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Go/No Go task performance predicts cortical thickness in the caudal inferior frontal gyrus in young adults with and without ADHD

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Abstract

Response inhibition deficits are widely believed to be at the core of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Several studies have examined neural architectural correlates of ADHD, but research directly examining structural correlates of response inhibition is lacking. Here we examine the relationship between response inhibition as measured by a Go/No Go task, and cortical surface area and thickness of the caudal inferior frontal gyrus (cIFG), a region implicated in functional imaging studies of response inhibition, in a sample of 114 young adults with and without ADHD diagnosed initially during childhood. We used multiple linear regression models to test the hypothesis that Go/No Go performance would be associated with cIFG surface area or thickness. Results showed that poorer Go/No Go performance was associated with thicker cIFG cortex, and this effect was not mediated by ADHD status or history of substance use. However, independent of Go/No Go performance, persistence of ADHD symptoms and more frequent cannabis use were associated with thinner cIFG. Go/No Go performance was not associated with cortical surface area. The association between poor inhibitory functioning and thicker cIFG suggests that maturation of this region may differ in low performing participants. An independent association of persistent ADHD symptoms and frequent cannabis use with thinner cIFG cortex suggests that distinct neural mechanisms within this region may play a role in inhibitory function, broader ADHD symptomatology, and cannabis use. These results contribute to Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) by revealing novel associations between neural architectural phenotypes and basic neurobehavioral processes measured dimensionally.

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Compliance with ethical standards

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study

Funding

This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (J.N.E., grant number HHSN271200800009C, T.L.J., grant number RC2 DA029475); and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (T.L.J., grant numbers R01 HD061414 and R01 HD075489). The content presented herein is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Conflict of interest

Anders M. Dale: Anders M. Dale is a founder of and holds equity interest in CorTechs Labs, La Jolla, CA and serves on its scientific advisory board. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by UC San Diego, in accordance with its conflict of interest policies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Human Development, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0115, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA

    Erik Newman & Terry L. Jernigan

  2. Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Terry L. Jernigan & Anders M. Dale

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Terry L. Jernigan, Susan F. Tapert & Chi-Hua Chen

  4. Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Terry L. Jernigan, Joshua M. Kuperman & Anders M. Dale

  5. Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA

    Krista M. Lisdahl

  6. Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Leanne Tamm & Jeffery N. Epstein

  7. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

    Steven G. Potkin

  8. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Daniel Mathalon

  9. Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Brooke Molina

  10. Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    James Bjork

  11. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    F. Xavier Castellanos

  12. Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA

    F. Xavier Castellanos

  13. The Child Development Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

    James Swanson

  14. Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Joshua M. Kuperman, Hauke Bartsch, Chi-Hua Chen & Anders M. Dale

  15. Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

    Anders M. Dale

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  1. Erik Newman
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  2. Terry L. Jernigan
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  4. Leanne Tamm
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Erik Newman.

Additional information

The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA) was a National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) cooperative agreement randomized clinical trial, continued under an NIMH contract as a follow-up study and finally under a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) contract. Collaborators from NIMH: L. Eugene Arnold, M.D., M.Ed. (currently at Ohio State University). Principal investigators and co-investigators from the sites are: University of California, Berkeley/San Francisco: Stephen P. Hinshaw, Ph.D. (Berkeley), Glen R. Elliott, Ph.D., M.D. (San Francisco); Duke University: Karen C. Wells, Ph.D., Jeffery N. Epstein, Ph.D. (currently at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center), Desiree W. Murray, Ph.D.; University of California, Irvine: James Swanson, Ph.D., Timothy Wigal, Ph.D.; New York University: Howard B. Abikoff, Ph.D.; New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University/Mount Sinai Medical Center: Laurence L. Greenhill, M.D. (Columbia). University of Pittsburgh: Brooke Molina, Ph.D., Additional investigators for Neuroimaging Study: Leanne Tamm, Ph.D., PI (Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center), James Bjork, Ph.D. (Division of Clinical Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, NIDA), Daniel Mathalon, M.D., Ph.D. (UC San Francisco), Allen Song, Ph.D. (Duke), Bradley Peterson, M.D. (Columbia), Steven Potkin, M.D. & Claudia Buss, Ph.D. (UC Irvine), Katerina Velanova, Ph.D. (Pittsburgh), Neuroimaging Consultants: Susan Tapert, Ph.D. & Joshua Kuperman, Ph.D. (UC San Diego), BJ Casey, Ph.D. & Leah Sommerville, Ph.D. (Sackler Institute, Cornell), Krista Lisdahl, Ph.D. (University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee). Neuroimaging Analysis and Interpretation: Terry Jernigan, Ph.D. & Anders Dale, Ph.D. (UC San Diego), F. Xavier Castellanos, M.D. & Clare Kelly, Ph.D. (New York University).

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Newman, E., Jernigan, T.L., Lisdahl, K.M. et al. Go/No Go task performance predicts cortical thickness in the caudal inferior frontal gyrus in young adults with and without ADHD. Brain Imaging and Behavior 10, 880–892 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-015-9453-x

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