Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Diabetes Reports 6/2013

01.12.2013 | Diabetes Epidemiology (SH Golden, Section Editor)

The Growing Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes: Increased Incidence or Improved Survival?

verfasst von: Nisa M. Maruthur

Erschienen in: Current Diabetes Reports | Ausgabe 6/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Approximately 347 million persons were estimated to have diabetes worldwide in 2008, an increase of 194 million cases from 1980. Diabetes now affects both high- and low-income countries, with low-income countries bearing the majority of the burden. The epidemiologic transition from traditional health risks, such as poor hygiene, to modern health risks, such as sedentary lifestyle, has facilitated the increase in incidence in diabetes, especially in developing countries. The effect of these risk factors may be especially pronounced in some racial and ethnic populations. Increased surveillance for diabetes has contributed to increased diabetes prevalence in higher-income countries. Survival with and some risk factors for diabetes have improved in developed countries, but global diabetes mortality has increased by 20 % since 1990. Population growth and aging will only increase the burden of diabetes, and public health interventions are needed to address diabetes risk factors to stem the tide of this epidemic.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lu Y, Singh GM, Cowan MJ, Paciorek CJ, et al. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2 · 7 million participants. The Lancet. 2011;378:31–40. Comprehensive ecologic analysis of trends in the global prevalence of diabetes between 1980 and 2008 performed by the Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Blood Glucose). Includes trends in fasting glucose and diabetes prevalence based on plasma glucose for adults >25 years in 199 countries/territories. Highlights regional similarities and differences across the globe.CrossRef •• Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lu Y, Singh GM, Cowan MJ, Paciorek CJ, et al. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2 · 7 million participants. The Lancet. 2011;378:31–40. Comprehensive ecologic analysis of trends in the global prevalence of diabetes between 1980 and 2008 performed by the Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Blood Glucose). Includes trends in fasting glucose and diabetes prevalence based on plasma glucose for adults >25 years in 199 countries/territories. Highlights regional similarities and differences across the globe.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87:4–14.PubMedCrossRef Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87:4–14.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–53.PubMedCrossRef Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–53.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen L, Magliano DJ, Zimmet PZ. The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus–present and future perspectives. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8:228–36.CrossRef Chen L, Magliano DJ, Zimmet PZ. The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus–present and future perspectives. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8:228–36.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Saydah S, Cowie C, Garfield S, Geiss L, et al. Trends in death rates among U.S. adults with and without diabetes between 1997 and 2006: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1252–7.PubMedCrossRef Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Saydah S, Cowie C, Garfield S, Geiss L, et al. Trends in death rates among U.S. adults with and without diabetes between 1997 and 2006: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1252–7.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Herman WH, Zimmet P. Type 2 diabetes: An epidemic requiring global attention and urgent action. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:943–4.PubMedCrossRef Herman WH, Zimmet P. Type 2 diabetes: An epidemic requiring global attention and urgent action. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:943–4.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat IDF Atlas Group. Update of mortality attributable to diabetes for the IDF diabetes atlas: Estimates for the year 2011. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;100:277–9.CrossRef IDF Atlas Group. Update of mortality attributable to diabetes for the IDF diabetes atlas: Estimates for the year 2011. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;100:277–9.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Holden SH, Barnett AH, Peters JR, Jenkins-Jones S, Poole CD, Morgan CL, et al. The incidence of type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom from 1991 to 2010. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(9):844–52. Holden SH, Barnett AH, Peters JR, Jenkins-Jones S, Poole CD, Morgan CL, et al. The incidence of type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom from 1991 to 2010. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(9):844–52.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Division of Diabetes Translation National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC: Diabetes data & trends. Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. Division of Diabetes Translation National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC: Diabetes data & trends. Atlanta, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Carstensen B, Kristensen JK, Ottosen P, Borch-Johnsen K. Steering group of the national diabetes register: The danish national diabetes register: Trends in incidence, prevalence and mortality. Diabetologia. 2008;51:2187–96.PubMedCrossRef Carstensen B, Kristensen JK, Ottosen P, Borch-Johnsen K. Steering group of the national diabetes register: The danish national diabetes register: Trends in incidence, prevalence and mortality. Diabetologia. 2008;51:2187–96.