Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of General Internal Medicine 2/2010

01.05.2010 | Innovations in Education

Treating and Precepting with RESPECT: A Relational Model Addressing Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Medical Training

verfasst von: Carol Mostow, LICSW, Julie Crosson, MD, Sandra Gordon, MD, Sheila Chapman, MD, Peter Gonzalez, MD, Eric Hardt, MD, Leyda Delgado, MD, Thea James, MD, Michele David, MD, MPH, MBA

Erschienen in: Journal of General Internal Medicine | Sonderheft 2/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

BACKGROUND

In 2000 a diverse group of clinicians/educators at an inner-city safety-net hospital identified relational skills to reduce disparities at the point of care.

DESCRIPTION

The resulting interviewing and precepting model helps build trust with patients as well as with learners. RESPECT adds attention to the relational dimension, addressing documented disparities in respect, empathy, power-sharing, and trust while incorporating prior cross-cultural models. Specific behavioral descriptions for each component make RESPECT a concrete, practical, integrated model for teaching patient care.

CONCLUSIONS

Precepting with RESPECT fosters a safe climate for residents to partner with faculty, address challenges with patients at risk, and improve outcomes.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Fuertes JN, Boylan LS, Fontanella JA. Behavioral indices in medical care outcome: the working alliance, adherence and related factors. JGIM. 2009;24(1):80–5.CrossRefPubMed Fuertes JN, Boylan LS, Fontanella JA. Behavioral indices in medical care outcome: the working alliance, adherence and related factors. JGIM. 2009;24(1):80–5.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellini LM, Baime M, Shea JA. Variation of mood and empathy during internship. JAMA. 2002;287(23):3143–6.CrossRefPubMed Bellini LM, Baime M, Shea JA. Variation of mood and empathy during internship. JAMA. 2002;287(23):3143–6.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bellini LM, Shea JA. Mood change and empathy decline persist during 3 years of internal medicine training. Acad Med. 2005;80(2):164–7.CrossRefPubMed Bellini LM, Shea JA. Mood change and empathy decline persist during 3 years of internal medicine training. Acad Med. 2005;80(2):164–7.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Bigby JA, ed. Cross-Cultural Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians; 2003. Chapter One: Beyond Culture: Strategies for Caring for Patients from Diverse Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Groups. pp 20–21 Bigby JA, ed. Cross-Cultural Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: American College of Physicians; 2003. Chapter One: Beyond Culture: Strategies for Caring for Patients from Diverse Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Groups. pp 20–21
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2002. Chapter 4: Assessing Potential Sources of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Clinical Encounter. Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2002. Chapter 4: Assessing Potential Sources of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Care: The Clinical Encounter.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Kleinman A, Eisenberg L, Good B. Culture, illness, and care: clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research. Ann Intern Med. 1978;88(2):251–8.PubMed Kleinman A, Eisenberg L, Good B. Culture, illness, and care: clinical lessons from anthropologic and cross-cultural research. Ann Intern Med. 1978;88(2):251–8.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Berlin EA, Fowkes WC. A teaching framework for cross-cultural health care: application in family practice. West J Med. 1983;139(6):934–8.PubMed Berlin EA, Fowkes WC. A teaching framework for cross-cultural health care: application in family practice. West J Med. 1983;139(6):934–8.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Levin S, Like R, Gottlieb J. ETHNIC: a framework for culturally competent clinical practice. In Appendix: useful clinical interviewing mnemonics. Patient Care. 2000;34(9):188–9. Levin S, Like R, Gottlieb J. ETHNIC: a framework for culturally competent clinical practice. In Appendix: useful clinical interviewing mnemonics. Patient Care. 2000;34(9):188–9.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Betancourt J, Carrillo J, Green A. Hypertension in multicultural and minority populations: linking communication to compliance. Curr Hypertens Rep. 1999;1(6):482–8.PubMed Betancourt J, Carrillo J, Green A. Hypertension in multicultural and minority populations: linking communication to compliance. Curr Hypertens Rep. 1999;1(6):482–8.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinderhughes E. Understanding Race, Ethnicity and Power: The Key to Efficacy in Clinical Practice. New York: Free Press; 1989. Pinderhughes E. Understanding Race, Ethnicity and Power: The Key to Efficacy in Clinical Practice. New York: Free Press; 1989.