Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Diabetes Reports 8/2015

01.08.2015 | Psychosocial Aspects (KK Hood and S Jaser, Section Editors)

Anxiety in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes

verfasst von: Shideh Majidi, Kimberly A. Driscoll, Jennifer K. Raymond

Erschienen in: Current Diabetes Reports | Ausgabe 8/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Although anxiety is a normal and developmentally appropriate experience of childhood and anxiety disorders are among the most commonly diagnosed disorders, the prevalence of anxiety symptomatology and anxiety disorders in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is not well documented. Most studies have focused on anxiety-related syndromes associated with T1D including fear of hypoglycemia, specific phobia of needles (i.e., needle anxiety), and anxiety related to uptake of new and sophisticated diabetes technology (e.g., continuous glucose monitors, continuous subcutaneous infusion therapy), but the extant literature is sparse, and more research is greatly needed. Identification, prevention, and treatment of anxiety are critical to providing comprehensive diabetes care and management. This review provides a summary of the literature focused on anxiety in children and adolescents with T1D with suggestions for future research and clinical implications.
Literatur
1.••
Zurück zum Zitat Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS, Caye A, Rohde LA. Annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56:345–65. This article provides an up to date overview of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in youth with estimates of 6.5 % for anxiety, 2.6 % for depression, and 3.4 % for ADHD.PubMedCrossRef Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS, Caye A, Rohde LA. Annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;56:345–65. This article provides an up to date overview of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in youth with estimates of 6.5 % for anxiety, 2.6 % for depression, and 3.4 % for ADHD.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2014. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2014.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat March JS, Parker JD, Sullivan K, Stallings P, Conners CK. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:554–65.PubMedCrossRef March JS, Parker JD, Sullivan K, Stallings P, Conners CK. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): factor structure, reliability, and validity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36:554–65.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Birmaher B, Brent DA, Chiappetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M. Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): a replication study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:1230–6.PubMedCrossRef Birmaher B, Brent DA, Chiappetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M. Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): a replication study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38:1230–6.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent DA, Ryan ND, Rao U. K-Sads-Pl. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;3910:1208.CrossRef Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent DA, Ryan ND, Rao U. K-Sads-Pl. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;3910:1208.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Seligman LD, Ollendick TH, Langley AK, Baldacci HB. The utility of measures of child and adolescent anxiety: a meta-analytic review of the revised children’s manifest anxiety scale, the state-trait anxiety inventory for children, and the child behavior checklist. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004;33:557–65.PubMedCrossRef Seligman LD, Ollendick TH, Langley AK, Baldacci HB. The utility of measures of child and adolescent anxiety: a meta-analytic review of the revised children’s manifest anxiety scale, the state-trait anxiety inventory for children, and the child behavior checklist. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2004;33:557–65.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Bomyea J, Amir N, Lang AJ. The relationship between cognitive control and posttraumatic stress symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2012;43:844–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Bomyea J, Amir N, Lang AJ. The relationship between cognitive control and posttraumatic stress symptoms. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2012;43:844–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Adal E, Onal Z, Ersen A, Yalcin K, Onal H, Aydin A. Recognizing the psychosocial aspects of type 1 diabetes in adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2015;7:57–62.PubMedCrossRef Adal E, Onal Z, Ersen A, Yalcin K, Onal H, Aydin A. Recognizing the psychosocial aspects of type 1 diabetes in adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2015;7:57–62.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(Supplement 1):S70–6.CrossRef American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2015. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(Supplement 1):S70–6.