Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Hypertension Reports 7/2019

01.07.2019 | Pediatric Hypertension (B Falkner, Section Editor)

Predictors and Consequences of Pediatric Hypertension: Have Advanced Echocardiography and Vascular Testing Arrived?

verfasst von: Kyle D. Hope, Justin P. Zachariah

Erschienen in: Current Hypertension Reports | Ausgabe 7/2019

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Pediatric hypertension is relatively common and associated with future adult hypertension. Elevated blood pressure in youth predicts future adult cardiovascular disease and blood pressure control can prevent progression of pediatric kidney disease. However, pediatric blood pressure is highly variable within a given child and among children in a population.

Recent Findings

Therefore, modalities to index aggregate and cumulative blood pressure status are of potential benefit in identifying youth in danger of progression from a risk factor of subclinical phenotypic alteration to clinically apparent event.

Summary

In this review, we advocate for the health risk stratification roles of echocardiographically assessed cardiac remodeling, arterial stiffness assessment, and assessment by ultrasound of arterial thickening in children and adolescents with hypertension.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Sharma AK, Metzger DL, Rodd CJ. Prevalence and severity of high blood pressure among children based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172:557–65.CrossRef Sharma AK, Metzger DL, Rodd CJ. Prevalence and severity of high blood pressure among children based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172:557–65.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Juhola J, Magnussen CG, Viikari JSA, Kähönen M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Jula A, et al. Tracking of serum lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index from childhood to adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Pediatr. 2011;159:584–90.CrossRef Juhola J, Magnussen CG, Viikari JSA, Kähönen M, Hutri-Kähönen N, Jula A, et al. Tracking of serum lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index from childhood to adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. J Pediatr. 2011;159:584–90.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Sundstrom J, Neovius M, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F. Association of blood pressure in late adolescence with subsequent mortality: cohort study of Swedish male conscripts. BMJ. 2011;342:d643–3 Population-based study in Swedish adolescents and young adult men demonstrating that elevated diastolic blood pressure was associated with increased mortality risk. CrossRef •• Sundstrom J, Neovius M, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F. Association of blood pressure in late adolescence with subsequent mortality: cohort study of Swedish male conscripts. BMJ. 2011;342:d643–3 Population-based study in Swedish adolescents and young adult men demonstrating that elevated diastolic blood pressure was associated with increased mortality risk. CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Gray L, Lee I-M, Sesso HD, Batty GD. Blood pressure in early adulthood, hypertension in middle age, and future cardiovascular disease mortality: HAHS (Harvard Alumni Health Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2396–403.CrossRef Gray L, Lee I-M, Sesso HD, Batty GD. Blood pressure in early adulthood, hypertension in middle age, and future cardiovascular disease mortality: HAHS (Harvard Alumni Health Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:2396–403.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Franks PW, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Sievers ML, Bennett PH, Looker HC. Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:485–93.CrossRef Franks PW, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Sievers ML, Bennett PH, Looker HC. Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:485–93.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Leyvraz M, Wahlen R, Bloetzer C, Paradis G, Bovet P, Chiolero A. Persistence of elevated blood pressure during childhood and adolescence: a school-based multiple cohorts study. J Hypertens. 2018;36:1306–10.CrossRef Leyvraz M, Wahlen R, Bloetzer C, Paradis G, Bovet P, Chiolero A. Persistence of elevated blood pressure during childhood and adolescence: a school-based multiple cohorts study. J Hypertens. 2018;36:1306–10.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Zachariah JP, Graham DA, de Ferranti SD, Vasan RS, Newburger JW, Mitchell GF. Temporal trends in pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure during the rise of pediatric obesity in US children. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e000725.CrossRef Zachariah JP, Graham DA, de Ferranti SD, Vasan RS, Newburger JW, Mitchell GF. Temporal trends in pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure during the rise of pediatric obesity in US children. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e000725.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Zachariah JP, Wang Y, Penny DJ, Baranowski T. Relation between lead exposure and trends in blood pressure in children. