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Erschienen in: Current Gastroenterology Reports 11/2014

01.11.2014 | Inflammatory Bowel Disease (S Hanauer, Section Editor)

The Use of Prognostic Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

verfasst von: Thomas Billiet, Marc Ferrante, Gert Van Assche

Erschienen in: Current Gastroenterology Reports | Ausgabe 11/2014

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Abstract

The disease spectrum and natural course of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are highly variable. The majority of Crohn’s disease patients will require surgery at a certain stage in their disease compared to only a fraction of the ulcerative colitis patients. Similarly, some patients are destined to experience an indolent disease course while others will require early intensive therapy. Ideally, these subtypes of patients should be identified as early as possible with the help of reliable prognostic factors in order to guide personalized therapeutic decisions. In this review, the authors focused on the most relevant reports on the use of different prognostic factors to predict disease course, postoperative recurrence and response to therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The last 15 years have seen a wealth of novel genetic and serological markers of disease severity. Nevertheless, none of these markers have proven to be superior to careful clinical phenotyping and endoscopic features early in the disease course. Future attempts should apply an integrated approach that unites clinical, serological and (epi)genetic information with environmental influences, with a clear focus on the microbiome to ultimately identify molecular-based and clinically relevant subgroups.
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Zurück zum Zitat Cohavy O, Bruckner D, Gordon LK, Misra R, Wei B, Eggena ME, et al. Colonic bacteria express an ulcerative colitis pANCA-related protein epitope. Infect Immun. 2000;68(3):1542–8.PubMedCentralPubMed Cohavy O, Bruckner D, Gordon LK, Misra R, Wei B, Eggena ME, et al. Colonic bacteria express an ulcerative colitis pANCA-related protein epitope. Infect Immun. 2000;68(3):1542–8.PubMedCentralPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Sutton CL, Kim J, Yamane A, Dalwadi H, Wei B, Landers C, et al. Identification of a novel bacterial sequence associated with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2000;119(1):23–31.PubMed Sutton CL, Kim J, Yamane A, Dalwadi H, Wei B, Landers C, et al. Identification of a novel bacterial sequence associated with Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2000;119(1):23–31.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Targan SR, Landers CJ, Yang H, Lodes MJ, Cong Y, Papadakis KA, et al. Antibodies to CBir1 flagellin define a unique response that is associated independently with complicated Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(7):2020–8.PubMed Targan SR, Landers CJ, Yang H, Lodes MJ, Cong Y, Papadakis KA, et al. Antibodies to CBir1 flagellin define a unique response that is associated independently with complicated Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(7):2020–8.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Mow WS, Vasiliauskas EA, Lin YC, Fleshner PR, Papadakis KA, Taylor KD, et al. Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(2):414–24.PubMed Mow WS, Vasiliauskas EA, Lin YC, Fleshner PR, Papadakis KA, Taylor KD, et al. Association of antibody responses to microbial antigens and complications of small bowel Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(2):414–24.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Dubinsky MC, Lin YC, Dutridge D, Picornell Y, Landers CJ, Farrior S, et al. Serum immune responses predict rapid disease progression among children with Crohn’s disease: immune responses predict disease progression. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(2):360–7.PubMedCentralPubMed Dubinsky MC, Lin YC, Dutridge D, Picornell Y, Landers CJ, Farrior S, et al. Serum immune responses predict rapid disease progression among children with Crohn’s disease: immune responses predict disease progression. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(2):360–7.PubMedCentralPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Rieder F, Schleder S, Wolf A, Dirmeier A, Strauch U, Obermeier F, et al. Serum anti-glycan antibodies predict complicated Crohn’s disease behavior: a cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16(8):1367–75.PubMed Rieder F, Schleder S, Wolf A, Dirmeier A, Strauch U, Obermeier F, et al. Serum anti-glycan antibodies predict complicated Crohn’s disease behavior: a cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16(8):1367–75.PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I, Stray N, Sauar J, Vatn MH, et al. C-reactive protein: a predictive factor and marker of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Results from a prospective population-based study. Gut. 2008;57(11):1518–23.PubMed Henriksen M, Jahnsen J, Lygren I, Stray N, Sauar J, Vatn MH, et al. C-reactive protein: a predictive factor and marker of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Results from a prospective population-based study. Gut. 2008;57(11):1518–23.