2–27.5) |
Unhealthy Gambling Behaviour
Number of Unhealthy Gambling Indicators b
| p-value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None | One | Two or more | |||||
n (N) | % (95 % CI) | n (N) | % (95 % CI) | n (N) | % (95 % CI) | ||
Total | 1,557 (1849) | 84.3 (81.9–86.7) | 203 (1,849) | 11.0 (9.2–12.7) | 89 (1,849) | 4.8 (3.5–6.0) | n/a |
Sex | |||||||
Male | 702 (889) | 79.1 (76.1–82.0) | 124 (889) | 13.9 (11.5–16.3) | 63 (889) | 7.0 (5.3–8.7) | <.0001 |
Female | 855 (959) | 89.2 (86.4–91.9) | 79 (959) | 8.2 (6.0–10.4) | 25 (959) | 2.6 (1.4–3.9) | |
Age | |||||||
15 or less | 965 (1,158) | 83.4 (80.7–86.1) | 134 (1,158) | 11.6 (9.5–13.7) | 59 (1,158) | 5.1 (3.6–6.5) | 0.53 |
16 or more | 589 (687) | 85.8 (82.5–89.1) | 68 (687) | 9.9 (7.3–12.4) | 30 (687) | 4.3 (2.7–6.0) | |
Ethnicity | |||||||
Māori | 290 (367) | 79.5 (75.2–83.8) | 53 (367) | 14.2 (10.7–17.7) | 24 (367) | 6.3 (3.6–9.0) | <.0001 |
Pacific | 178 (253) | 70.4 (66.1–74.7) | 50 (253) | 19.7 (15.8–23.6) | 25 (253) | 9.9 (6.5–13.3) | |
Asian | 177 (217) | 81.5 (76.8–86.2) | 24 (217) | 11.2 (6.6–15.7) | 16 (217) | 7.4 (3.6–11.1) | |
Other | 91 (108) | 84.5 (77.6–91.4) | 10 (108) | 9.3 (2.8–15.8) | 7 (108) | 6.2 (1.8–10.6) | |
NZ European | 821 (903) | 90.9 (89.0–92.8) | 66 (903) | 7.3 (5.5–9.1) | 16 (903) | 1.9 (0.7–2.9) | |
NZDep2006 | |||||||
Lower | 564 (627) | 89.9 (87.5–92.4) | 47 (627) | 7.5 (5.5–9.6) | 16 (627) | 2.5 (1.4–3.7) | 0.0099 |
Medium | 560 (654) | 85.7 (82.9–88.4) | 61 (654) | 9.3 (7.0–11.7) | 33 (654) | 5.0 (3.3–6.7) | |
Higher | 419 (550) | 76.3 (72.8–79.8) | 92 (550) | 16.6 (13.6–19.7) | 39 (550) | 7.1 (5.0–9.2) | |
Geography | |||||||
Urban | 1,289 (1,547) | 83.3 (80.8–85.9) | 179 (1,547) | 11.6 (9.6–13.5) | 79 (1,547) | 5.1 (3.7–6.5) | 0.41 |
Rural | 254 (284) | 89.8 (86.7–93.0) | 21 (284) | 7.3 (4.5–10.0) | 9 (284) | 2.9 (1.1–4.7) |
Identification of Risk and Protective Factors
Outcome variables (categorical) | Number of Unhealthy Gambling Indicatorsb
| Phase ONE | Phase TWO | |||||||
None | One | Two or More | p-valuec
| Risk, protective, non-sig (−) | p-valuec
| Risk, protective, non-sig (−) | ||||
N = 1,557 | % (95 % CI) |
N = 203 | % (95 % CI) |
N = 89 | % (95 % CI) | |||||
Activities that student has gambled on (last 12 months): | ||||||||||
Lotteries and/or Housie | 690 | 44.3 (42.0–46.6) | 95 | 46.1 (39.8–52.4) | 47 | 52.7 (41.1–64.3) | 0.11 | – | – | – |
EGMs/Casino/TAB betting | 135 | 8.6 (6.9–10.3) | 51 | 25.0 (19.5–30.5) | 32 | 35.5 (26.2–44.8) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.0061 | Risk |
Internet or phone betting | 89 | 5.7 (4.3–7.2) | 45 | 22.4 (15.7–29.1) | 40 | 44.7 (33.3–56.1) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.15 | – |
Bets with friends or family | 1,144 | 73.4 (71.1–75.8) | 163 | 80.5 (74.8–86.2) | 75 | 84.2 (76.6–91.9) | 0.11 | – | – | – |
Gambling companions: | ||||||||||
