Skip to main content
Erschienen in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 1/2017

10.05.2016

The Compulsive Online Shopping Scale (COSS): Development and Validation Using Panel Data

verfasst von: Srikant Manchiraju, Amrut Sadachar, Jessica L. Ridgway

Erschienen in: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction | Ausgabe 1/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

The Internet is one of the most influential forms of mass media having revolutionized human behavior, with people spending more and more time online. However, excessive Internet use, which is also termed as “Internet Addiction”, can have negative consequences for an individual as well as the society in which they reside. This type of addiction is classified as behavioral addiction (DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association 2013). However, a group of American Psychiatric Association (APA) working members deemed insufficient research to consider additional behavioral addictions (e.g., compulsive buying) to be included in psychiatric nosology. Henceforth, one of the goals of this study is to shed light on what is considered “compulsive online shopping” to further support future DSM behavioral addiction classification modifications. The second goal of this study was to develop a compulsive online shopping scale (COSS) that is consistent with addiction criteria established in the DSM-5. And finally, we explored a few characteristic features related to compulsive online shoppers; both demographically and psychologically.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Ben-Artzi, E. (2003). Loneliness and internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(1), 71–80.CrossRef Amichai-Hamburger, Y., & Ben-Artzi, E. (2003). Loneliness and internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 19(1), 71–80.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Andreassen, C. S. (2014). Shopping addiction: an overview. Journal of Norwegian Psychological Association 51 194–209. Andreassen, C. S. (2014). Shopping addiction: an overview. Journal of Norwegian Psychological Association 51 194–209.
Zurück zum Zitat Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Pallesen, S., Bilder, R. M., Torsheim, T., & Aboujaoude, E. (2015). The Bergen shopping addiction scale: reliability and validity of a brief screening test. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1374.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Pallesen, S., Bilder, R. M., Torsheim, T., & Aboujaoude, E. (2015). The Bergen shopping addiction scale: reliability and validity of a brief screening test. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1374.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Armstrong, L., Phillips, J. G., & Saling, L. L. (2000). Potential determinants of heavier internet usage. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 53(4), 537–550.CrossRef Armstrong, L., Phillips, J. G., & Saling, L. L. (2000). Potential determinants of heavier internet usage. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 53(4), 537–550.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Atalay, A. S., & Meloy, M. G. (2011). Retail therapy: a strategic effort to improve mood. Psychology & Marketing, 28(6), 638–659.CrossRef Atalay, A. S., & Meloy, M. G. (2011). Retail therapy: a strategic effort to improve mood. Psychology & Marketing, 28(6), 638–659.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bozoglan, B., Demirer, V., & Sahin, I. (2013). Loneliness, self-esteem, and life satisfaction as predictors of internet addiction: a cross-sectional study among Turkish university students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(4), 313–319.CrossRefPubMed Bozoglan, B., Demirer, V., & Sahin, I. (2013). Loneliness, self-esteem, and life satisfaction as predictors of internet addiction: a cross-sectional study among Turkish university students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 54(4), 313–319.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Brosdahl, D. J., & Carpenter, J. M. (2011). Shopping orientations of US males: a generational cohort comparison. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(6), 548–554.CrossRef Brosdahl, D. J., & Carpenter, J. M. (2011). Shopping orientations of US males: a generational cohort comparison. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(6), 548–554.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Burnay, J., Billieux, J., Blairy, S., & Larøi, F. (2015). Which psychological factors influence internet addiction? Evidence through an integrative model. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 28–34.CrossRef Burnay, J., Billieux, J., Blairy, S., & Larøi, F. (2015). Which psychological factors influence internet addiction? Evidence through an integrative model. Computers in Human Behavior, 43, 28–34.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cheung, L. M., & Wong, W. S. (2011). The effects of insomnia and internet addiction on depression in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Sleep Research, 20(2), 311–317.CrossRefPubMed Cheung, L. M., & Wong, W. S. (2011). The effects of insomnia and internet addiction on depression in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents: an exploratory cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Sleep Research, 20(2), 311–317.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Christo, G., Jones, S., Haylett, S., Stephenson, G., Lefever, R. M., & Lefever, R. (2003). The shorter PROMIS questionnaire: further validation of a tool for simultaneous assessment of multiple addictive behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 225–248.CrossRefPubMed Christo, G., Jones, S., Haylett, S., Stephenson, G., Lefever, R. M., & Lefever, R. (2003). The shorter PROMIS questionnaire: further validation of a tool for simultaneous assessment of multiple addictive behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 225–248.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319.CrossRef Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309–319.