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Monesi L, Baviera M, Marzona I, Avanzini F, Monesi G, Nobili A, et al. Prevalence, incidence and mortality of diagnosed diabetes: Evidence from an Italian population-based study. Diabet Med. 2012;29:385–92.PubMedCrossRef Monesi L, Baviera M, Marzona I, Avanzini F, Monesi G, Nobili A, et al. Prevalence, incidence and mortality of diagnosed diabetes: Evidence from an Italian population-based study. Diabet Med. 2012;29:385–92.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang YD, Chang CH, Tai TY, Chen JF, Chuang LM. Incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus in Taiwan: Analysis of the 2000–2009 nationwide health insurance database. J Formos Med Assoc. 2012;111:599–604.PubMedCrossRef Jiang YD, Chang CH, Tai TY, Chen JF, Chuang LM. Incidence and prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus in Taiwan: Analysis of the 2000–2009 nationwide health insurance database. J Formos Med Assoc. 2012;111:599–604.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson JA, Balko SU. Epidemiological trends of diabetes in Alberta. In Alberta Diabetes Atlas. 2009;2009:11–24. Johnson JA, Balko SU. Epidemiological trends of diabetes in Alberta. In Alberta Diabetes Atlas. 2009;2009:11–24.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Mohan V, Deepa M, Deepa R, Shanthirani CS, Farooq S, Ganesan A, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in urban South India–the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-17). Diabetologia. 2006;49:1175–8.PubMedCrossRef Mohan V, Deepa M, Deepa R, Shanthirani CS, Farooq S, Ganesan A, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in urban South India–the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-17). Diabetologia. 2006;49:1175–8.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Jia WP, Pang C, Chen L, Bao YQ, Lu JX, Lu HJ, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese adult population: The Shanghai diabetes studies, a cross-sectional 3-year follow-up study in Shanghai urban communities. Diabetologia. 2007;50:286–92.PubMedCrossRef Jia WP, Pang C, Chen L, Bao YQ, Lu JX, Lu HJ, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in a Chinese adult population: The Shanghai diabetes studies, a cross-sectional 3-year follow-up study in Shanghai urban communities. Diabetologia. 2007;50:286–92.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Huffman MD, Prabhakaran D, Osmond C, Fall CHD, Tandon N, Lakshmy R, et al. Incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in an Indian urban cohort: results from the New Delhi Birth Cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1765–74.PubMedCrossRef Huffman MD, Prabhakaran D, Osmond C, Fall CHD, Tandon N, Lakshmy R, et al. Incidence of cardiovascular risk factors in an Indian urban cohort: results from the New Delhi Birth Cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1765–74.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat World Health Organization: Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: abbreviated report of a WHO consultation. 2011. World Health Organization: Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: abbreviated report of a WHO consultation. 2011.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Cowie CC, Rust KF, Ford ES, Eberhardt MS, Byrd-Holt DD, Li C, et al. Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the U.S. Population in 1988–1994 and 2005–2006. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:287–94.PubMedCrossRef Cowie CC, Rust KF, Ford ES, Eberhardt MS, Byrd-Holt DD, Li C, et al. Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the U.S. Population in 1988–1994 and 2005–2006. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:287–94.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Bullard KM, Saydah SH, Imperatore G, Cowie CC, Gregg EW, Geiss LS, et al. Secular changes in U.S. prediabetes prevalence defined by hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999–2010. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2286–93. Bullard KM, Saydah SH, Imperatore G, Cowie CC, Gregg EW, Geiss LS, et al. Secular changes in U.S. prediabetes prevalence defined by hemoglobin A1c and fasting plasma glucose: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1999–2010. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2286–93.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat • Department of Health Statistics and Informatics in the Information Evidence and Research Cluster of the World Health Organization: Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization Press. 2009. World Health Organization report on the transition of global health risks. Figure 2 provides an excellent visual of the transition from traditional to modern risks, which are pertinent to type 2 diabetes. • Department of Health Statistics and Informatics in the Information Evidence and Research Cluster of the World Health Organization: Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization Press. 2009. World Health Organization report on the transition of global health risks. Figure 2 provides an excellent visual of the transition from traditional to modern risks, which are pertinent to type 2 diabetes.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2224–60. Comprehensive ecologic analysis of trends in the global disease burden from 1990 to 2010 from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Estimates trend in numbers of deaths and disability-adjusted life years for 67 risk factors and clusters of risk factors, including dietary intake, physical activity, and smoking, in 21 regions globally. Demonstrates shift to risk factors for noncommunicable diseases and variation between regions.PubMedCrossRef •• Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2224–60. Comprehensive ecologic analysis of trends in the global disease burden from 1990 to 2010 from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Estimates trend in numbers of deaths and disability-adjusted life years for 67 risk factors and clusters of risk factors, including dietary intake, physical activity, and smoking, in 21 regions globally. Demonstrates shift to risk factors for noncommunicable diseases and variation between regions.