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122:1890–5.CrossRef Zachariah JP, Wang Y, Penny DJ, Baranowski T. Relation between lead exposure and trends in blood pressure in children. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122:1890–5.CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelly RK, Thomson R, Smith KJ, Dwyer T, Venn A, Magnussen CG. Factors affecting tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the childhood determinants of adult health study. J Pediatr. 2015;167:1422–8 e2.CrossRef Kelly RK, Thomson R, Smith KJ, Dwyer T, Venn A, Magnussen CG. Factors affecting tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the childhood determinants of adult health study. J Pediatr. 2015;167:1422–8 e2.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Rizos Z, Toumanidis S, Karagianni C, Constantopoulos A, et al. Left ventricular mass in normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:1545–51.CrossRef Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Rizos Z, Toumanidis S, Karagianni C, Constantopoulos A, et al. Left ventricular mass in normotensive, prehypertensive and hypertensive children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:1545–51.CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Kupferman JC, Paterno K, Mahgerefteh J, Pagala M, Golden M, Lytrivi ID, et al. Improvement of left ventricular mass with antihypertensive therapy in children with hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:1513–8.CrossRef Kupferman JC, Paterno K, Mahgerefteh J, Pagala M, Golden M, Lytrivi ID, et al. Improvement of left ventricular mass with antihypertensive therapy in children with hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:1513–8.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee H, Kong Y-H, Kim K-H, Huh J, Kang I-S, Song J. Left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Clin Hypertens. 2015;21:21.CrossRef Lee H, Kong Y-H, Kim K-H, Huh J, Kang I-S, Song J. Left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic function in children and adolescents with essential hypertension. Clin Hypertens. 2015;21:21.CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Bjelakovic B, Jaddoe VWV, Vukomanovic V, Lukic S, Prijic S, Krstic M, et al. The relationship between currently recommended ambulatory systolic blood pressure measures and left ventricular mass index in pediatric hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015;17:25.CrossRef Bjelakovic B, Jaddoe VWV, Vukomanovic V, Lukic S, Prijic S, Krstic M, et al. The relationship between currently recommended ambulatory systolic blood pressure measures and left ventricular mass index in pediatric hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015;17:25.CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Brady TM, Appel LJ, Holmes KW, Fivush B, Miller ER. Association between adiposity and left ventricular mass in children with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2016;18:625–33.CrossRef Brady TM, Appel LJ, Holmes KW, Fivush B, Miller ER. Association between adiposity and left ventricular mass in children with hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2016;18:625–33.CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Gupta-Malhotra M, Hashmi SS, Poffenbarger T, McNiece-Redwine K. Left ventricular hypertrophy phenotype in childhood-onset essential hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2016;18:449–55.CrossRef Gupta-Malhotra M, Hashmi SS, Poffenbarger T, McNiece-Redwine K. Left ventricular hypertrophy phenotype in childhood-onset essential hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2016;18:449–55.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Jing L, Nevius CD, Friday CM, Suever JD, Pulenthiran A, Mejia-Spiegeler A, et al. Ambulatory systolic blood pressure and obesity are independently associated with left ventricular hypertrophic remodeling in children. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2017;19:86.CrossRef Jing L, Nevius CD, Friday CM, Suever JD, Pulenthiran A, Mejia-Spiegeler A, et al. Ambulatory systolic blood pressure and obesity are independently associated with left ventricular hypertrophic remodeling in children. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2017;19:86.CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Foster BJ, Khoury PR, Kimball TR, Mackie AS, Mitsnefes M. New reference centiles for left ventricular mass relative to lean body mass in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:441–7 e2.CrossRef Foster BJ, Khoury PR, Kimball TR, Mackie AS, Mitsnefes M. New reference centiles for left ventricular mass relative to lean body mass in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:441–7 e2.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Cuspidi C, Rescaldani M, Sala C. Prevalence of echocardiographic left-atrial enlargement in hypertension: a systematic review of recent clinical studies. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26:456–64.CrossRef Cuspidi C, Rescaldani M, Sala C. Prevalence of echocardiographic left-atrial enlargement in hypertension: a systematic review of recent clinical studies. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26:456–64.CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Daniels SR, Witt SA, Glascock B, Khoury PR, Kimball TR. Left atrial size in children with hypertension: the influence of obesity, blood pressure, and left ventricular mass. J Pediatr. 