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Bridger S, Fagerhol MK, Bjarnason I. Surrogate markers of intestinal inflammation are predictive of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2000;119(1):15–22.PubMed Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Bridger S, Fagerhol MK, Bjarnason I. Surrogate markers of intestinal inflammation are predictive of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2000;119(1):15–22.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Fidder H, Schnitzler F, Noman M, Van Assche G, et al. Long-term outcome after infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2008;2(3):219–25.PubMed Ferrante M, Vermeire S, Fidder H, Schnitzler F, Noman M, Van Assche G, et al. Long-term outcome after infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2008;2(3):219–25.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Jurgens M, Mahachie John JM, Cleynen I, Schnitzler F, Fidder H, van Moerkercke W, et al. Levels of C-reactive protein are associated with response to infliximab therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(5):421–7.e1.PubMed Jurgens M, Mahachie John JM, Cleynen I, Schnitzler F, Fidder H, van Moerkercke W, et al. Levels of C-reactive protein are associated with response to infliximab therapy in patients with Crohn’s disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;9(5):421–7.e1.PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Karmiris K, Paintaud G, Noman M, Magdelaine-Beuzelin C, Ferrante M, Degenne D, et al. Influence of trough serum levels and immunogenicity on long-term outcome of adalimumab therapy in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(5):1628–40.PubMed Karmiris K, Paintaud G, Noman M, Magdelaine-Beuzelin C, Ferrante M, Degenne D, et al. Influence of trough serum levels and immunogenicity on long-term outcome of adalimumab therapy in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(5):1628–40.PubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat De Vos M, Dewit O, D’Haens G, Baert F, Fontaine F, Vermeire S, et al. Fast and sharp decrease in calprotectin predicts remission by infliximab in anti-TNF naive patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6(5):557–62.PubMed De Vos M, Dewit O, D’Haens G, Baert F, Fontaine F, Vermeire S, et al. Fast and sharp decrease in calprotectin predicts remission by infliximab in anti-TNF naive patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6(5):557–62.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Carbonnel F, Gargouri D, Lemann M, Beaugerie L, Cattan S, Cosnes J, et al. Predictive factors of outcome of intensive intravenous treatment for attacks of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14(3):273–9.PubMed Carbonnel F, Gargouri D, Lemann M, Beaugerie L, Cattan S, Cosnes J, et al. Predictive factors of outcome of intensive intravenous treatment for attacks of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14(3):273–9.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Allez M, Lemann M, Bonnet J, Cattan P, Jian R, Modigliani R. Long term outcome of patients with active Crohn’s disease exhibiting extensive and deep ulcerations at colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(4):947–53.PubMed Allez M, Lemann M, Bonnet J, Cattan P, Jian R, Modigliani R. Long term outcome of patients with active Crohn’s disease exhibiting extensive and deep ulcerations at colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97(4):947–53.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Froslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, Vatn MH. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(2):412–22.PubMed Froslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, Vatn MH. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(2):412–22.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M, Noman M, Arijs I, Van Assche G, et al. Mucosal healing predicts long-term outcome of maintenance therapy with infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(9):1295–301. Study that clearly demonstrates the benefit of mucosal healing on long-term outcome in Crohn’s disease patients treated with infliximab.PubMed Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M, Noman M, Arijs I, Van Assche G, et al. Mucosal healing predicts long-term outcome of maintenance therapy with infliximab in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15(9):1295–301. Study that clearly demonstrates the benefit of mucosal healing on long-term outcome in Crohn’s disease patients treated with infliximab.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Brant SR, Picco MF, Achkar JP, Bayless TM, Kane SV, Brzezinski A, et al. Defining complex contributions of NOD2/CARD15 gene mutations, age at onset, and tobacco use on Crohn’s disease phenotypes. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2003;9(5):281–9.PubMed Brant SR, Picco MF, Achkar JP, Bayless TM, Kane SV, Brzezinski A, et al. Defining complex contributions of NOD2/CARD15 gene mutations, age at onset, and tobacco use on Crohn’s disease phenotypes. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2003;9(5):281–9.