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Dobbie A, Medrano M, Tysinger J, et al. The BELIEF instrument: a preclinical teaching tool to elicit patients’ health beliefs. Fam Med. 2003;35(5):316–9.PubMed Dobbie A, Medrano M, Tysinger J, et al. The BELIEF instrument: a preclinical teaching tool to elicit patients’ health beliefs. Fam Med. 2003;35(5):316–9.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumagai AK, Lypson ML. Beyond cultural competence: critical consciousness, social justice, and multicultural education. Acad Med. 2009;84(6):782–7.CrossRefPubMed Kumagai AK, Lypson ML. Beyond cultural competence: critical consciousness, social justice, and multicultural education. Acad Med. 2009;84(6):782–7.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Saha S, Beach MC, Cooper L. Patient centeredness, cultural competence and healthcare quality. J Nat Med Assoc. 2008;100(11):1275. Saha S, Beach MC, Cooper L. Patient centeredness, cultural competence and healthcare quality. J Nat Med Assoc. 2008;100(11):1275.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Teal CR, Street RL. Critical elements of culturally competent communication in the medical encounter: a review and model. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68:533–43.CrossRefPubMed Teal CR, Street RL. Critical elements of culturally competent communication in the medical encounter: a review and model. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68:533–43.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper L, Roter DL. Patient-provider communication: the effect of race and ethnicity on process and outcomes of healthcare in Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare. Smedly BC, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Institute of Medicine. 2002:552–93 Cooper L, Roter DL. Patient-provider communication: the effect of race and ethnicity on process and outcomes of healthcare in Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare. Smedly BC, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Institute of Medicine. 2002:552–93
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Neeraj KA, Gustafson DH. Perceived helpfulness of physicians’ communication behavior and breast cancer patients’ level of trust over time. J Clin Oncol. 2009;24(2):252–5. Neeraj KA, Gustafson DH. Perceived helpfulness of physicians’ communication behavior and breast cancer patients’ level of trust over time. J Clin Oncol. 2009;24(2):252–5.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Washington D, Bowles J, Saha S, et al. Transforming clinical practice to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health care. JGIM. 2008;23(5):685–91.CrossRefPubMed Washington D, Bowles J, Saha S, et al. Transforming clinical practice to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health care. JGIM. 2008;23(5):685–91.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Lang F, Floyd MR, Beine KL, et al. Sequenced questioning to elicit the patient’s perspective on illness: effects on information disclosure, patient satisfaction, and time expenditure. Fam Med. 2002;34(5):325–30.PubMed Lang F, Floyd MR, Beine KL, et al. Sequenced questioning to elicit the patient’s perspective on illness: effects on information disclosure, patient satisfaction, and time expenditure. Fam Med. 2002;34(5):325–30.PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Mookadam F, Arthur HM. Social support and its relationship to morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(14):1514–8.CrossRefPubMed Mookadam F, Arthur HM. Social support and its relationship to morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(14):1514–8.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Pennebaker J, O’Hearn R. Confidants’ feedback and traumatic life events. J Trauma Stress. 1995;8(1). Pennebaker J, O’Hearn R. Confidants’ feedback and traumatic life events. J Trauma Stress. 1995;8(1).
23.
Zurück zum Zitat DiClemente C, Prochaska J, Gibertini M. Self-efficacy and the stages of self-change of smoking. Cogn Ther Res. 1985;9(2). DiClemente C, Prochaska J, Gibertini M. Self-efficacy and the stages of self-change of smoking. Cogn Ther Res. 1985;9(2).