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Plener PL, Molz E, Berger G, Schober E, Monkemoller K, Denzer C, et al. Depression, metabolic control, and antidepressant medication in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2015;16:58–66.PubMedCrossRef Plener PL, Molz E, Berger G, Schober E, Monkemoller K, Denzer C, et al. Depression, metabolic control, and antidepressant medication in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2015;16:58–66.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hilliard ME, Herzer M, Dolan LM, Hood KK. Psychological screening in adolescents with type 1 diabetes predicts outcomes one year later. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94:39–44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hilliard ME, Herzer M, Dolan LM, Hood KK. Psychological screening in adolescents with type 1 diabetes predicts outcomes one year later. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94:39–44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
12.••
Zurück zum Zitat Hood KK, Beavers DP, Yi-Frazier J, Bell R, Dabelea D, McKeown RE, et al. Psychosocial burden and glycemic control during the first 6 years of diabetes: results from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55:498–504. This study demonstrated that in a large sample of youth with type 1 diabetes, significant deterioration in glycemic control occurs in the first 6 years and that poor diabetes-specific quality of life is a significant contributor.PubMedCrossRef Hood KK, Beavers DP, Yi-Frazier J, Bell R, Dabelea D, McKeown RE, et al. Psychosocial burden and glycemic control during the first 6 years of diabetes: results from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. J Adolesc Health. 2014;55:498–504. This study demonstrated that in a large sample of youth with type 1 diabetes, significant deterioration in glycemic control occurs in the first 6 years and that poor diabetes-specific quality of life is a significant contributor.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart SM, Rao U, Emslie GJ, Klein D, White PC. Depressive symptoms predict hospitalization for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1315–9.PubMedCrossRef Stewart SM, Rao U, Emslie GJ, Klein D, White PC. Depressive symptoms predict hospitalization for adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1315–9.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Clayton KM, Stewart SM, Wiebe DJ, McConnel CE, Hughes CW, White PC. Maternal depressive symptoms predict adolescent healthcare utilization and charges in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Health Psychol. 2013;32:1013–22.PubMedCrossRef Clayton KM, Stewart SM, Wiebe DJ, McConnel CE, Hughes CW, White PC. Maternal depressive symptoms predict adolescent healthcare utilization and charges in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Health Psychol. 2013;32:1013–22.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Pollock M, Kovacs M, Charron-Prochownik D. Eating disorders and maladaptive dietary/insulin management among youths with childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:291–6.PubMedCrossRef Pollock M, Kovacs M, Charron-Prochownik D. Eating disorders and maladaptive dietary/insulin management among youths with childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34:291–6.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Kovacs M, Goldston D, Obrosky DS, Bonar LK. Psychiatric disorders in youths with IDDM: rates and risk factors. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:36–44.PubMedCrossRef Kovacs M, Goldston D, Obrosky DS, Bonar LK. Psychiatric disorders in youths with IDDM: rates and risk factors. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:36–44.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Northam EA, Matthews LK, Anderson PJ, Cameron FJ, Werther GA. Psychiatric morbidity and health outcome in type 1 diabetes—perspectives from a prospective longitudinal study. Diabet Med. 2005;22:152–7.PubMedCrossRef Northam EA, Matthews LK, Anderson PJ, Cameron FJ, Werther GA. Psychiatric morbidity and health outcome in type 1 diabetes—perspectives from a prospective longitudinal study. Diabet Med. 2005;22:152–7.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Sivertsen B, Petrie KJ, Wilhelmsen-Langeland A, Hysing M. Mental health in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results from a large population-based study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2014;14:83.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Sivertsen B, Petrie KJ, Wilhelmsen-Langeland A, Hysing M. Mental health in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: results from a large population-based study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2014;14:83.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Dantzer C, Swendsen J, Maurice-Tison S, Salamon R. Anxiety and depression in juvenile diabetes: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2003;23:787–800.PubMedCrossRef Dantzer C, Swendsen J, Maurice-Tison S, Salamon R. Anxiety and depression in juvenile diabetes: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2003;23:787–800.