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Clayton, R. B., Osborne, R. E., Miller, B. K., & Oberle, C. D. (2013). Loneliness, anxiousness, and substance use as predictors of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 687–693.CrossRef Clayton, R. B., Osborne, R. E., Miller, B. K., & Oberle, C. D. (2013). Loneliness, anxiousness, and substance use as predictors of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 687–693.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Davenport, K., Houston, J. E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Excessive eating and compulsive buying behaviours in women: an empirical pilot study examining reward sensitivity, anxiety, impulsivity, self-esteem and social desirability. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(4), 474–489.CrossRef Davenport, K., Houston, J. E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Excessive eating and compulsive buying behaviours in women: an empirical pilot study examining reward sensitivity, anxiety, impulsivity, self-esteem and social desirability. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(4), 474–489.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195.CrossRef Davis, R. A. (2001). A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(2), 187–195.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat De Guinea, A. O., & Markus, M. L. (2009). Why break the habit of a lifetime? Rethinking the roles of intention, habit, and emotion in continuing information technology use. MIS Quarterly, 433–444. De Guinea, A. O., & Markus, M. L. (2009). Why break the habit of a lifetime? Rethinking the roles of intention, habit, and emotion in continuing information technology use. MIS Quarterly, 433–444.
Zurück zum Zitat Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.CrossRefPubMed Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Faber, R. J., & O'Guinn, T. C. (1992). A clinical screener for compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 459–469.CrossRef Faber, R. J., & O'Guinn, T. C. (1992). A clinical screener for compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 459–469.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. L., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New York: Macmillan. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. L., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. New York: Macmillan.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartston, H. (2012). The case for compulsive shopping as an addiction. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(1), 64–67.CrossRefPubMed Hartston, H. (2012). The case for compulsive shopping as an addiction. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44(1), 64–67.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. S., Chen, C. C., & Yen, C. F. (2008). Psychiatric comorbidity of internet addiction in college students: an interview study. CNS Spectrums, 13(02), 147–153.CrossRefPubMed Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Chen, C. S., Chen, C. C., & Yen, C. F. (2008). Psychiatric comorbidity of internet addiction in college students: an interview study. CNS Spectrums, 13(02), 147–153.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Chen, C. C. (2012). The association between internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. European Psychiatry, 27(1), 1–8.CrossRefPubMed Ko, C. H., Yen, J. Y., Yen, C. F., Chen, C. S., & Chen, C. C. (2012). The association between internet addiction and psychiatric disorder: a review of the literature. European Psychiatry, 27(1), 1–8.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Koran, L. M., Faber, R. J., Aboujaoude, E., Large, M. D., & Serpe, R. T. (2006). Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying behavior in the United States. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(10), 1806–1812.CrossRefPubMed Koran, L. M., Faber, R. J., Aboujaoude, E., Large, M. D., & Serpe, R. T. (2006). Estimated prevalence of compulsive buying behavior in the United States. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(10), 1806–1812.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kuss, J. D., Griffiths, M. D., Karila, L., & Billieux, J. (2014). Internet addiction: a systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4026–4052.CrossRefPubMed Kuss, J. D., Griffiths, M. D., Karila, L., & Billieux, J. (2014). Internet addiction: a systematic review of epidemiological research for the last decade. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 20(25), 4026–4052.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Pekal, J., Schulte, F., & Brand, M. (2013). Cybersex addiction: experienced sexual arousal when watching pornography and not real-life sexual contacts makes the difference. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 100–107.CrossRefPubMed Laier, C., Pawlikowski, M., Pekal, J., Schulte, F., & Brand, M. (2013). Cybersex addiction: experienced sexual arousal when watching pornography and not real-life sexual contacts makes the difference. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(2), 100–107.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, Y. S., Han, D. H., Kim, S. M., & Renshaw, P. F. (2013). Substance abuse precedes internet addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 38(4), 2022–2025.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lee, Y. S., Han, D. H., Kim, S. M., & Renshaw, P. F. (2013). Substance abuse precedes internet addiction. Addictive Behaviors, 38(4), 2022–2025.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Lee, Y.-H., Ko, C.-H., & Chou, C. (2015). Re-visiting internet addiction among Taiwanese students: a cross-sectional comparison of students’ expectations, online gaming, and online social interaction. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 589–599.CrossRefPubMed Lee, Y.-H., Ko, C.-H., & Chou, C. (2015). Re-visiting internet addiction among Taiwanese students: a cross-sectional comparison of students’ expectations, online gaming, and online social interaction. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 589–599.