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Nimmo ER, Drummond HE, Smith L, Anderson NH, et al. Autophagy gene ATG16L1 influences susceptibility and disease location but not childhood-onset in Crohn’s disease in Northern Europe. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):338–46.PubMed Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Nimmo ER, Drummond HE, Smith L, Anderson NH, et al. Autophagy gene ATG16L1 influences susceptibility and disease location but not childhood-onset in Crohn’s disease in Northern Europe. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14(3):338–46.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Radford-Smith G, Pandeya N. Associations between NOD2/CARD15 genotype and phenotype in Crohn’s disease—are we there yet? World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(44):7097–103.PubMedCentralPubMed Radford-Smith G, Pandeya N. Associations between NOD2/CARD15 genotype and phenotype in Crohn’s disease—are we there yet? World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(44):7097–103.PubMedCentralPubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Economou M, Trikalinos TA, Loizou KT, Tsianos EV, Ioannidis JP. Differential effects of NOD2 variants on Crohn’s disease risk and phenotype in diverse populations: a metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(12):2393–404.PubMed Economou M, Trikalinos TA, Loizou KT, Tsianos EV, Ioannidis JP. Differential effects of NOD2 variants on Crohn’s disease risk and phenotype in diverse populations: a metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(12):2393–404.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Prescott NJ, Fisher SA, Franke A, Hampe J, Onnie CM, Soars D, et al. A nonsynonymous SNP in ATG16L1 predisposes to ileal Crohn’s disease and is independent of CARD15 and IBD5. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(5):1665–71.PubMed Prescott NJ, Fisher SA, Franke A, Hampe J, Onnie CM, Soars D, et al. A nonsynonymous SNP in ATG16L1 predisposes to ileal Crohn’s disease and is independent of CARD15 and IBD5. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(5):1665–71.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Latiano A, Palmieri O, Cucchiara S, Castro M, D’Inca R, Guariso G, et al. Polymorphism of the IRGM gene might predispose to fistulizing behavior in Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(1):110–6.PubMed Latiano A, Palmieri O, Cucchiara S, Castro M, D’Inca R, Guariso G, et al. Polymorphism of the IRGM gene might predispose to fistulizing behavior in Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(1):110–6.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Weersma RK, Zhernakova A, Nolte IM, Lefebvre C, Rioux JD, Mulder F, et al. ATG16L1 and IL23R are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases but not with celiac disease in the Netherlands. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(3):621–7.PubMed Weersma RK, Zhernakova A, Nolte IM, Lefebvre C, Rioux JD, Mulder F, et al. ATG16L1 and IL23R are associated with inflammatory bowel diseases but not with celiac disease in the Netherlands. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(3):621–7.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Jung C, Colombel JF, Lemann M, Beaugerie L, Allez M, Cosnes J, et al. Genotype/phenotype analyses for 53 Crohn’s disease associated genetic polymorphisms. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52223.PubMedCentralPubMed Jung C, Colombel JF, Lemann M, Beaugerie L, Allez M, Cosnes J, et al. Genotype/phenotype analyses for 53 Crohn’s disease associated genetic polymorphisms. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52223.PubMedCentralPubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Duraes C, Machado JC, Portela F, Rodrigues S, Lago P, Cravo M, et al. Phenotype-genotype profiles in Crohn’s disease predicted by genetic markers in autophagy-related genes (GOIA study II). Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(2):230–9.PubMed Duraes C, Machado JC, Portela F, Rodrigues S, Lago P, Cravo M, et al. Phenotype-genotype profiles in Crohn’s disease predicted by genetic markers in autophagy-related genes (GOIA study II). Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(2):230–9.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Silverberg MS, Mirea L, Bull SB, Murphy JE, Steinhart AH, Greenberg GR, et al. A population- and family-based study of Canadian families reveals association of HLA DRB1*0103 with colonic involvement in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2003;9(1):1–9.PubMed Silverberg MS, Mirea L, Bull SB, Murphy JE, Steinhart AH, Greenberg GR, et al. A population- and family-based study of Canadian families reveals association of HLA DRB1*0103 with colonic involvement in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2003;9(1):1–9.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Lees C. Characterization of the ∼40,000 patient cohort of the International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC). J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7 Suppl 1:S4. Lees C. Characterization of the ∼40,000 patient cohort of the International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC). J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7 Suppl 1:S4.