2002;141:186–90.CrossRef Daniels SR, Witt SA, Glascock B, Khoury PR, Kimball TR. Left atrial size in children with hypertension: the influence of obesity, blood pressure, and left ventricular mass. J Pediatr. 2002;141:186–90.CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Gidding SS, Palermo RA, DeLoach SS, Keith SW, Falkner B. Associations of cardiac structure with obesity, blood pressure, inflammation, and insulin resistance in African-American adolescents. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014;35:307–14.CrossRef Gidding SS, Palermo RA, DeLoach SS, Keith SW, Falkner B. Associations of cardiac structure with obesity, blood pressure, inflammation, and insulin resistance in African-American adolescents. Pediatr Cardiol. 2014;35:307–14.CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Chinali M, de Simone G, Roman MJ, Best LG, Lee ET, Russell M, et al. Cardiac markers of pre-clinical disease in adolescents with the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:932–8.CrossRef Chinali M, de Simone G, Roman MJ, Best LG, Lee ET, Russell M, et al. Cardiac markers of pre-clinical disease in adolescents with the metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:932–8.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat de Simone G, Damiano S, Losi M-A, Trimarco B, Grimaldi MG, Canciello G, et al. Left atrial dilatation: a target organ damage in young to middle-age hypertensive patients. The Campania Salute Network. Int J Cardiol. 2018;265:229–33.CrossRef de Simone G, Damiano S, Losi M-A, Trimarco B, Grimaldi MG, Canciello G, et al. Left atrial dilatation: a target organ damage in young to middle-age hypertensive patients. The Campania Salute Network. Int J Cardiol. 2018;265:229–33.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Kizer JR, Bella JN, Palmieri V, Liu JE, Best LG, Lee ET, et al. Left atrial diameter as an independent predictor of first clinical cardiovascular events in middle-aged and elderly adults: the Strong Heart Study (SHS). Am Heart J. 2006;151:412–8.CrossRef Kizer JR, Bella JN, Palmieri V, Liu JE, Best LG, Lee ET, et al. Left atrial diameter as an independent predictor of first clinical cardiovascular events in middle-aged and elderly adults: the Strong Heart Study (SHS). Am Heart J. 2006;151:412–8.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Gidding SS, Carnethon MR, Daniels S, Liu K, Jacobs DR, Sidney S, et al. Low cardiovascular risk is associated with favorable left ventricular mass, left ventricular relative wall thickness, and left atrial size: the CARDIA study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:816–22.CrossRef Gidding SS, Carnethon MR, Daniels S, Liu K, Jacobs DR, Sidney S, et al. Low cardiovascular risk is associated with favorable left ventricular mass, left ventricular relative wall thickness, and left atrial size: the CARDIA study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:816–22.CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat • Cameli M, Ciccone MM, Maiello M, Modesti PA, Muiesan ML, Scicchitano P, et al. Speckle tracking analysis. J Cardiovasc Med. 2016;17:339–43 Review of speckle tracking echocardiography and strain, with description of use in the evaluation of systemic hypertension. CrossRef • Cameli M, Ciccone MM, Maiello M, Modesti PA, Muiesan ML, Scicchitano P, et al. Speckle tracking analysis. J Cardiovasc Med. 2016;17:339–43 Review of speckle tracking echocardiography and strain, with description of use in the evaluation of systemic hypertension. CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Tadic M, Cuspidi C, Radojkovic J, Rihor B, Kocijanic V, Celic V. Masked hypertension and left atrial dysfunction: a hidden association. J Clin Hypertens. 2017;19:305–11.CrossRef Tadic M, Cuspidi C, Radojkovic J, Rihor B, Kocijanic V, Celic V. Masked hypertension and left atrial dysfunction: a hidden association. J Clin Hypertens. 2017;19:305–11.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Tadic M, Cuspidi C, Pencic-Popovic B, Celic V, Mancia G. The relationship between nighttime hypertension and left atrial function. J Clin Hypertens. 2017;19:1096–104.CrossRef Tadic M, Cuspidi C, Pencic-Popovic B, Celic V, Mancia G. The relationship between nighttime hypertension and left atrial function. J Clin Hypertens. 2017;19:1096–104.CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Demir M, Aktaş İ, Yıldırım A. Left atrial mechanical function and stiffness in patients with nondipper hypertension: a speckle tracking study. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2017;39:319–24.CrossRef Demir M, Aktaş İ, Yıldırım A. Left atrial mechanical function and stiffness in patients with nondipper hypertension: a speckle tracking study. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2017;39:319–24.CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Açar G, Bulut M, Arslan K, Alizade E, Ozkan B, Alici G, et al. Comparison of left atrial mechanical function in nondipper versus dipper hypertensive patients: a speckle tracking study. Echocardiography. 2013;30:164–70.CrossRef Açar G, Bulut M, Arslan K, Alizade E, Ozkan B, Alici G, et al. Comparison of left atrial mechanical function in nondipper versus dipper hypertensive patients: a speckle tracking study. Echocardiography. 