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Fazeli Farsani S, van der Aa MP, van der Vorst MM, Knibbe CA, de Boer A. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: A systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia. 2013;56(7):1471–88. Fazeli Farsani S, van der Aa MP, van der Vorst MM, Knibbe CA, de Boer A. Global trends in the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents: A systematic review and evaluation of methodological approaches. Diabetologia. 2013;56(7):1471–88.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Shay CM, Ning H, Daniels SR, Rooks CR, Gidding SS, Lloyd-Jones DM. Status of cardiovascular health in US adolescents: Prevalence estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2005–2010. Circulation. 2013;127:1369–76.PubMedCrossRef Shay CM, Ning H, Daniels SR, Rooks CR, Gidding SS, Lloyd-Jones DM. Status of cardiovascular health in US adolescents: Prevalence estimates from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2005–2010. Circulation. 2013;127:1369–76.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Imperatore G, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Case D, Dabelea D, Hamman RF, et al. Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. Population aged <20 years through 2050: Dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:2515–20.PubMedCrossRef Imperatore G, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Case D, Dabelea D, Hamman RF, et al. Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. Population aged <20 years through 2050: Dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:2515–20.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Stevens GA, Singh GM, Lu Y, Danaei G, Lin JK, Finucane MM, et al. National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalences. Popul Health Metr. 2012;10:22. Comprehensive ecologic analysis of trends in adult obesity from 1980 to 2008 in 199 countries and territories from the Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Body Mass Index). Demonstrates an accelerating increase in obesity globally and variation in trends between regions.PubMedCrossRef •• Stevens GA, Singh GM, Lu Y, Danaei G, Lin JK, Finucane MM, et al. National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalences. Popul Health Metr. 2012;10:22. Comprehensive ecologic analysis of trends in adult obesity from 1980 to 2008 in 199 countries and territories from the Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases Collaborating Group (Body Mass Index). Demonstrates an accelerating increase in obesity globally and variation in trends between regions.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Danaei G, Lin JK, Paciorek CJ, et al. National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants. Lancet. 2011;377:557–67.PubMedCrossRef Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Danaei G, Lin JK, Paciorek CJ, et al. National, regional, and global trends in body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 960 country-years and 9.1 million participants. Lancet. 2011;377:557–67.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng YJ, Imperatore G, Geiss LS, Wang J, Saydah SH, Cowie CC, et al. Secular changes in the age-specific prevalence of diabetes among U.S. Adults: 1988–2010. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2690–6. Cheng YJ, Imperatore G, Geiss LS, Wang J, Saydah SH, Cowie CC, et al. Secular changes in the age-specific prevalence of diabetes among U.S. Adults: 1988–2010. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2690–6.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010: Description of the global burden of NCDS, their risk factors and determinants. Organization WH, Ed. 2011;pp. 9–31. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010: Description of the global burden of NCDS, their risk factors and determinants. Organization WH, Ed. 2011;pp. 9–31.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat de Onis M, Blössner M, Borghi E. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutrit. 2010;92:1257–64.PubMedCrossRef de Onis M, Blössner M, Borghi E. Global prevalence and trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children. Am J Clin Nutrit. 2010;92:1257–64.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat The NS, Richardson AS, Gordon-Larsen P. Timing and duration of obesity in relation to diabetes: Findings from an ethnically diverse, nationally representative sample. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:865–72.PubMedCrossRef The NS, Richardson AS, Gordon-Larsen P. Timing and duration of obesity in relation to diabetes: Findings from an ethnically diverse, nationally representative sample. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:865–72.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Schienkiewitz A, Schulze MB, Hoffmann K, Kroke A, Boeing H. Body mass index history and risk of type 2 diabetes: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-potsdam study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:427–33.PubMed Schienkiewitz A, Schulze MB, Hoffmann K, Kroke A, Boeing H. Body mass index history and risk of type 2 diabetes: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-potsdam study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:427–33.PubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat • Chan JC, Malik V, Jia W, Kadowaki T, Yajnik CS, Yoon KH, et al. Diabetes in Asia: Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. JAMA. 2009;301:2129–40. Review of the unique aspects of the diabetes epidemic in Asia. Discusses earlier onset of diabetes at lower BMI in Asian populations.PubMedCrossRef • Chan JC, Malik V, Jia W, Kadowaki T, Yajnik CS, Yoon KH, et al. Diabetes in Asia: Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. JAMA. 2009;301:2129–40. Review of the unique aspects of the diabetes epidemic in Asia. Discusses earlier onset of diabetes at lower BMI in Asian populations.