Friends | 1,013 | 67.6 (65.0–70.2) | 138 | 71.1 (63.6–78.6) | 55 | 62.6 (53.4–71.8) | 0.17 | – | – | – |
Family | 950 | 63.5 (60.6–66.4) | 109 | 55.9 (48.1–63.8) | 45 | 51.3 (42.7–59.9) | 0.15 | – | – | – |
People they know | 49 | 3.3 (2.2–4.3) | 21 | 10.9 (7.2–14.6) | 18 | 21.0 (12.4–29.6) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.08 | – |
People they don’t know | 22 | 1.4 (0.8–2.2) | 8 | 3.9 (0.9–7.0) | 12 | 14.1 (7.0–21.2) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.0141 | – |
On their own | 103 | 6.8 (5.3–8.2) | 18 | 9.4 (5.0–13.7) | 15 | 17.1 (9.3–24.9) | 0.08 | – | – | – |
Attitudes and social modelling of gambling: | ||||||||||
More accepting of gambling | 632 | 46.9 (44.1–49.7) | 82 | 49.7 (41.4–58.0) | 59 | 76.3 (67.9–84.8) | <.0001 | Risk | <.0001 | Risk |
Parents gamble | 1,257 | 81.2 (78.9–83.4) | 164 | 81.5 (75.1–87.8) | 79 | 89.1 (82.7–95.4) | 0.044 | – | – | – |
Friends gamble | 1,056 | 68.9 (66.3–71.4) | 149 | 74.4 (68.6–80.1) | 68 | 77.0 (66.6–87.4) | 0.020 | – | – | – |
Concerns about gambling: | ||||||||||
Worried/cut-down | 218 | 14.3 (10.8–17.9) | 77 | 39.2 (31.9–46.4) | 50 | 55.9 (45.1–66.6) | <.0001 | Risk | <.0001 | Risk |
Worried about others | 117 | 7.5 (5.7–9.4) | 40 | 19.7 (14.5–24.9) | 31 | 34.9 (24.5–45.3) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.16 | – |
Family impacts of someone else’s gambling: | ||||||||||
Arguments in family | 88 | 5.7 (4.4–7.0) | 29 | 14.6 (9.5–19.7) | 22 | 25.9 (16.2–35.6) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.72 | – |
Had to go without | 44 | 2.9 (1.8–3.9) | 27 | 13.5 (8.5–18.4) | 23 | 27.1 (18.1–36.0) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.79 | – |
Bills not paid | 44 | 2.9 (2.0–3.8) | 26 | 13.0 (7.8–18.1) | 20 | 23.5 (15.0–32.0) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.72 | – |
Dishonest acts | 22 | 1.4 (0.8–2.0) | 20 | 9.9 (5.3–14.5) | 20 | 23.5 (14.9–32.2) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.16 | – |
Involvement in other risky behaviours: | ||||||||||
Weekly alcohol use | 167 | 10.7 (8.4–12.4) | 19 | 9.2 (5.1–13.3) | 23 | 25.5 (15.8–35.3) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.34 | – |
Binge drinking | 449 | 28.7 (25.8–31.6) | 60 | 29.5 (22.7–36.3) | 33 | 36.8 (25.4–48.2) | 0.05 | – | – | – |
Weekly smoking | 65 | 4.1 (3.2–5.1) | 15 | 7.5 (3.3–11.7) | 17 | 18.8 (11.0–26.7) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.50 | – |
Weekly marijuana use | 51 | 3.3 (2.2–4.4) | 12 | 6.0 (3.1–8.9) | 12 | 13.2 (6.7–19.7) | 0.01 | – | – | – |
Emotional health and wellbeing: | ||||||||||
Depression (RADS) | 193 | 12.6 (10.4–14.7) | 29 | 14.7 (10.3–19.1) | 25 | 31.3 (20.0–42.6) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.22 | – |
Suicide attempt | 55 | 3.6 (2.5–4.6) | 26 | 12.9 (7.6–18.2) | 20 | 22.0 (13.9–30.2) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.0009 | Risk |
Good wellbeing (WHO-5) | 1,166 | 75.2 (72.7–77.7) | 149 | 73.9 (67.8–79.9) | 56 | 63.0 (53.1–73.0) | <.0001 | Protective | 0.64 | – |