2013;30:164–70.CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu T-Y, Sun JP, Lee AP-W, Yang XS, Ji L, Zhang Z, et al. Left atrial function as assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography in hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e526.CrossRef Xu T-Y, Sun JP, Lee AP-W, Yang XS, Ji L, Zhang Z, et al. Left atrial function as assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography in hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e526.CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Hope KD, Wang Y, Banerjee MM, Montero AE, Pandian NG, Banerjee A. Left atrial mechanics in children: insights from new applications of strain imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;35:57–65.CrossRef Hope KD, Wang Y, Banerjee MM, Montero AE, Pandian NG, Banerjee A. Left atrial mechanics in children: insights from new applications of strain imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;35:57–65.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang P, Li D, Su Y, Wang X, Sun J, Xu Y, et al. Assessment of myocardial strain in children with risk factors for atherosclerosis with use of 3D speckle tracking echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2018;35:487–93.CrossRef Zhang P, Li D, Su Y, Wang X, Sun J, Xu Y, et al. Assessment of myocardial strain in children with risk factors for atherosclerosis with use of 3D speckle tracking echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2018;35:487–93.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Navarini S, Bellsham-Revell H, Chubb H, Gu H, Sinha MD, Simpson JM. Myocardial deformation measured by 3-dimensional speckle tracking in children and adolescents with systemic arterial hypertension. Hypertension. 2017;70:1142–7.CrossRef Navarini S, Bellsham-Revell H, Chubb H, Gu H, Sinha MD, Simpson JM. Myocardial deformation measured by 3-dimensional speckle tracking in children and adolescents with systemic arterial hypertension. Hypertension. 2017;70:1142–7.CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140:e20171904 The most current AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypertension screening in children and young adults. States the current role for echocardiography in the evaluation of pediatric hypertension. Other imaging modalities briefly mentioned. CrossRef •• Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140:e20171904 The most current AAP Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypertension screening in children and young adults. States the current role for echocardiography in the evaluation of pediatric hypertension. Other imaging modalities briefly mentioned. CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat • Skrzypczyk P, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M. Methods to evaluate arterial structure and function in children – State-of-the art knowledge. Adv Med Sci. 2017;62:280–94 Very helpful and thorough review of the many different imaging modalities available for use in the evaluation of arterial function in pediatric patients. CrossRef • Skrzypczyk P, Pańczyk-Tomaszewska M. Methods to evaluate arterial structure and function in children – State-of-the art knowledge. Adv Med Sci. 2017;62:280–94 Very helpful and thorough review of the many different imaging modalities available for use in the evaluation of arterial function in pediatric patients. CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Urbina EM, Williams RV, Alpert BS, Collins RT, Daniels SR, Hayman L, et al. Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and adolescents. Hypertension. 2009;54:919–50 Outstanding review on methodologies to assess pediatric arterial structure and function. CrossRef •• Urbina EM, Williams RV, Alpert BS, Collins RT, Daniels SR, Hayman L, et al. Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and adolescents. Hypertension. 2009;54:919–50 Outstanding review on methodologies to assess pediatric arterial structure and function. CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Reusz GS, Cseprekal O, Temmar M, Kis E, Cherif AB, Thaleb A, et al. Reference values of pulse wave velocity in healthy children and teenagers. Hypertension. 2010;56:217–24.CrossRef Reusz GS, Cseprekal O, Temmar M, Kis E, Cherif AB, Thaleb A, et al. Reference values of pulse wave velocity in healthy children and teenagers. Hypertension. 2010;56:217–24.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Liang Y, Hou D, Shan X, Zhao X, Hu Y, Jiang B, et al. Cardiovascular remodeling relates to elevated childhood blood pressure: Beijing Blood Pressure Cohort Study. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177:836–9.CrossRef Liang Y, Hou D, Shan X, Zhao X, Hu Y, Jiang B, et al. Cardiovascular remodeling relates to elevated childhood blood pressure: Beijing Blood Pressure Cohort Study. Int J Cardiol. 2014;177:836–9.CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Totaro S, Khoury PR, Kimball TR, Dolan LM, Urbina EM. Arterial stiffness is increased in young normotensive subjects with high central blood pressure. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2015;9:285–92.CrossRef Totaro S, Khoury PR, Kimball TR, Dolan LM, Urbina EM. Arterial stiffness is increased in young normotensive subjects with high central blood pressure. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2015;9:285–92.