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Karter AJ, Schillinger D, Adams AS, Moffet HH, Liu J, Adler NE, et al. Elevated rates of diabetes in Pacific Islanders and Asian subgroups: The Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE). Diabetes Care. 2013;36:574–9.PubMedCrossRef Karter AJ, Schillinger D, Adams AS, Moffet HH, Liu J, Adler NE, et al. Elevated rates of diabetes in Pacific Islanders and Asian subgroups: The Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE). Diabetes Care. 2013;36:574–9.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsu WC, Boyko EJ, Fujimoto WY, Kanaya A, Karmally W, Karter A, et al. Pathophysiologic differences among Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders and treatment implications. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1189–98.PubMedCrossRef Hsu WC, Boyko EJ, Fujimoto WY, Kanaya A, Karmally W, Karter A, et al. Pathophysiologic differences among Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders and treatment implications. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1189–98.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat • Mattei J, Malik V, Wedick NM, Campos H, Spiegelman D, Willett W, et al. A symposium and workshop report from the Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative: nutrition transition and the global burden of type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:1325–35. Summary of symposium on the deleterious effects of the nutrition transition in the context of the epidemiologic transition as it relates to type 2 diabetes.PubMedCrossRef • Mattei J, Malik V, Wedick NM, Campos H, Spiegelman D, Willett W, et al. A symposium and workshop report from the Global Nutrition and Epidemiologic Transition Initiative: nutrition transition and the global burden of type 2 diabetes. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:1325–35. Summary of symposium on the deleterious effects of the nutrition transition in the context of the epidemiologic transition as it relates to type 2 diabetes.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Danaei G, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Lin JK, Cowan MJ, Finucane MM, et al. The global cardiovascular risk transition: Associations of four metabolic risk factors with national income, urbanization, and western diet in 1980 and 2008. Circulation. 2013;127:1493–502.PubMedCrossRef Danaei G, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Lin JK, Cowan MJ, Finucane MM, et al. The global cardiovascular risk transition: Associations of four metabolic risk factors with national income, urbanization, and western diet in 1980 and 2008. Circulation. 2013;127:1493–502.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Goran MI, Ulijaszek SJ, Ventura EE. High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: A global perspective. Glob Public Health. 2013;8:55–64.PubMedCrossRef Goran MI, Ulijaszek SJ, Ventura EE. High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: A global perspective. Glob Public Health. 2013;8:55–64.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Kurotani K, Nanri A, Goto A, Mizoue T, Noda M, Oba S, et al. Red meat consumption is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in men but not in women: A Japan public health center-based prospective study. Br J Nutr. 2013:1–9. Kurotani K, Nanri A, Goto A, Mizoue T, Noda M, Oba S, et al. Red meat consumption is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes in men but not in women: A Japan public health center-based prospective study. Br J Nutr. 2013:1–9.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Lajous M, Tondeur L, Fagherazzi G, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Boutron-Ruaualt MC, Clavel-Chapelon F. Processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes among French women. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:128–30.PubMedCrossRef Lajous M, Tondeur L, Fagherazzi G, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Boutron-Ruaualt MC, Clavel-Chapelon F. Processed and unprocessed red meat consumption and incident type 2 diabetes among French women. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:128–30.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat van Woudenbergh GJ, Kuijsten A, Tigcheler B, Sijbrands EJ, van Rooij FJ, Hofman A, et al. Meat consumption and its association with C-reactive protein and incident type 2 diabetes: The Rotterdam Study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1499–505.PubMedCrossRef van Woudenbergh GJ, Kuijsten A, Tigcheler B, Sijbrands EJ, van Rooij FJ, Hofman A, et al. Meat consumption and its association with C-reactive protein and incident type 2 diabetes: The Rotterdam Study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1499–505.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in red meat consumption and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: 3 cohorts of US men and women. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2013:1–8. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB. Changes in red meat consumption and subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: 3 cohorts of US men and women. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2013:1–8.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298:2654–64.PubMedCrossRef Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298:2654–64.