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Herzer M, Hood KK. Anxiety symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: association with blood glucose monitoring and glycemic control. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35:415–25.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Herzer M, Hood KK. Anxiety symptoms in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: association with blood glucose monitoring and glycemic control. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35:415–25.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Nixon R, Pickup JC. Fear of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes managed by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: is it associated with poor glycemic control? Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13:93–8.PubMedCrossRef Nixon R, Pickup JC. Fear of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes managed by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: is it associated with poor glycemic control? Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13:93–8.PubMedCrossRef
22.••
Zurück zum Zitat Hawkes CP, McDarby V, Cody D. Fear of hypoglycemia in parents of children with type 1 diabetes. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50:639–42. This study found that fear of hypoglycemia was highest among parents of children ages 6–11 years.PubMedCrossRef Hawkes CP, McDarby V, Cody D. Fear of hypoglycemia in parents of children with type 1 diabetes. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50:639–42. This study found that fear of hypoglycemia was highest among parents of children ages 6–11 years.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonder-Frederick LA, Cox DJ, Ritterband LM. Diabetes and behavioral medicine: the second decade. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:611–25.PubMedCrossRef Gonder-Frederick LA, Cox DJ, Ritterband LM. Diabetes and behavioral medicine: the second decade. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70:611–25.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Shepard JA, Vajda K, Nyer M, Clarke W, Gonder-Frederick L. Understanding the construct of fear of hypoglycemia in pediatric type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014;39:1115–25.PubMedCrossRef Shepard JA, Vajda K, Nyer M, Clarke W, Gonder-Frederick L. Understanding the construct of fear of hypoglycemia in pediatric type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014;39:1115–25.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Gonder-Frederick LA, Fisher CD, Ritterband LM, Cox DJ, Hou L, DasGupta AA, et al. Predictors of fear of hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2006;7:215–22.PubMedCrossRef Gonder-Frederick LA, Fisher CD, Ritterband LM, Cox DJ, Hou L, DasGupta AA, et al. Predictors of fear of hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2006;7:215–22.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Al Hayek AA, Robert AA, Braham RB, Issa BA, Al Sabaan FS. Predictive risk factors for fear of hypoglycemia and anxiety-related emotional disorders among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Med Princ Pract. 2015. Al Hayek AA, Robert AA, Braham RB, Issa BA, Al Sabaan FS. Predictive risk factors for fear of hypoglycemia and anxiety-related emotional disorders among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Med Princ Pract. 2015.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Patton SR, Dolan LM, Henry R, Powers SW. Fear of hypoglycemia in parents of young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2008;15:252–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Patton SR, Dolan LM, Henry R, Powers SW. Fear of hypoglycemia in parents of young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2008;15:252–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
28.••
Zurück zum Zitat Barnard K, Thomas S, Royle P, Noyes K, Waugh N. Fear of hypoglycaemia in parents of young children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:50. This review article demonstrated that parents of children with type 1 diabetes experience high levels of fear of hypoglycemia, which impacts parental physical health and quality of life. Parents engage in hypoglycemic avoidance behaviors, which impacts glycemic control.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Barnard K, Thomas S, Royle P, Noyes K, Waugh N. Fear of hypoglycaemia in parents of young children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:50. This review article demonstrated that parents of children with type 1 diabetes experience high levels of fear of hypoglycemia, which impacts parental physical health and quality of life. Parents engage in hypoglycemic avoidance behaviors, which impacts glycemic control.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Freckleton E, Sharpe L, Mullan B. The relationship between maternal fear of hypoglycaemia and adherence in children with type-1 diabetes. Int J Behav Med. 2014;21:804–10.PubMedCrossRef Freckleton E, Sharpe L, Mullan B. The relationship between maternal fear of hypoglycaemia and adherence in children with type-1 diabetes. Int J Behav Med. 2014;21:804–10.