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Kulsum-Mecci N, Goss C, Kozel BA, Garbutt JM, Schechtman KB, Dharnidharka VR. Effects of obesity and hypertension on pulse wave velocity in children. J Clin Hypertens. 2017;19:221–6.CrossRef Kulsum-Mecci N, Goss C, Kozel BA, Garbutt JM, Schechtman KB, Dharnidharka VR. Effects of obesity and hypertension on pulse wave velocity in children. J Clin Hypertens. 2017;19:221–6.CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Lurbe E, Torro MI, Alvarez-Pitti J, Redon P, Redon J. Central blood pressure and pulse wave amplification across the spectrum of peripheral blood pressure in overweight and obese youth. J Hypertens. 2016;34:1389–95.CrossRef Lurbe E, Torro MI, Alvarez-Pitti J, Redon P, Redon J. Central blood pressure and pulse wave amplification across the spectrum of peripheral blood pressure in overweight and obese youth. J Hypertens. 2016;34:1389–95.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Stabouli S, Papakatsika S, Kotronis G, Papadopoulou-Legbelou K, Rizos Z, Kotsis V. Arterial stiffness and SBP variability in children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2015;33:88–95.CrossRef Stabouli S, Papakatsika S, Kotronis G, Papadopoulou-Legbelou K, Rizos Z, Kotsis V. Arterial stiffness and SBP variability in children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2015;33:88–95.CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Stergiou GS, Kollias A, Giovas PP, Papagiannis J, Roussias LG. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index, pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity in children and adolescents. Hypertens Res. 2010;33:1272–7.CrossRef Stergiou GS, Kollias A, Giovas PP, Papagiannis J, Roussias LG. Ambulatory arterial stiffness index, pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity in children and adolescents. Hypertens Res. 2010;33:1272–7.CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Phillips AA, Chirico D, Coverdale NS, Fitzgibbon LK, Shoemaker JK, Wade TJ, et al. The association between arterial properties and blood pressure in children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015;40:72–8.CrossRef Phillips AA, Chirico D, Coverdale NS, Fitzgibbon LK, Shoemaker JK, Wade TJ, et al. The association between arterial properties and blood pressure in children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2015;40:72–8.CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Urbina EM, Khoury PR, McCoy C, Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Dolan LM. Cardiac and vascular consequences of pre-hypertension in youth. J Clin Hypertens. 2011;13:332–42.CrossRef Urbina EM, Khoury PR, McCoy C, Daniels SR, Kimball TR, Dolan LM. Cardiac and vascular consequences of pre-hypertension in youth. J Clin Hypertens. 2011;13:332–42.CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Aatola H, Koivistoinen T, Tuominen H, Juonala M, Lehtimäki T, Viikari JSA, et al. Influence of child and adult elevated blood pressure on adult arterial stiffness. Hypertension. 2017;70:531–6.CrossRef Aatola H, Koivistoinen T, Tuominen H, Juonala M, Lehtimäki T, Viikari JSA, et al. Influence of child and adult elevated blood pressure on adult arterial stiffness. Hypertension. 2017;70:531–6.CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Köchli S, Endes K, Steiner R, Engler L, Infanger D, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, et al. Obesity, high blood pressure, and physical activity determine vascular phenotype in young children. Hypertension. 2019;73:153–61.CrossRef Köchli S, Endes K, Steiner R, Engler L, Infanger D, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, et al. Obesity, high blood pressure, and physical activity determine vascular phenotype in young children. Hypertension. 2019;73:153–61.CrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat • Elmenhorst J, Hulpke-Wette M, Barta C, Dalla Pozza R, Springer S, Oberhoffer R. Percentiles for central blood pressure and pulse wave velocity in children and adolescents recorded with an oscillometric device. Atherosclerosis. 2015;238:9–16 Reference ranges for pulse wave velocity in children and adolescents. CrossRef • Elmenhorst J, Hulpke-Wette M, Barta C, Dalla Pozza R, Springer S, Oberhoffer R. Percentiles for central blood pressure and pulse wave velocity in children and adolescents recorded with an oscillometric device. Atherosclerosis. 2015;238:9–16 Reference ranges for pulse wave velocity in children and adolescents. CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Urbina EM, Gao Z, Khoury PR, Martin LJ, Dolan LM. Insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in healthy adolescents and young adults. Diabetologia. 2012;55:625–31.CrossRef Urbina EM, Gao Z, Khoury PR, Martin LJ, Dolan LM. Insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in healthy adolescents and young adults. Diabetologia. 2012;55:625–31.CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness’ Collaboration. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: “establishing normal and reference values”. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2338–50.CrossRef Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness’ Collaboration. Determinants of pulse wave velocity in healthy people and in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors: “establishing normal and reference values”. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2338–50.CrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Lai C-C, Sun D, Cen R, Wang J, Li S, Fernandez-Alonso C, et al. Impact of long-term burden of excessive adiposity and elevated blood pressure from childhood on adulthood left ventricular remodeling patterns. the Bogalusa Heart Study J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1580–7.CrossRef Lai C-C, Sun D, Cen R, Wang J, Li S, Fernandez-Alonso C, et al. Impact of long-term burden of excessive adiposity and elevated blood pressure from childhood on adulthood left ventricular remodeling patterns. the Bogalusa Heart Study J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:1580–7.CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat • Mitchell GF, Hwang S-J, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Pencina MJ, Hamburg NM, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2010;121:505–11 Data from the Framingham Heart Study demonstrating that higher PWV in adults was associated with an increased risk of first cardiovascular event. CrossRef • Mitchell GF, Hwang S-J, Vasan RS, Larson MG, Pencina MJ, Hamburg NM, et al. Arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events. Circulation. 2010;121:505–11 Data from the Framingham Heart Study demonstrating that higher PWV in adults was associated with an increased risk of first cardiovascular event. CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, Gautier I, Laloux B, Guize L, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979). 2001;37:1236–41.CrossRef Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, Gautier I, Laloux B, Guize L, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertens (Dallas, Tex 1979). 2001;37:1236–41.CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Sorof JM, Poffenbarger T, Franco K, Bernard L, Portman RJ. Isolated systolic hypertension, obesity, and hyperkinetic hemodynamic states in children. J Pediatr. 2002;140:660–6.CrossRef Sorof JM, Poffenbarger T, Franco K, Bernard L, Portman RJ. Isolated systolic hypertension, obesity, and hyperkinetic hemodynamic states in children. J Pediatr. 2002;140:660–6.CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, Lonn E, Kendall CB, Mohler ER, et al. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascula. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:93–111 quiz 189-90.CrossRef Stein JH, Korcarz CE, Hurst RT, Lonn E, Kendall CB, Mohler ER, et al. Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascula. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:93–111 quiz 189-90.CrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat • Touboul P-J, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, Adams H, Amarenco P, Bornstein N, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004–2006–2011). Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;34:290–6 The Mannheim Consensus on measurement of carotid intima-medial thickness in adults, with discussions on standardization of imaging techniques and the differentiation between atherosclerotic plaque and non-atherosclerotic medial hypertrophy. CrossRef • Touboul P-J, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, Adams H, Amarenco P, Bornstein N, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004–2006–2011). Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;34:290–6 The Mannheim Consensus on measurement of carotid intima-medial thickness in adults, with discussions on standardization of imaging techniques and the differentiation between atherosclerotic plaque and non-atherosclerotic medial hypertrophy. CrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’Agostino RB, Gibbons R, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2935–59.CrossRef Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D’Agostino RB, Gibbons R, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2935–59.CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Dalla Pozza R, Ehringer-Schetitska D, Fritsch P, Jokinen E, Petropoulos A, Oberhoffer R, et al. Intima media thickness measurement in children: a statement from the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology (AEPC) Working Group on Cardiovascular Prevention endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology. Atherosclerosis. 2015;238:380–7 Statement from the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology on cIMT with recommendations provided on patient selection for cIMT measurement, scanning and measuring techniques. CrossRef •• Dalla Pozza R, Ehringer-Schetitska D, Fritsch P, Jokinen E, Petropoulos A, Oberhoffer R, et al. Intima media thickness measurement in children: a statement from the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology (AEPC) Working Group on Cardiovascular Prevention endorsed by the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology. Atherosclerosis. 2015;238:380–7 Statement from the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology on cIMT with recommendations provided on patient selection for cIMT measurement, scanning and measuring techniques. CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Sass C, Herbeth B, Chapet O, Siest G, Visvikis S, Zannad F. Intima-media thickness and diameter of carotid and femoral arteries in children, adolescents and adults from the Stanislas cohort: effect of age, sex, anthropometry and blood pressure. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1593–602.CrossRef Sass C, Herbeth B, Chapet O, Siest G, Visvikis S, Zannad F. Intima-media thickness and diameter of carotid and femoral arteries in children, adolescents and adults from the Stanislas cohort: effect of age, sex, anthropometry and blood pressure. J Hypertens. 1998;16:1593–602.CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Böhm B, Hartmann K, Buck M, Oberhoffer R. Sex differences of carotid intima-media thickness in healthy children and adolescents. Atherosclerosis. 2009;206:458–63.CrossRef Böhm B, Hartmann K, Buck M, Oberhoffer R. Sex differences of carotid intima-media thickness in healthy children and adolescents. Atherosclerosis. 2009;206:458–63.CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Jourdan C, Wühl E, Litwin M, Fahr K, Trelewicz J, Jobs K, et al. Normative values for intima-media thickness and distensibility of large arteries in healthy adolescents. J Hypertens. 2005;23:1707–15.CrossRef Jourdan C, Wühl E, Litwin M, Fahr K, Trelewicz J, Jobs K, et al. Normative values for intima-media thickness and distensibility of large arteries in healthy adolescents. J Hypertens. 2005;23:1707–15.CrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre L de C, Pecoits Filho R. Assessment of intima-media thickness in healthy children aged 1 to 15 years. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;106:327–32.PubMedPubMedCentral Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre L de C, Pecoits Filho R. Assessment of intima-media thickness in healthy children aged 1 to 15 years. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;106:327–32.PubMedPubMedCentral
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Ishizu T, Ishimitsu T, Yanagi H, Seo Y, Obara K, Moriyama N, et al. Effect of age on carotid arterial intima-media thickness in childhood. Heart Vessel. 2004;19:189–95.CrossRef Ishizu T, Ishimitsu T, Yanagi H, Seo Y, Obara K, Moriyama N, et al. Effect of age on carotid arterial intima-media thickness in childhood. Heart Vessel. 2004;19:189–95.CrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat • Doyon A, Kracht D, Bayazit AK, Deveci M, Duzova A, Krmar RT, et al. Carotid artery intima-media thickness and distensibility in children and adolescents. Hypertension. 2013;62:550–6 Largest study reporting cIMT measures in healthy children, with reference ranges and percentile curves created based on age and gender. CrossRef • Doyon A, Kracht D, Bayazit AK, Deveci M, Duzova A, Krmar RT, et al. Carotid artery intima-media thickness and distensibility in children and adolescents. Hypertension. 2013;62:550–6 Largest study reporting cIMT measures in healthy children, with reference ranges and percentile curves created based on age and gender. CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Den Ruijter HM, Peters SAE, Anderson TJ, Britton AR, Dekker JM, Eijkemans MJ, et al. Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements in cardiovascular risk prediction. JAMA. 2012;308:796.CrossRef Den Ruijter HM, Peters SAE, Anderson TJ, Britton AR, Dekker JM, Eijkemans MJ, et al. Common carotid intima-media thickness measurements in cardiovascular risk prediction. JAMA. 2012;308:796.CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:14–22.CrossRef O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:14–22.CrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Litwin M, Niemirska A, Sladowska J, Antoniewicz J, Daszkowska J, Wierzbicka A, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy and arterial wall thickening in children with essential hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:811–9.CrossRef Litwin M, Niemirska A, Sladowska J, Antoniewicz J, Daszkowska J, Wierzbicka A, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy and arterial wall thickening in children with essential hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006;21:811–9.CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Loureiro C, Campino C, Martinez-Aguayo A, Godoy I, Aglony M, Bancalari R, et al. Positive association between aldosterone-renin ratio and carotid intima-media thickness in hypertensive children. Clin Endocrinol. 2013;78:352–7.CrossRef Loureiro C, Campino C, Martinez-Aguayo A, Godoy I, Aglony M, Bancalari R, et al. Positive association between aldosterone-renin ratio and carotid intima-media thickness in hypertensive children. Clin Endocrinol. 2013;78:352–7.CrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat • Day TG, Park M, Kinra S. The association between blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness in children: a systematic review. Cardiol Young. 2017;27:1295–305 Review article summarizing studies published to date on the association between hypertension and cIMT in the pediatric population. CrossRef • Day TG, Park M, Kinra S. The association between blood pressure and carotid intima-media thickness in children: a systematic review. Cardiol Young. 2017;27:1295–305 Review article summarizing studies published to date on the association between hypertension and cIMT in the pediatric population. CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferreira JP, Girerd N, Bozec E, Machu JL, Boivin J, London GM, et al. Intima–media thickness is linearly and continuously associated with systolic blood pressure in a population-based cohort (STANISLAS Cohort Study). J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e003529. Ferreira JP, Girerd N, Bozec E, Machu JL, Boivin J, London GM, et al. Intima–media thickness is linearly and continuously associated with systolic blood pressure in a population-based cohort (STANISLAS Cohort Study). J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e003529.