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Corkey BE. Have we got it all wrong? Insulin hypersecretion and food additives: cause of obesity and diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2012;35:2432–7. Reinvigorates discussion of hyperinsulinemia as the primary lesion in type 2 diabetes. Highlights the need to understand how novel environmental risk factors, such as food additives, require further study in the context of the epidemiologic transition.PubMedCrossRef •• Corkey BE. Have we got it all wrong? Insulin hypersecretion and food additives: cause of obesity and diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2012;35:2432–7. Reinvigorates discussion of hyperinsulinemia as the primary lesion in type 2 diabetes. Highlights the need to understand how novel environmental risk factors, such as food additives, require further study in the context of the epidemiologic transition.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Andersen ZJ, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ketzel M, Jensen SS, Hvidberg M, Loft S, et al. Diabetes incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution: A cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:92–8.PubMedCrossRef Andersen ZJ, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ketzel M, Jensen SS, Hvidberg M, Loft S, et al. Diabetes incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution: A cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:92–8.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat • International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes and climate change report. In IDF Policy Report 2012. 2012. Report from the International Diabetes Federation which discusses the overlap in determinants of diabetes and climate change and the interactions between these. • International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes and climate change report. In IDF Policy Report 2012. 2012. Report from the International Diabetes Federation which discusses the overlap in determinants of diabetes and climate change and the interactions between these.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Qi Q, Hu FB. Genetics of type 2 diabetes in European populations. J Diabetes. 2012;4:203–12.PubMedCrossRef Qi Q, Hu FB. Genetics of type 2 diabetes in European populations. J Diabetes. 2012;4:203–12.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Speakman JR. Thrifty genes for obesity, an attractive but flawed idea, and an alternative perspective: The ‘drifty gene’ hypothesis. Int J Obes. 2008;32:1611–7.CrossRef Speakman JR. Thrifty genes for obesity, an attractive but flawed idea, and an alternative perspective: The ‘drifty gene’ hypothesis. Int J Obes. 2008;32:1611–7.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Prentice AM, Hennig BJ, Fulford AJ. Evolutionary origins of the obesity epidemic: Natural selection of thrifty genes or genetic drift following predation release? Int J Obes. 2008;32:1607–10.CrossRef Prentice AM, Hennig BJ, Fulford AJ. Evolutionary origins of the obesity epidemic: Natural selection of thrifty genes or genetic drift following predation release? Int J Obes. 2008;32:1607–10.CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Soeters MR, Soeters PB. The evolutionary benefit of insulin resistance. Clin Nutr. 2012;31:1002–7.PubMedCrossRef Soeters MR, Soeters PB. The evolutionary benefit of insulin resistance. Clin Nutr. 2012;31:1002–7.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Ma RC, Hu C, Tam CH, Zhang R, Kwan P, Leung TF, et al. Genome-wide association study in a Chinese population identifies a susceptibility locus for type 2 diabetes at 7q32 near pax4. Diabetologia. 2013;56:1291–305.PubMedCrossRef Ma RC, Hu C, Tam CH, Zhang R, Kwan P, Leung TF, et al. Genome-wide association study in a Chinese population identifies a susceptibility locus for type 2 diabetes at 7q32 near pax4. Diabetologia. 2013;56:1291–305.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabassum R, Chauhan G, Dwivedi OP, Mahajan A, Jaiswal A, Kaur I, et al. Genome-wide association study for type 2 diabetes in Indians identifies a new susceptibility locus at 2q21. Diabetes. 2013;62:977–86.PubMedCrossRef Tabassum R, Chauhan G, Dwivedi OP, Mahajan A, Jaiswal A, Kaur I, et al. Genome-wide association study for type 2 diabetes in Indians identifies a new susceptibility locus at 2q21. Diabetes. 2013;62:977–86.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Klimentidis YC, Abrams M, Wang J, Fernandez JR, Allison DB. Natural selection at genomic regions associated with obesity and type-2 diabetes: East Asians and Sub-Saharan Africans exhibit high levels of differentiation at type-2 diabetes regions. Hum Genet. 2011;129:407–18.PubMedCrossRef Klimentidis YC, Abrams M, Wang J, Fernandez JR, Allison DB. Natural selection at genomic regions associated with obesity and type-2 diabetes: East Asians and Sub-Saharan Africans exhibit high levels of differentiation at type-2 diabetes regions. Hum Genet. 2011;129:407–18.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat • Pollin TI. Epigenetics and diabetes risk: not just for imprinting anymore? Diabetes. 2011;60:1859–60. Commentary which begins the discussion of epigenomics as an important area for understanding the impact of environmental factors on development of type 2 diabetes. • Pollin TI. Epigenetics and diabetes risk: not just for imprinting anymore? Diabetes. 2011;60:1859–60. Commentary which begins the discussion of epigenomics as an important area for understanding the impact of environmental factors on development of type 2 diabetes.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Chapple IL, Genco R. Working Group of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop: diabetes and periodontal diseases: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP workshop on periodontitis and systemic diseases. J Periodontol. 2013;84:S106–12.PubMedCrossRef Chapple IL, Genco R. Working Group of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop: diabetes and periodontal diseases: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP workshop on periodontitis and systemic diseases. J Periodontol. 2013;84:S106–12.