Violence and bullying: | ||||||||||
Witnessed violence | 245 | 16.1 (13.8–18.5) | 63 | 32.5 (25.8–39.2) | 35 | 41.7 (31.4–51.9) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.65 | – |
Victim of violence | 205 | 13.3 (11.5–15.0) | 49 | 25.1 (19.4–30.7) | 30 | 34.9 (25.2–44.5) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.99 | – |
Victim of bullying | 95 | 6.1 (4.9–7.2) | 18 | 9.0 (4.3–13.6) | 13 | 14.3 (7.3–21.4) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.84 | – |
Sexual attraction: | ||||||||||
Exclusively opposite-sex | 1,450 | 86.2 (84.1–88.3) | 170 | 10.1 (8.4–11.8) | 63 | 3.7 (2.7–4.7) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.26 | – |
Same/both sex & not-sure | 71 | 68.9 (59.5–78.3) | 19 | 18.3 (10.7–25.9) | 13 | 12.8 (6.0–19.6) | ||||
Neither sex-attracted | 13 | 49.2 (28.2–70.2) | 7 | 27.4 (10.2–44.5) | 6 | 23.4 (7.6–39.3) | ||||
Other: | ||||||||||
Truancy | 373 | 24.0 (21.5–26.6) | 73 | 35.8 (29.2–42.4) | 42 | 46.5 (35.7–57.2) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.96 | – |
Adult support | 966 | 62.3 (59.8–64.8) | 119 | 59.8 (52.3–67.2) | 45 | 52.7 (43.3–62.1) | 0.14 | – | – | – |
Internet use | 549 | 35.6 (32.9–38.3) | 94 | 46.9 (40.5–53.4) | 51 | 58.7 (47.2–70.2) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.54 | – |
Computer games | 291 | 18.9 (16.2–21.7) | 68 | 34.0 (27.2–40.8) | 41 | 46.6 (35.9–57.3) | <.0001 | Risk | 0.35 | – |
Spiritual beliefs important | 342 | 22.2 (18.1–26.4) | 66 | 33.3 (24.6–42.0) | 35 | 40.7 (29.8–51.7) | 0.08 | – | – | – |
Outcome variables (continuous) | Number of Unhealthy Gambling Indicatorsb
| Phase ONE | Phase TWO | |||||||
None | One | Two or More | p-valuec
| Risk, protective, non-sig (−) | p-valuec
| Risk, protective, non-sig (−) | ||||
n (1,849) | Median (95 % CI) | n (1,849) | Median (95 % CI) | n (1,849) | Median (95 % CI) | |||||
Social connectedness: | ||||||||||
Family | 1,557 | 0.1 (−1.3-0.9) | 203 | −0.1 (−1.3-0.9) | 89 | −0.2 (−1.8-0.7) | <.0001 | Protective | 0.28 | – |
Friends | 1,557 | 0.3 (−1.5–0.6) | 203 | 0.3 (−1.3–0.6) | 89 | −0.0 (−1.6–0.6) | 0.02 | – | – | – |
School | 1,557 | −0.0 (−1.00–0.8) | 203 | 0.0 (−0.8–0.8) | 89 | −0.1 (−1.4–1.0) | 0.01 | – | – | – |
Outcome variables (categorical) | Number of Unhealthy Gambling Indicatorsb
| ||
---|---|---|---|
None | One | Two or more | |
Odds ratio (95 % CI) | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | |
Activities that student has gambled on (last 12 months): | |||
EGMs/Casino/TAB betting | 1 | 3.8 (2.6–5.5) | 6.7 (3.7–12.1) |
Attitudes and social modelling of gambling: | |||
More accepting of gambling | 1 | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 4.2 (2.1–8.6) |
Concerns about gambling: | |||
Worried/cut-down | 1 | 2.6 (1.7–4.0) | 5.1 (3.0–8.6) |
Emotional health and wellbeing: | |||
Suicide attempt | 1 | 4.0 (2.3–7.2) | 7.9 (4.2–14.9) |