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Haugstvedt A, Wentzel-Larsen T, Graue M, Sovik O, Rokne B. Fear of hypoglycaemia in mothers and fathers of children with type 1 diabetes is associated with poor glycaemic control and parental emotional distress: a population-based study. Diabet Med. 2010;27:72–8.PubMedCrossRef Haugstvedt A, Wentzel-Larsen T, Graue M, Sovik O, Rokne B. Fear of hypoglycaemia in mothers and fathers of children with type 1 diabetes is associated with poor glycaemic control and parental emotional distress: a population-based study. Diabet Med. 2010;27:72–8.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick L, Polonsky W, Schlundt D, Kovatchev B, Clarke W. Blood glucose awareness training (BGAT-2): long-term benefits. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:637–42.PubMedCrossRef Cox DJ, Gonder-Frederick L, Polonsky W, Schlundt D, Kovatchev B, Clarke W. Blood glucose awareness training (BGAT-2): long-term benefits. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:637–42.PubMedCrossRef
32.••
Zurück zum Zitat Vallis M, Jones A, Pouwer F. Managing hypoglycemia in diabetes may be more fear management than glucose management: a practical guide for diabetes care providers. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2014;10:364–70. This article provides an overview of the psychological consequences of hypoglycemia and strategies that can be implemented as treatment (i.e., exposure).PubMedCrossRef Vallis M, Jones A, Pouwer F. Managing hypoglycemia in diabetes may be more fear management than glucose management: a practical guide for diabetes care providers. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2014;10:364–70. This article provides an overview of the psychological consequences of hypoglycemia and strategies that can be implemented as treatment (i.e., exposure).PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Simmons JH, McFann KK, Brown AC, Rewers A, Follansbee D, Temple-Trujillo RE, et al. Reliability of the diabetes fear of injecting and self-testing questionnaire in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:987–8.PubMedCrossRef Simmons JH, McFann KK, Brown AC, Rewers A, Follansbee D, Temple-Trujillo RE, et al. Reliability of the diabetes fear of injecting and self-testing questionnaire in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:987–8.PubMedCrossRef
34.••
Zurück zum Zitat Cemeroglu AP, Can A, Davis AT, Cemeroglu O, Kleis L, Daniel MS, et al. Fear of needles in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus on multiple daily injections and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Endocr Pract. 2015;21:46–53. This study used the Diabetes Fear of Injecting and Self-Testing Questionnaire to assess fear of needles in children with type 1 diabetes. Fear of testing was found in 10 % of the sample, whereas fear of injecting was found in 33 %.PubMedCrossRef Cemeroglu AP, Can A, Davis AT, Cemeroglu O, Kleis L, Daniel MS, et al. Fear of needles in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus on multiple daily injections and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Endocr Pract. 2015;21:46–53. This study used the Diabetes Fear of Injecting and Self-Testing Questionnaire to assess fear of needles in children with type 1 diabetes. Fear of testing was found in 10 % of the sample, whereas fear of injecting was found in 33 %.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Howe CJ, Ratcliffe SJ, Tuttle A, Dougherty S, Lipman TH. Needle anxiety in children with type 1 diabetes and their mothers. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2011;36:25–31.PubMedCrossRef Howe CJ, Ratcliffe SJ, Tuttle A, Dougherty S, Lipman TH. Needle anxiety in children with type 1 diabetes and their mothers. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2011;36:25–31.PubMedCrossRef
36.••
Zurück zum Zitat Uman LS, Birnie KA, Noel M, Parker JA, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, et al. Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;10. This article reviews 39 trials on managing needle pain associated with venipuncture, intravenous line insertion, and immunization. There is strong evidence for the use of distraction and hypnosis for needle-related pain and distress, but more research is needed for other approaches (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, parent coaching and distraction). Uman LS, Birnie KA, Noel M, Parker JA, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, et al. Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;10. This article reviews 39 trials on managing needle pain associated with venipuncture, intravenous line insertion, and immunization. There is strong evidence for the use of distraction and hypnosis for needle-related pain and distress, but more research is needed for other approaches (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, parent coaching and distraction).
37.••