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Targher G, Byrne CD. Clinical review: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A novel cardiometabolic risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:483–95.PubMedCrossRef Targher G, Byrne CD. Clinical review: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A novel cardiometabolic risk factor for type 2 diabetes and its complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:483–95.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Khalid U, Hansen PR, Gislason GH, Lindhardsen J, Kristensen SL, Winther SA, et al. Psoriasis and new-onset diabetes mellitus: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2013. Khalid U, Hansen PR, Gislason GH, Lindhardsen J, Kristensen SL, Winther SA, et al. Psoriasis and new-onset diabetes mellitus: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2013.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen PC, Chan YT, Chen HF, Ko MC, Li CY. Population-based cohort analyses of the bidirectional relationship between type 2 diabetes and depression. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:376–82.PubMedCrossRef Chen PC, Chan YT, Chen HF, Ko MC, Li CY. Population-based cohort analyses of the bidirectional relationship between type 2 diabetes and depression. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:376–82.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Husemoen LL, Thuesen BH, Fenger M, Jorgensen T, Glumer C, Svensson J, et al. Serum 25(OH)D and type 2 diabetes association in a general population: A prospective study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1695–700.PubMedCrossRef Husemoen LL, Thuesen BH, Fenger M, Jorgensen T, Glumer C, Svensson J, et al. Serum 25(OH)D and type 2 diabetes association in a general population: A prospective study. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1695–700.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Pittas AG, Nelson J, Mitri J, Hillmann W, Garganta C, Nathan DM, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and progression to diabetes in patients at risk for diabetes: An ancillary analysis in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:565–73.PubMedCrossRef Pittas AG, Nelson J, Mitri J, Hillmann W, Garganta C, Nathan DM, et al. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and progression to diabetes in patients at risk for diabetes: An ancillary analysis in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:565–73.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Hu JH, Ewing B, et al. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;306:1359–69.PubMedCrossRef Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, Suttorp M, Hu JH, Ewing B, et al. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011;306:1359–69.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartling L, Abou-Setta AM, Dursun S, Mousavi SS, Pasichnyk D, Newton AS. Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: Comparative effectiveness of first-generation vs second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:498–511.PubMedCrossRef Hartling L, Abou-Setta AM, Dursun S, Mousavi SS, Pasichnyk D, Newton AS. Antipsychotics in adults with schizophrenia: Comparative effectiveness of first-generation vs second-generation medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:498–511.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2095–128. Comprehensive ecologic analysis of trends in mortality from 235 causes across age groups between 1990 and 2010 from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Shows rise in number of deaths from diabetes and age-standardized diabetes mortality over 20 years. Highlights regional similarities and differences across the globe.PubMedCrossRef •• Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2095–128. Comprehensive ecologic analysis of trends in mortality from 235 causes across age groups between 1990 and 2010 from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Shows rise in number of deaths from diabetes and age-standardized diabetes mortality over 20 years. Highlights regional similarities and differences across the globe.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Eliasson M, Talback M, Rosen M. Improved survival in both men and women with diabetes between 1980 and 2004–a cohort study in Sweden. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2008;7:32.PubMedCrossRef Eliasson M, Talback M, Rosen M. Improved survival in both men and women with diabetes between 1980 and 2004–a cohort study in Sweden. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2008;7:32.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Nwaneri C, Bowen-Jones D, Cooper H, Chikkaveerappa K, Afolabi BA. Falling mortality rates in type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Wirral peninsula: A longitudinal and retrospective cohort population-based study. Postgrad Med J. 2012;88:679–83.PubMedCrossRef Nwaneri C, Bowen-Jones D, Cooper H, Chikkaveerappa K, Afolabi BA. Falling mortality rates in type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Wirral peninsula: A longitudinal and retrospective cohort population-based study. Postgrad Med J. 2012;88:679–83.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Li HY, Jiang YD, Chang CH, Chung CH, Lin BJ, Chuang LM. Mortality trends in patients with diabetes in Taiwan: A nationwide survey in 2000–2009. J Formos Med Assoc. 2012;111:645–50.PubMedCrossRef Li HY, Jiang YD, Chang CH, Chung CH, Lin BJ, Chuang LM. Mortality trends in patients with diabetes in Taiwan: A nationwide survey in 2000–2009. J Formos Med Assoc. 2012;111:645–50.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Nauta ST, Deckers JW, Akkerhuis KM, van Domburg RT. Short- and long-term mortality after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: Changes from 1985 to 2008. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:2043–7.PubMedCrossRef Nauta ST, Deckers JW, Akkerhuis KM, van Domburg RT. Short- and long-term mortality after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: Changes from 1985 to 2008. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:2043–7.