Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Data source and collection
Analysis
Results
Demographics and clinical characteristics
Characteristics | Robotic vs laparoscopic | Robotic vs open | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-IHR (N = 83) | L-IHR (N = 83) | p value | R-IHR (N = 85) | O-IHR (N = 85) | p value | |
Female, n (%) | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.15 | 2 (2.4) | 1 (1.2) | 0.56 |
Age, mean ± SD | 54.4 ± 11.0 | 57.5 ± 12.3 | 53.2 ± 11.9 | 56.2 ± 12.0 | ||
Education, n (%) | ||||||
Up to high school/GED | 9 (10.8) | 7 (8.4) | 0.54 | 12 (14.1) | 10 (11.8) | 0.70 |
Some college | 28 (33.7) | 23 (27.7) | 27 (31.8) | 32 (37.6) | ||
College graduate or beyond | 46 (55.4) | 53 (63.9) | 46 (54.1) | 43 (50.6) | ||
Employment status, n (%) | ||||||
Full time | 50 (60.2) | 53 (63.9) | 0.78 | 53 (62.4) | 45 (52.9) | 0.35 |
Part time | 6 (7.2) | 4 (4.8) | 6 (7.1) | 5 (5.9) | ||
Not employed | 27 (32.5) | 26 (31.3) | 26 (30.6) | 35 (41.2) | ||
Type of job labor, n (%) | ||||||
Heavy/very heavy labor | 8 (9.6) | 7 (8.4) | 0.98 | 9 (10.6) | 9 (10.6) | 0.25 |
Light/medium labor | 26 (31.3) | 26 (31.3) | 27 (21.8) | 28 (32.9) | ||
No physical labor | 22 (26.5) | 24 (28.9) | 23 (27.1) | 13 (15.3) | ||
Not employed | 27 (32.5) | 26 (31.3) | 26 (30.6) | 35 (41.2) | ||
Using preoperative prescription pain medication, n (%) | 25 (30.1) | 21 (25.3) | 27 (31.8) | 25 (29.4) | ||
Prior history of inguinal hernia repair, n (%) | 23 (27.7) | 23 (27.7) | 24 (28.2) | 23 (27.1) |
Postoperative groin pain
Measures | Robotic vs laparoscopic | Robotic vs open | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-IHR (n = 83) | L-IHR (n = 83) | p value | R-IHR (n = 85) | O-IHR (n = 85) | p value | |||||
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) | |||
Time from IHR to survey (months) | 83 | 5.7 (0.3) | 83 | 6.0 (0.3) | 0.30 | 85 | 5.7 (0.3) | 85 | 6.7 (0.3) | 0.03 |
Pain | ||||||||||
Time from IHR to little or no pain (days) | 74 | 15.5 (1.6) | 79 | 14.0 (1.4) | 0.17 | 76 | 15.5 (1.5) | 75 | 18.2 (2.0) | 0.33 |
Time from IHR to no Rx pain medications (days) | 66 | 9.4 (1.5) | 66 | 11.6 (1.7) | 0.30 | 69 | 9.4 (1.4) | 69 | 10.6 (1.2) | 0.03 |
Activity level | ||||||||||
Time from IHR to resume activities (days) | 79 | 18.0 (1.6) | 79 | 118.0 (1.8) | 0.60 | 81 | 18.0 (1.5) | 78 | 20.2 (1.6) | 0.34 |
Time from IHR to return to work (days) | 60 | 17.8 (2.1) | 54 | 17.9 (2.8) | 0.34 | 64 | 17.0 (2.0) | 44 | 21.7 (2.4) | 0.08 |
Number of follow-up visits after IHR | 83 | 1.6 (0.1) | 83 | 1.5 (0.1) | 0.51 | 85 | 1.6 (0.1) | 85 | 1.8 (0.1) | 0.08 |
Perceived physical activity limitations
Measures | Robotic vs laparoscopic | Robotic vs open | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-IHR (n = 83) | L-IHR (n = 83) | p value | R-IHR (n = 85) | O-IHR (n = 85) | p value | |||||
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) | n | Mean (SE) | |||
Pain | ||||||||||
Rating of groin pain 1 week prior to IHR | 83 | 5.4 (0.4) | 83 | 5.8 (0.3) | 0.49 | 85 | 5.6 (0.3) | 85 | 5.8 (0.4) | 0.68 |
Rating of groin pain 1 week after IHR | 83 | 4.0 (0.3) | 83 | 4.4 (0.3) | 0.37 | 85 | 4.1 (0.3) | 85 | 5.6 (0.3) | < 0.01 |
Rating of groin pain at time of survey | 83 | 1.5 (0.3) | 83 | 1.1 (0.2) | 0.10 | 85 | 1.6 (0.3) | 85 | 2.2 (0.3) | 0.17 |