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Haidet P, Paterniti DA. “Building” a history rather than “taking” one: a perspective on information sharing during the medical interview. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(10):1134–40.CrossRefPubMed Haidet P, Paterniti DA. “Building” a history rather than “taking” one: a perspective on information sharing during the medical interview. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(10):1134–40.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Dyche L, Swiderski D. The effect of physician solicitation approaches on ability to identify patient concerns. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(3):267–70.CrossRefPubMed Dyche L, Swiderski D. The effect of physician solicitation approaches on ability to identify patient concerns. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(3):267–70.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Corbie-Smith G, Thomas SB, St. George DMM. Distrust, race, and research. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(21):2458–63.CrossRefPubMed Corbie-Smith G, Thomas SB, St. George DMM. Distrust, race, and research. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(21):2458–63.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon HS, Street RL Jr, Sharf FM, et al. Racial differences in trust and lung cancer patients’ perceptions of physician comunication. J Cln Oncol. 2006;24(6):904–9.CrossRef Gordon HS, Street RL Jr, Sharf FM, et al. Racial differences in trust and lung cancer patients’ perceptions of physician comunication. J Cln Oncol. 2006;24(6):904–9.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper LA, Roter DL, Johnson RL, et al. Patient-centered communication, ratings of care, and concordance of patient and physician race. Ann Int Med. 2003;139(11):907–15.PubMed Cooper LA, Roter DL, Johnson RL, et al. Patient-centered communication, ratings of care, and concordance of patient and physician race. Ann Int Med. 2003;139(11):907–15.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanchard J, Nayar S, Lurie N. Patient-provider and patient-staff racial concordance and perceptions of mistreatment in the health care setting. JGIM. 2007;22(8):1184–9.CrossRefPubMed Blanchard J, Nayar S, Lurie N. Patient-provider and patient-staff racial concordance and perceptions of mistreatment in the health care setting. JGIM. 2007;22(8):1184–9.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Casagrande SS, Gary TL, LaVeist DJ, et al. Perceived discrimination and adherence to medical care in a racially integrated community. JGIM. 2007;22(3):389–95.CrossRefPubMed Casagrande SS, Gary TL, LaVeist DJ, et al. Perceived discrimination and adherence to medical care in a racially integrated community. JGIM. 2007;22(3):389–95.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Boulware LE, Cooper LA, Ratner LE, et al. Race and trust in the health care system. Public Health Rep. 2003;118(4):358–65.PubMed Boulware LE, Cooper LA, Ratner LE, et al. Race and trust in the health care system. Public Health Rep. 2003;118(4):358–65.PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper LA, Beach MC, Johnson RL, et al. Delving below the surface. Understanding how race and ethnicity influence relationships in health care. JGIM. 2006;21(Suppl 1):S21–7.CrossRefPubMed Cooper LA, Beach MC, Johnson RL, et al. Delving below the surface. Understanding how race and ethnicity influence relationships in health care. JGIM. 2006;21(Suppl 1):S21–7.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanchard J, Lurie N. R-E-S-P-E-C-T: patient reports of disrespect in the health care setting and its impact on care. J Fam Pract. 2004;53(9):721–30.PubMed Blanchard J, Lurie N. R-E-S-P-E-C-T: patient reports of disrespect in the health care setting and its impact on care. J Fam Pract. 2004;53(9):721–30.PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Corbie-Smith G. The continuing legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: considerations for clinical investigation. Am J Med Sci. 1999;317(1):5–8.CrossRefPubMed Corbie-Smith G. The continuing legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study: considerations for clinical investigation. Am J Med Sci. 1999;317(1):5–8.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson RL, Roter D, Powe NR, et al. Patient race/ethnicity and quality of patient-physician communication during medical visits. Am J Publ Health. 2004;94(12):2084–90.CrossRef Johnson RL, Roter D, Powe NR, et al. Patient race/ethnicity and quality of patient-physician communication during medical visits. Am J Publ Health. 2004;94(12):2084–90.CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Mast MS, Hall JA, Roter DL. Caring and dominance affect participants’ perceptions and behaviors during a virtual medical visit. JGIM. 2008;23(5):523–7.CrossRef Mast MS, Hall JA, Roter DL. Caring and dominance affect participants’ perceptions and behaviors during a virtual medical visit. JGIM. 2008;23(5):523–7.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Green AR, Betancourt JR, Carrillo JE. Integrating social factors into cross-cultural medical education. Acad Med. 2002;77(3):193–7.CrossRefPubMed Green AR, Betancourt JR, Carrillo JE. Integrating social factors into cross-cultural medical education. Acad Med. 2002;77(3):193–7.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Spiegel D. Healing words: emotional expression and disease outcome. JAMA. 1999;281(14):1328–9.CrossRefPubMed Spiegel D. Healing words: emotional expression and disease outcome. JAMA. 1999;281(14):1328–9.