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Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez-Lobos M, Arostegui JI, Sans M, Tassies D, Plaza S, Delgado S, et al. Crohn’s disease patients carrying Nod2/CARD15 gene variants have an increased and early need for first surgery due to stricturing disease and higher rate of surgical recurrence. Ann Surg. 2005;242(5):693–700.PubMedCentralPubMed Alvarez-Lobos M, Arostegui JI, Sans M, Tassies D, Plaza S, Delgado S, et al. Crohn’s disease patients carrying Nod2/CARD15 gene variants have an increased and early need for first surgery due to stricturing disease and higher rate of surgical recurrence. Ann Surg. 2005;242(5):693–700.PubMedCentralPubMed
81.•
Zurück zum Zitat Adler J, Rangwalla SC, Dwamena BA, Higgins PD. The prognostic power of the NOD2 genotype for complicated Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(4):699–712. Meta-analysis that confirms the association of NOD2 polymorphisms with complicated disease in Crohn’s disease.PubMed Adler J, Rangwalla SC, Dwamena BA, Higgins PD. The prognostic power of the NOD2 genotype for complicated Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(4):699–712. Meta-analysis that confirms the association of NOD2 polymorphisms with complicated disease in Crohn’s disease.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Henckaerts L, Van Steen K, Verstreken I, Cleynen I, Franke A, Schreiber S, et al. Genetic risk profiling and prediction of disease course in Crohn’s disease patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(9):972–80.e2.PubMed Henckaerts L, Van Steen K, Verstreken I, Cleynen I, Franke A, Schreiber S, et al. Genetic risk profiling and prediction of disease course in Crohn’s disease patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7(9):972–80.e2.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Weersma RK, Stokkers PC, van Bodegraven AA, van Hogezand RA, Verspaget HW, de Jong DJ, et al. Molecular prediction of disease risk and severity in a large Dutch Crohn’s disease cohort. Gut. 2009;58(3):388–95.PubMed Weersma RK, Stokkers PC, van Bodegraven AA, van Hogezand RA, Verspaget HW, de Jong DJ, et al. Molecular prediction of disease risk and severity in a large Dutch Crohn’s disease cohort. Gut. 2009;58(3):388–95.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Cleynen I, Gonzalez JR, Figueroa C, Franke A, McGovern D, Bortlik M, et al. Genetic factors conferring an increased susceptibility to develop Crohn’s disease also influence disease phenotype: results from the IBDchip European Project. Gut. 2013;62(11):1556–65.PubMed Cleynen I, Gonzalez JR, Figueroa C, Franke A, McGovern D, Bortlik M, et al. Genetic factors conferring an increased susceptibility to develop Crohn’s disease also influence disease phenotype: results from the IBDchip European Project. Gut. 2013;62(11):1556–65.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Ananthakrishnan AN, Huang H, Nguyen DD, Sauk J, Yajnik V, Xavier RJ. Differential effect of genetic burden on disease phenotypes in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: analysis of a North American cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(3):395–400. Very recent study evaluating the effects of the 163 susceptibility loci on the disease course in 1105 IBD patients.PubMed Ananthakrishnan AN, Huang H, Nguyen DD, Sauk J, Yajnik V, Xavier RJ. Differential effect of genetic burden on disease phenotypes in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: analysis of a North American cohort. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(3):395–400. Very recent study evaluating the effects of the 163 susceptibility loci on the disease course in 1105 IBD patients.PubMed
86.•
Zurück zum Zitat Lee JC, Espeli M, Anderson CA, Linterman MA, Pocock JM, Williams NJ, et al. Human SNP links differential outcomes in inflammatory and infectious disease to a FOXO3-regulated pathway. Cell. 2013;155(1):57–69. Very well performed study that identifies a single snp in the FOXO3A gene to be associated with a strict definition of disabling disease course in Crohn’s disease patients.PubMedCentralPubMed Lee JC, Espeli M, Anderson CA, Linterman MA, Pocock JM, Williams NJ, et al. Human SNP links differential outcomes in inflammatory and infectious disease to a FOXO3-regulated pathway. Cell. 2013;155(1):57–69. Very well performed study that identifies a single snp in the FOXO3A gene to be associated with a strict definition of disabling disease course in Crohn’s disease patients.PubMedCentralPubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee JC, Lyons PA, McKinney EF, Sowerby JM, Carr EJ, Bredin F, et al. Gene expression profiling of CD8+ T cells predicts prognosis in patients with Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(10):4170–9.PubMedCentralPubMed Lee JC, Lyons PA, McKinney EF, Sowerby JM, Carr EJ, Bredin F, et al. Gene expression profiling of CD8+ T cells predicts prognosis in patients with Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(10):4170–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Ahmad T, Armuzzi A, Neville M, Bunce M, Ling KL, Welsh KI, et al. The contribution of human leucocyte antigen complex genes to disease phenotype in ulcerative colitis. Tissue Antigens. 