Activity level | ||||||||||
Rating of activity disruption 1 week after IHR | 83 | 6.0 (0.3) | 83 | 6.6 (0.3) | 0.32 | 85 | 6.1 (0.3) | 85 | 7.3 (0.2) | < 0.01 |
Rating of perceived physical activity restrictions at time of survey | 83 | 1.3 (0.2) | 83 | 1.2 (0.2) | 0.94 | 85 | 1.4 (0.2) | 85 | 2.8 (0.4) | < 0.01 |
Overall satisfaction | ||||||||||
Rating of satisfaction with IHR experience | 83 | 8.8 (0.2) | 83 | 8.9 (0.2) | 0.61 | 85 | 8.6 (0.2) | 85 | 8.3 (0.2) | 0.10 |
Satisfaction
Factors influencing perceived postoperative groin pain and activity disruption
Respondents with prior IHR (n = 186) | Respondents without prior IHR (n = 340) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-IHR | O-IHR | L-IHR | p value | R-IHR | O-IHR | L-IHR | p value | |||||||
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) | |||
Pain | ||||||||||||||
Rating of groin pain 1 week after IHR | 24 | 4.6 (0.7) | 112 | 7.3 (0.2) | 50 | 4.8 (0.4) | < 0.01 | 74 | 3.8 (0.3) | 102 | 5.5 (0.2) | 164 | 4.9 (0.2) | < 0.01 |
Time from IHR to little or no pain (days) | 20 | 16.3 (4.2) | 101 | 17.5 (2.0) | 47 | 14.8 (2.3) | 0.90 | 66 | 14.7 (1.3) | 87 | 20.3 (1.8) | 156 | 22.1 (4.1) | 0.05 |
Time from IHR to no Rx pain meds (days) | 16 | 8.1 (1.8) | 97 | 16.9 (2.4) | 40 | 9.1 (1.5) | 0.02 | 64 | 9.0 (1.5) | 87 | 11.2 (1.1) | 142 | 12.6 (1.2) | 0.04 |
Activity level | ||||||||||||||
Rating of limitations 1 week after IHR | 24 | 6.2 (0.6) | 112 | 8.1 (0.2) | 50 | 7.2 (0.3) | < 0.01 | 74 | 6.2 (0.4) | 102 | 7.2 (0.2) | 164 | 6.9 (0.2) | 0.10 |
Time from IHR to no limitations (days) | 21 | 16.7 (2.6) | 99 | 16.2 (1.5) | 48 | 17.9 (2.5) | 0.70 | 73 | 18.9 (1.8) | 90 | 22.6 (1.5) | 159 | 20.1 (1.3) | 0.05 |
Time from IHR to return to work (days) | 12 | 14.3 (3.0) | 91 | 19.5 (2.1) | 39 | 19.3 (3.5) | 0.90 | 60 | 18.2 (2.4) | 60 | 23.6 (2.0) | 126 | 21.1 (1.7) | 0.07 |
Respondents taking analgesic meds preop (n = 201) | Respondents not taking analgesic meds preop (n = 325) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R-IHR | O-IHR | L-IHR | p value | R-IHR | O-IHR | L-IHR | p value | |||||||
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) |
n
| Mean (SE) | |||
Pain | ||||||||||||||
Rating of groin pain 1 week after IHR | 27 | 4.7 (0.6) | 113 | 7.6 (0.2) | 61 | 5.3 (0.4) | < 0.01 | 71 | 3.8 (0.3) | 101 | 5.2 (0.3) | 153 | 4.7 (0.2) | < 0.01 |
Time from IHR to little or no pain (days) | 22 | 13.6 (1.9) | 101 | 17.7 (1.8) | 57 | 20.1 (2.4) | 0.30 | 64 | 15.6 (1.7) | 87 | 20.1 (2.0) | 146 | 20.5 (4.4) | 0.40 |
Time from IHR to no Rx pain medications (days) | 23 | 10.7 (1.5) | 101 | 15.5 (1.4) | 54 | 15.5 (2.0) | 0.50 | 57 | 8.2 (1.7) | 83 | 12.6 (2.5) | 128 | 10.3 (1.1) | 0.06 |
Activity level | ||||||||||||||
Rating of limitations 1 week after IHR | 27 | 7.1 (0.5) | 113 | 8.0 (0.2) | 61 | 7.2 (0.3) | 0.02 | 71 | 5.8 (0.4) | 101 | 7.2 (0.2) | 153 | 6.9 (0.2) | < 0.01 |
Time from IHR to no limitations (days) | 24 | 18.8 (2.7) | 99 | 17.2 (1.4) | 57 | 21.9 (2.7) | 0.30 | 70 | 18.2 (1.8) | 90 | 21.5 (1.6) | 150 | 18.7 (1.3) | 0.20 |
Time from IHR to return to work (days) | 22 | 16.8 (2.7) | 97 | 20.7 (1.9) | 50 | 22.8 (2.8) | 0.60 | 50 | 17.8 (2.6) | 54 | 21.8 (2.4) | 115 | 19.8 (1.8) | 0.30 |