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Smyth JM, Stone AA, Hurewietz A, Kaell A. Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1999;281(14):1304–9.CrossRefPubMed Smyth JM, Stone AA, Hurewietz A, Kaell A. Effects of writing about stressful experiences on symptom reduction in patients with asthma or rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. JAMA. 1999;281(14):1304–9.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Mauksch LB, Dugdale D, Dodson S, Epstein R. Relationship, communication and efficiency in the medical encounter: creating a clinical model from a literature review. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(13):1387–95.CrossRefPubMed Mauksch LB, Dugdale D, Dodson S, Epstein R. Relationship, communication and efficiency in the medical encounter: creating a clinical model from a literature review. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(13):1387–95.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Hafferty FW. Beyond curriculum reform: confronting medicine’s hidden curriculum. Acad Med. 1998;74(3):403–7.CrossRef Hafferty FW. Beyond curriculum reform: confronting medicine’s hidden curriculum. Acad Med. 1998;74(3):403–7.CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Hafferty FW, Frank R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Acad Med. 1994;69(11):861–71.CrossRefPubMed Hafferty FW, Frank R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Acad Med. 1994;69(11):861–71.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Braddock CH, Eckstrom E, Haidet P. The "New Revolution" in medical education: fostering professionalism and patient-centered communication in the contemporary environment. JGIM 2004;19(5 part 2):610–11.CrossRefPubMed Braddock CH, Eckstrom E, Haidet P. The "New Revolution" in medical education: fostering professionalism and patient-centered communication in the contemporary environment. JGIM 2004;19(5 part 2):610–11.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Murray-Garcia JL, Garcia J. The institutional context of multicultural education: what is your institutional curriculum? Acad Med. 2008;83(7):646–66.CrossRefPubMed Murray-Garcia JL, Garcia J. The institutional context of multicultural education: what is your institutional curriculum? Acad Med. 2008;83(7):646–66.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Hojat M, Vergare MJ, Maxwell K, Brainard G, Herrine SK, Isenberg GA, Veloski J, Gonnella JS. The devil is in the third year: a longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Academic Medicine. 2009;84(9):1182–1191.CrossRefPubMed Hojat M, Vergare MJ, Maxwell K, Brainard G, Herrine SK, Isenberg GA, Veloski J, Gonnella JS. The devil is in the third year: a longitudinal study of erosion of empathy in medical school. Academic Medicine. 2009;84(9):1182–1191.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Lurie N, Yergan J. Teaching residents to care for vulnerable populations in the out-patient setting. JGIM. 1990;5:527–34.CrossRef Lurie N, Yergan J. Teaching residents to care for vulnerable populations in the out-patient setting. JGIM. 1990;5:527–34.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosk CL. Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2003. Bosk CL. Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2003.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To Err is Human: Building A Safer Health System. Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine; 1999. Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, eds. To Err is Human: Building A Safer Health System. Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine; 1999.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Branch WT Jr, Kern D, Haidet P, et al. Teaching the human dimensions of care in clinical settings. JAMA. 2001;286(9):1067–74.CrossRefPubMed Branch WT Jr, Kern D, Haidet P, et al. Teaching the human dimensions of care in clinical settings. JAMA. 2001;286(9):1067–74.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Haidet P, Stein H. The role of the student-teacher relationship in the formation of physicians. JGIM. 2006;21(S1):S16–S20.CrossRefPubMed Haidet P, Stein H. The role of the student-teacher relationship in the formation of physicians. JGIM. 2006;21(S1):S16–S20.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Kern DE, Branch WT Jr, Jackson JL, Brady BW, Feldman MD, Levinson W, Lipkin M Jr. Teaching the psychosocial aspects of care in the clinical setting: practical recommendations. Acad Med. 2005;80(1):8–20.CrossRefPubMed Kern DE, Branch WT Jr, Jackson JL, Brady BW, Feldman MD, Levinson W, Lipkin M Jr. Teaching the psychosocial aspects of care in the clinical setting: practical recommendations. Acad Med. 2005;80(1):8–20.