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Maraz, A., Eisinger, A., Hende, B., Urbán, R., Paksi, B., Kun, B., et al. (2015). Measuring compulsive buying behaviour: psychometric validity of three different scales and prevalence in the general population and in shopping centres. Psychiatry Research, 225(3), 326–334.CrossRefPubMed Maraz, A., Eisinger, A., Hende, B., Urbán, R., Paksi, B., Kun, B., et al. (2015). Measuring compulsive buying behaviour: psychometric validity of three different scales and prevalence in the general population and in shopping centres. Psychiatry Research, 225(3), 326–334.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Maraz, A., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2016). The prevalence of compulsive buying: a meta-analysis. Addiction, 111(3), 408–419.CrossRefPubMed Maraz, A., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2016). The prevalence of compulsive buying: a meta-analysis. Addiction, 111(3), 408–419.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Online gaming addiction: the role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 313–316.CrossRef Mehroof, M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2010). Online gaming addiction: the role of sensation seeking, self-control, neuroticism, aggression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 313–316.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Montag, C., Bey, K., Sha, P., Li, M., Chen, Y. F., Liu, W. Y., et al. (2015). Is it meaningful to distinguish between generalized and specific internet addiction? Evidence from a cross-cultural study from Germany, Sweden, Taiwan and China. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 7(1), 20–26.CrossRefPubMed Montag, C., Bey, K., Sha, P., Li, M., Chen, Y. F., Liu, W. Y., et al. (2015). Is it meaningful to distinguish between generalized and specific internet addiction? Evidence from a cross-cultural study from Germany, Sweden, Taiwan and China. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 7(1), 20–26.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Moody, E. J. (2001). Internet use and its relationship to loneliness. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 4(3), 393–401.CrossRef Moody, E. J. (2001). Internet use and its relationship to loneliness. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 4(3), 393–401.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16(1), 13–29.CrossRef Morahan-Martin, J., & Schumacher, P. (2000). Incidence and correlates of pathological internet use among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 16(1), 13–29.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat O'Guinn, T. C., & Faber, R. J. (1989). Compulsive buying: a phenomenological exploration. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2), 147–157.CrossRef O'Guinn, T. C., & Faber, R. J. (1989). Compulsive buying: a phenomenological exploration. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2), 147–157.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pratarelli, M. E., & Browne, B. L. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of internet use and addiction. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(1), 53–64.CrossRef Pratarelli, M. E., & Browne, B. L. (2002). Confirmatory factor analysis of internet use and addiction. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(1), 53–64.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401.CrossRef Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ridgway, N., Kukar-Kinney, M., & Monroe, K. (2008). An expanded conceptualization and a new measure of compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 622–639.CrossRef Ridgway, N., Kukar-Kinney, M., & Monroe, K. (2008). An expanded conceptualization and a new measure of compulsive buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 622–639.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rose, S., & Dhandayudham, A. (2014). Towards an understanding of internet-based problem shopping behaviour: the concept of online shopping addiction and its proposed predictors. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(2), 83–89.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rose, S., & Dhandayudham, A. (2014). Towards an understanding of internet-based problem shopping behaviour: the concept of online shopping addiction and its proposed predictors. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(2), 83–89.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40.CrossRefPubMed Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Segars, A. H. (1997). Assessing the unidimensionality of measurement: a paradigm and illustration within the context of information systems research. Omega, 25(1), 107–121.CrossRef Segars, A. H. (1997). Assessing the unidimensionality of measurement: a paradigm and illustration within the context of information systems research. Omega, 25(1), 107–121.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., Donato, A. N., & Stanton, M. V. (2004). Toward a syndrome model of addiction: multiple expressions, common etiology. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(6), 367–374.CrossRefPubMed Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., Donato, A. N., & Stanton, M. V. (2004). Toward a syndrome model of addiction: multiple expressions, common etiology. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(6), 367–374.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck, P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1), 267–272.CrossRefPubMed Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck, P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 57(1), 267–272.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Soule, L. C., Shell, L. W., & Kleen, B. A. (2003). Exploring internet addiction: demographic characteristics and stereotypes of heavy internet users. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44(1), 64–73. Soule, L. C., Shell, L. W., & Kleen, B. A. (2003). Exploring internet addiction: demographic characteristics and stereotypes of heavy internet users. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 44(1), 64–73.