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh M, Holmes Jr DR, Gersh BJ, Frye RL, Lennon RJ, Rihal CS. Thirty-year trends in outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions in diabetic patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:22–30.PubMedCrossRef Singh M, Holmes Jr DR, Gersh BJ, Frye RL, Lennon RJ, Rihal CS. Thirty-year trends in outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions in diabetic patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:22–30.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Vamos EP, Millett C, Parsons C, Aylin P, Majeed A, Bottle A. Nationwide study on trends in hospital admissions for major cardiovascular events and procedures among people with and without diabetes in England, 2004–2009. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:265–72.PubMedCrossRef Vamos EP, Millett C, Parsons C, Aylin P, Majeed A, Bottle A. Nationwide study on trends in hospital admissions for major cardiovascular events and procedures among people with and without diabetes in England, 2004–2009. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:265–72.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Stark Casagrande S, Fradkin JE, Saydah SH, Rust KF, Cowie CC. The prevalence of meeting A1c, blood pressure, and LDL goals among people with diabetes, 1988–2010. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2271–9. Stark Casagrande S, Fradkin JE, Saydah SH, Rust KF, Cowie CC. The prevalence of meeting A1c, blood pressure, and LDL goals among people with diabetes, 1988–2010. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(8):2271–9.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Samaranayaka S, Gulliford MC. Trends in cardiovascular risk factors among people with diabetes in a population based study, health survey for England 1994–2009. Prim Care Diabetes. 2013;7(3):193–8. Samaranayaka S, Gulliford MC. Trends in cardiovascular risk factors among people with diabetes in a population based study, health survey for England 1994–2009. Prim Care Diabetes. 2013;7(3):193–8.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas F, Eschwege E, Bean K, Pannier B, Danchin N. Prevalence of treatment for diabetes during 1997–2007, and trends in cardiovascular risk factors between 2001 and 2007 according to diabetic treatment, in the IPC (Investigations Preventives et Cliniques; [Preventive and Clinical Investigations]) cohort. Diabetes Metab. 2013;39(4):343–8. Thomas F, Eschwege E, Bean K, Pannier B, Danchin N. Prevalence of treatment for diabetes during 1997–2007, and trends in cardiovascular risk factors between 2001 and 2007 according to diabetic treatment, in the IPC (Investigations Preventives et Cliniques; [Preventive and Clinical Investigations]) cohort. Diabetes Metab. 2013;39(4):343–8.
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Yu NC, Su HY, Chiou ST, Yeh MC, Yeh SW, Tzeng MS, et al. Trends of ABC control 2006–2011: A national survey of diabetes health promotion institutes in Taiwan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99:112–9.PubMedCrossRef Yu NC, Su HY, Chiou ST, Yeh MC, Yeh SW, Tzeng MS, et al. Trends of ABC control 2006–2011: A national survey of diabetes health promotion institutes in Taiwan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2013;99:112–9.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Stone MA, Charpentier G, Doggen K, Kuss O, Lindblad U, Kellner C, et al. Quality of care of people with type 2 diabetes in eight European countries: Findings from the Guideline adherence to enhance care (GUIDANCE) study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2628–38. Stone MA, Charpentier G, Doggen K, Kuss O, Lindblad U, Kellner C, et al. Quality of care of people with type 2 diabetes in eight European countries: Findings from the Guideline adherence to enhance care (GUIDANCE) study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(9):2628–38.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Joseph J, Svartberg J, Njolstad I, Schirmer H. Change in cardiovascular risk factors in relation to diabetes status: The Tromso study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19:551–7.PubMedCrossRef Joseph J, Svartberg J, Njolstad I, Schirmer H. Change in cardiovascular risk factors in relation to diabetes status: The Tromso study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2012;19:551–7.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Lombardo F, Maggini M, Gruden G, Bruno G. Temporal trend in hospitalizations for acute diabetic complications: A nationwide study, Italy, 2001–2010. PLoS One. 2013;8:e63675.PubMedCrossRef Lombardo F, Maggini M, Gruden G, Bruno G. Temporal trend in hospitalizations for acute diabetic complications: A nationwide study, Italy, 2001–2010. PLoS One. 2013;8:e63675.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Lin YC, Yang CC, Chen YJ, Peng WC, Li CY, Hwu CM. Utilization of statins and aspirin among patients with diabetes and hyperlipidemia: Taiwan, 1998–2006. J Chin Med Assoc. 2012;75:567–72.PubMedCrossRef Lin YC, Yang CC, Chen YJ, Peng WC, Li CY, Hwu CM. Utilization of statins and aspirin among patients with diabetes and hyperlipidemia: Taiwan, 1998–2006. J Chin Med Assoc. 2012;75:567–72.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat American Diabetes A. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36 Suppl 1:S11–66.CrossRef American Diabetes A. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36 Suppl 1:S11–66.CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster PD, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN, Shah BR, Paterson JM, Gomes T. Trends in selection and timing of first-line pharmacotherapy in older patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed between 1994 and 2006. Diabet Med. 2013. Foster PD, Mamdani MM, Juurlink DN, Shah BR, Paterson JM, Gomes T. Trends in selection and timing of first-line pharmacotherapy in older patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed between 1994 and 2006. Diabet Med. 2013.