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Bigby J, Ko LK, Johnson N, David MM, Ferrer B, REACH Boston 2010. Breast and cervical cancer coalition: a community approach to addressing excess breast and cervical cancer mortality among women of African descent in Boston. Public Health Reports. 2003;118(4):334. Bigby J, Ko LK, Johnson N, David MM, Ferrer B, REACH Boston 2010. Breast and cervical cancer coalition: a community approach to addressing excess breast and cervical cancer mortality among women of African descent in Boston. Public Health Reports. 2003;118(4):334.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Saitz R, et al. Alcohol Clinical Training Project, Implementation and evaluation report. supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) R25 AA013822, www.alcoholtraining.org, July,2007:25-9. Saitz R, et al. Alcohol Clinical Training Project, Implementation and evaluation report. supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) R25 AA013822, www.​alcoholtraining.​org, July,2007:25-9.
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Denial A, Hoppe E, Carlson N. Assessing cultural competence in optometric faculty. Optom Educ. 2006;92-5. Denial A, Hoppe E, Carlson N. Assessing cultural competence in optometric faculty. Optom Educ. 2006;92-5.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Assessing competence in communication and interpersonal skills: The Kalamazoo II Report. Acad Med. 2004;79:495-507. Assessing competence in communication and interpersonal skills: The Kalamazoo II Report. Acad Med. 2004;79:495-507.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Parrot S, et al. Evidence-based office teaching: the five-step microskills model of clinical teaching. Fam Med. 2006;38(3):164–7.PubMed Parrot S, et al. Evidence-based office teaching: the five-step microskills model of clinical teaching. Fam Med. 2006;38(3):164–7.PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Neher J. A five-step “microskills” model of clinical teaching. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1992;5(4):419–24.PubMed Neher J. A five-step “microskills” model of clinical teaching. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1992;5(4):419–24.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Mostow C, Principal investigator; Gordon S, Co-principal investigator. Precepting for Cultural Competence. BCBSM Medical Foundation 2004-5. Mostow C, Principal investigator; Gordon S, Co-principal investigator. Precepting for Cultural Competence. BCBSM Medical Foundation 2004-5.
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Campinha-Bacote J. The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: a model of care. J Transcult Nurs. 2002 Jul;13(3):181-4; 200-1. Campinha-Bacote J. The process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: a model of care. J Transcult Nurs. 2002 Jul;13(3):181-4; 200-1.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Stern DT. In search of the informal curriculum: when and where professional values are taught. Acad Med. 1998;73(suppl 20):S38–30. Stern DT. In search of the informal curriculum: when and where professional values are taught. Acad Med. 1998;73(suppl 20):S38–30.
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Suchman AL, Williamson PR, Litzelman DK, et al. The Relationship-centered discovery team: toward an informal curriculum that teaches professionalism: transforming the social environment of a medical school. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(5 pt2):501–4.CrossRefPubMed Suchman AL, Williamson PR, Litzelman DK, et al. The Relationship-centered discovery team: toward an informal curriculum that teaches professionalism: transforming the social environment of a medical school. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(5 pt2):501–4.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Snyder L, Leffler C, Ethics and Human Rights Committee, American College of Physicians. Ethics Manual, 5th ed. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:560–82. Snyder L, Leffler C, Ethics and Human Rights Committee, American College of Physicians. Ethics Manual, 5th ed. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:560–82.
Metadaten
Titel
Treating and Precepting with RESPECT: A Relational Model Addressing Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Medical Training
verfasst von
Carol Mostow, LICSW
Julie Crosson, MD
Sandra Gordon, MD
Sheila Chapman, MD
Peter Gonzalez, MD
Eric Hardt, MD
Leyda Delgado, MD
Thea James, MD
Michele David, MD, MPH, MBA
Publikationsdatum
01.05.2010
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Journal of General Internal Medicine / Ausgabe Sonderheft 2/2010
Print ISSN: 0884-8734
Elektronische ISSN: 1525-1497
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-010-1274-4

Weitere Artikel der Sonderheft 2/2010

Journal of General Internal Medicine 2/2010 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.