Zurück zum Zitat Sum, S., Mathews, R. M., Hughes, I., & Campbell, A. (2008). Internet use and loneliness in older adults. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 208–211.CrossRef Sum, S., Mathews, R. M., Hughes, I., & Campbell, A. (2008). Internet use and loneliness in older adults. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 208–211.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Trotzke, P., Starcke, K., Muller, A., & Brand, M. (2015). Pathological buying online as a specific form of internet addiction: a model-based experimental investigation. PloS One, 10(10), E0140296.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Trotzke, P., Starcke, K., Muller, A., & Brand, M. (2015). Pathological buying online as a specific form of internet addiction: a model-based experimental investigation. PloS One, 10(10), E0140296.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Turkle, S. (1984). Les enfants de l'ordinateur. New York: Simon and Schuster. Turkle, S. (1984). Les enfants de l'ordinateur. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Zurück zum Zitat Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen. Identity in the age of the age of internet. New York: Touchstone. Turkle, S. (1995). Life on the screen. Identity in the age of the age of internet. New York: Touchstone.
Zurück zum Zitat Whang, L. S. M., Lee, S., & Chang, G. (2003). Internet over-users' psychological profiles: a behavior sampling analysis on internet addiction. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 6(2), 143–150.CrossRef Whang, L. S. M., Lee, S., & Chang, G. (2003). Internet over-users' psychological profiles: a behavior sampling analysis on internet addiction. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 6(2), 143–150.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Wu, H. Y., & Yang, M. J. (2007). The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(1), 93–98.CrossRefPubMed Yen, J. Y., Ko, C. H., Yen, C. F., Wu, H. Y., & Yang, M. J. (2007). The comorbid psychiatric symptoms of internet addiction: attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, social phobia, and hostility. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(1), 93–98.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Young, K. S. (1996). Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the internet: a case that breaks the stereotype. Psychological Reports, 79(3), 899–902.CrossRefPubMed Young, K. S. (1996). Psychology of computer use: XL. Addictive use of the internet: a case that breaks the stereotype. Psychological Reports, 79(3), 899–902.CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244.CrossRef Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(3), 237–244.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Young, K. (2009). Internet addiction: diagnosis and treatment considerations. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 39(4), 241–246.CrossRef Young, K. (2009). Internet addiction: diagnosis and treatment considerations. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 39(4), 241–246.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Young, K., & de Abreu, C. N. (2011). Internet addiction: A handbook and guide to evaluation and treatment. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Young, K., & de Abreu, C. N. (2011). Internet addiction: A handbook and guide to evaluation and treatment. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
Zurück zum Zitat Young, K. S., & Rogers, R. C. (1998). The relationship between depression and internet addiction. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(1), 25–28.CrossRef Young, K. S., & Rogers, R. C. (1998). The relationship between depression and internet addiction. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 1(1), 25–28.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The Compulsive Online Shopping Scale (COSS): Development and Validation Using Panel Data
verfasst von
Srikant Manchiraju
Amrut Sadachar
Jessica L. Ridgway
Publikationsdatum
10.05.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction / Ausgabe 1/2017
Print ISSN: 1557-1874
Elektronische ISSN: 1557-1882
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-016-9662-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2017

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 1/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.