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Currie CJ, Poole CD, Evans M, Peters JR, Morgan CL. Mortality and other important diabetes-related outcomes with insulin vs other antihyperglycemic therapies in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:668–77.PubMedCrossRef Currie CJ, Poole CD, Evans M, Peters JR, Morgan CL. Mortality and other important diabetes-related outcomes with insulin vs other antihyperglycemic therapies in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:668–77.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Mahmood K, Naeem M, Rahimnajjad NA. Metformin: the hidden chronicles of a magic drug. Eur J Intern Med. 2013;24:20–6.PubMedCrossRef Mahmood K, Naeem M, Rahimnajjad NA. Metformin: the hidden chronicles of a magic drug. Eur J Intern Med. 2013;24:20–6.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Onitilo AA, Engel JM, Glurich I, Stankowski RV, Williams GM, Doi SA. Diabetes and cancer I: Risk, survival, and implications for screening. Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23:967–81.PubMedCrossRef Onitilo AA, Engel JM, Glurich I, Stankowski RV, Williams GM, Doi SA. Diabetes and cancer I: Risk, survival, and implications for screening. Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23:967–81.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Onitilo AA, Engel JM, Glurich I, Stankowski RV, Williams GM, Doi SA. Diabetes and cancer II: Role of diabetes medications and influence of shared risk factors. Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23:991–1008.PubMedCrossRef Onitilo AA, Engel JM, Glurich I, Stankowski RV, Williams GM, Doi SA. Diabetes and cancer II: Role of diabetes medications and influence of shared risk factors. Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23:991–1008.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Chatterji P, Joo H, Lahiri K. Racial/ethnic- and education-related disparities in the control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:305–12.PubMedCrossRef Chatterji P, Joo H, Lahiri K. Racial/ethnic- and education-related disparities in the control of risk factors for cardiovascular disease among individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:305–12.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Golden SH, Brown A, Cauley JA, Chin MH, Gary-Webb TL, Kim C, et al. Health disparities in endocrine disorders: Biological, clinical, and nonclinical factors—An endocrine society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1579–639. Provides comprehensive review of health disparities in diabetes with a focus on ethnicity-related differences in diabetes and related outcomes. Suggests areas for future study and intervention to address health disparities.PubMedCrossRef •• Golden SH, Brown A, Cauley JA, Chin MH, Gary-Webb TL, Kim C, et al. Health disparities in endocrine disorders: Biological, clinical, and nonclinical factors—An endocrine society scientific statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1579–639. Provides comprehensive review of health disparities in diabetes with a focus on ethnicity-related differences in diabetes and related outcomes. Suggests areas for future study and intervention to address health disparities.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The Growing Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes: Increased Incidence or Improved Survival?
verfasst von
Nisa M. Maruthur
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2013
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Diabetes Reports / Ausgabe 6/2013
Print ISSN: 1534-4827
Elektronische ISSN: 1539-0829
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0426-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2013

Current Diabetes Reports 6/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Diabetes Epidemiology (SH Golden, Section Editor)

Social Epidemiology of Diabetes and Associated Conditions

Psychosocial Aspects (KK Hood, Section Editor)

Positive Psychological Characteristics in Diabetes: A Review

Diabetes Epidemiology (SH Golden, Section Editor)

The Emerging Global Epidemic of Type 1 Diabetes

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.