2003;62(6):527–35.PubMed Ahmad T, Armuzzi A, Neville M, Bunce M, Ling KL, Welsh KI, et al. The contribution of human leucocyte antigen complex genes to disease phenotype in ulcerative colitis. Tissue Antigens. 2003;62(6):527–35.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Uscanga LF, Vargas-Alarcon G, Rodriguez-Perez JM, Zuniga J, Granados J. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and the HLA-DRB1 locus in Mexican mestizo patients with ulcerative colitis. Immunol Lett. 2004;95(1):31–5.PubMed Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Uscanga LF, Vargas-Alarcon G, Rodriguez-Perez JM, Zuniga J, Granados J. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and the HLA-DRB1 locus in Mexican mestizo patients with ulcerative colitis. Immunol Lett. 2004;95(1):31–5.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Radford-Smith G, Doecke JD, Lees CW, McGovern DP, Vermeire S, Kupcinskas L, et al. Clinical and molecular characterization of medically refractory acute, severe colitis: preliminary results from the International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC) Immunochip study. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(5):S470. Radford-Smith G, Doecke JD, Lees CW, McGovern DP, Vermeire S, Kupcinskas L, et al. Clinical and molecular characterization of medically refractory acute, severe colitis: preliminary results from the International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC) Immunochip study. Gastroenterology. 2013;144(5):S470.
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Zurück zum Zitat Ippoliti A, Devlin S, Mei L, Yang H, Papadakis KA, Vasiliauskas EA, et al. Combination of innate and adaptive immune alterations increased the likelihood of fibrostenosis in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16(8):1279–85.PubMed Ippoliti A, Devlin S, Mei L, Yang H, Papadakis KA, Vasiliauskas EA, et al. Combination of innate and adaptive immune alterations increased the likelihood of fibrostenosis in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16(8):1279–85.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Lichtenstein GR, Targan SR, Dubinsky MC, Rotter JI, Barken DM, Princen F, et al. Combination of genetic and quantitative serological immune markers are associated with complicated Crohn’s disease behavior. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(12):2488–96.PubMedCentralPubMed Lichtenstein GR, Targan SR, Dubinsky MC, Rotter JI, Barken DM, Princen F, et al. Combination of genetic and quantitative serological immune markers are associated with complicated Crohn’s disease behavior. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2011;17(12):2488–96.PubMedCentralPubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Dubinsky MC, Kugathasan S, Kwon S, Haritunians T, Wrobel I, Wahbeh G, et al. Multidimensional prognostic risk assessment identifies association between IL12B variation and surgery in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(8):1662–70.PubMed Dubinsky MC, Kugathasan S, Kwon S, Haritunians T, Wrobel I, Wahbeh G, et al. Multidimensional prognostic risk assessment identifies association between IL12B variation and surgery in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19(8):1662–70.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Solberg IC, Cvancarova M, Vatn MH, Moum B. Risk matrix for prediction of advanced disease in a population-based study of patients with Crohn’s disease (the IBSEN Study). Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(1):60–8.PubMed Solberg IC, Cvancarova M, Vatn MH, Moum B. Risk matrix for prediction of advanced disease in a population-based study of patients with Crohn’s disease (the IBSEN Study). Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20(1):60–8.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(11):987–1003.PubMed Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(11):987–1003.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat Yamamoto T, Keighley MR. Smoking and disease recurrence after operation for Crohn’s disease. Br J Surg. 2000;87(4):398–404.PubMed Yamamoto T, Keighley MR. Smoking and disease recurrence after operation for Crohn’s disease. Br J Surg. 2000;87(4):398–404.PubMed
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Zurück zum Zitat De Cruz P, Kamm MA, Prideaux L, Allen PB, Desmond PV. Postoperative recurrent luminal Crohn’s disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(4):758–77.PubMed De Cruz P, Kamm MA, Prideaux L, Allen PB, Desmond PV. Postoperative recurrent luminal Crohn’s disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18(4):758–77.PubMed
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Metadaten
Titel
The Use of Prognostic Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
verfasst von
Thomas Billiet
Marc Ferrante
Gert Van Assche
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2014
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Gastroenterology Reports / Ausgabe 11/2014
Print ISSN: 1522-8037
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-312X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-014-0416-y

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