Zurück zum Zitat Markowitz JT, Harrington KR, Laffel LM. Technology to optimize pediatric diabetes management and outcomes. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13:877–85. This article provides a review of the psychosocial factors associated with use of new diabetes technology.PubMedCrossRef Markowitz JT, Harrington KR, Laffel LM. Technology to optimize pediatric diabetes management and outcomes. Curr Diab Rep. 2013;13:877–85. This article provides a review of the psychosocial factors associated with use of new diabetes technology.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Kaufman FR, Halvorson M, Kim C, Pitukcheewanont P. Use of insulin pump therapy at nighttime only for children 7–10 years of age with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:579–82.PubMedCrossRef Kaufman FR, Halvorson M, Kim C, Pitukcheewanont P. Use of insulin pump therapy at nighttime only for children 7–10 years of age with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:579–82.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Mauras N, Beck R, Xing D, Ruedy K, Buckingham B, Tansey M, et al. A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes in young children aged 4 to <10 years. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:204–10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Mauras N, Beck R, Xing D, Ruedy K, Buckingham B, Tansey M, et al. A randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of real-time continuous glucose monitoring in the management of type 1 diabetes in young children aged 4 to <10 years. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:204–10.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Cemeroglu AP, Stone R, Kleis L, Racine MS, Postellon DC, Wood MA. Use of a real-time continuous glucose monitoring system in children and young adults on insulin pump therapy: patients’ and caregivers’ perception of benefit. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11:182–7.PubMedCrossRef Cemeroglu AP, Stone R, Kleis L, Racine MS, Postellon DC, Wood MA. Use of a real-time continuous glucose monitoring system in children and young adults on insulin pump therapy: patients’ and caregivers’ perception of benefit. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010;11:182–7.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Barnard KD, Wysocki T, Allen JM, Elleri D, Thabit H, Leelarathna L, et al. Closing the loop overnight at home setting: psychosocial impact for adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2014;2, e000025.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Barnard KD, Wysocki T, Allen JM, Elleri D, Thabit H, Leelarathna L, et al. Closing the loop overnight at home setting: psychosocial impact for adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their parents. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2014;2, e000025.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Rooksby M, Elouafkaoui P, Humphris G, Clarkson J, Freeman R. Internet-assisted delivery of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for childhood anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;29:83–92.PubMedCrossRef Rooksby M, Elouafkaoui P, Humphris G, Clarkson J, Freeman R. Internet-assisted delivery of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for childhood anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2015;29:83–92.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Hackworth NJ, Matthews J, Burke K, Petrovic Z, Klein B, Northam EA, et al. Improving mental health of adolescents with type 1 diabetes: protocol for a randomized controlled trial of the Nothing Ventured Nothing Gained online adolescent and parenting support intervention. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1185.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hackworth NJ, Matthews J, Burke K, Petrovic Z, Klein B, Northam EA, et al. Improving mental health of adolescents with type 1 diabetes: protocol for a randomized controlled trial of the Nothing Ventured Nothing Gained online adolescent and parenting support intervention. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1185.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Spaulding R, Cain S, Sonnenschein K. Urban telepsychiatry: uncommon service for a common need. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011;20:29–39.PubMedCrossRef Spaulding R, Cain S, Sonnenschein K. Urban telepsychiatry: uncommon service for a common need. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011;20:29–39.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Anxiety in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
verfasst von
Shideh Majidi
Kimberly A. Driscoll
Jennifer K. Raymond
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Diabetes Reports / Ausgabe 8/2015
Print ISSN: 1534-4827
Elektronische ISSN: 1539-0829
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-015-0619-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 8/2015

Current Diabetes Reports 8/2015 Zur Ausgabe

Microvascular Complications—Nephropathy (T Isakova, Section Editor)

Weight Loss Interventions and Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease

Pediatric Type 2 Diabetes (PS Zeitler, Section Editor)

Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents on Atypical Antipsychotics

Lifestyle Management to Reduce Diabetes/Cardiovascular Risk (E Mayer-Davis and C Shay, Section Editors)

Early-Life Exposure to Substance Abuse and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Adulthood

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.