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Gil TY, Sung CY, Shim SS, Hong YM. Intima-media thickness and pulse wave velocity in hypertensive adolescents. J Korean Med Sci. 2008;23:35–40.CrossRef Gil TY, Sung CY, Shim SS, Hong YM. Intima-media thickness and pulse wave velocity in hypertensive adolescents. J Korean Med Sci. 2008;23:35–40.CrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Lande MB, Carson NL, Roy J, Meagher CC. Effects of childhood primary hypertension on carotid intima media thickness. Hypertension. 2006;48:40–4.CrossRef Lande MB, Carson NL, Roy J, Meagher CC. Effects of childhood primary hypertension on carotid intima media thickness. Hypertension. 2006;48:40–4.CrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Garami Z, Turner JL, Grafe RE, Lai D, et al. Carotid ultrasonography for detection of vascular abnormalities in hypertensive children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18:1020–4.CrossRef Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Garami Z, Turner JL, Grafe RE, Lai D, et al. Carotid ultrasonography for detection of vascular abnormalities in hypertensive children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18:1020–4.CrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Litwin M, Trelewicz J, Wawer Z, Antoniewicz J, Wierzbicka A, Rajszys P, et al. Intima-media thickness and arterial elasticity in hypertensive children: controlled study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19:767–74.CrossRef Litwin M, Trelewicz J, Wawer Z, Antoniewicz J, Wierzbicka A, Rajszys P, et al. Intima-media thickness and arterial elasticity in hypertensive children: controlled study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19:767–74.CrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre L de C, Baroncini CV, Pecoits Filho R. Assessment of carotid intima-media thickness as an early marker of vascular damage in hypertensive children. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;108:452–7.PubMedPubMedCentral Baroncini LAV, Sylvestre L de C, Baroncini CV, Pecoits Filho R. Assessment of carotid intima-media thickness as an early marker of vascular damage in hypertensive children. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;108:452–7.PubMedPubMedCentral
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Karagianni C, Zakopoulos N, Konstantopoulos A. Blood pressure and carotid artery intima-media thickness in children and adolescents: the role of obesity. Hell J Cardiol. 2012;53:41–7. Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Karagianni C, Zakopoulos N, Konstantopoulos A. Blood pressure and carotid artery intima-media thickness in children and adolescents: the role of obesity. Hell J Cardiol. 2012;53:41–7.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Cardwell G, Portman RJ. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with elevated blood pressure. Pediatrics. 2003;111:61–6.CrossRef Sorof JM, Alexandrov AV, Cardwell G, Portman RJ. Carotid artery intimal-medial thickness and left ventricular hypertrophy in children with elevated blood pressure. Pediatrics. 2003;111:61–6.CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Páll D, Juhász M, Lengyel S, Molnár C, Paragh G, Fülesdi B, et al. Assessment of target-organ damage in adolescent white-coat and sustained hypertensives. J Hypertens. 2010;28:2139–44.CrossRef Páll D, Juhász M, Lengyel S, Molnár C, Paragh G, Fülesdi B, et al. Assessment of target-organ damage in adolescent white-coat and sustained hypertensives. J Hypertens. 2010;28:2139–44.CrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Juhola J, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, Venn A, Burns TL, Sabin MA, et al. Combined effects of child and adult elevated blood pressure on subclinical atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2013;128:217–24.CrossRef Juhola J, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, Venn A, Burns TL, Sabin MA, et al. Combined effects of child and adult elevated blood pressure on subclinical atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2013;128:217–24.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Predictors and Consequences of Pediatric Hypertension: Have Advanced Echocardiography and Vascular Testing Arrived?
verfasst von
Kyle D. Hope
Justin P. Zachariah
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2019
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Hypertension Reports / Ausgabe 7/2019
Print ISSN: 1522-6417
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-3111
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-019-0958-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2019

Current Hypertension Reports 7/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Mechanisms of Hypertension and Target-Organ Damage (JE Hall and ME Hall, Section Editors)

Pathophysiology of Cerebral Vascular Dysfunction in Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension

Hypertension and Emergency Medicine (T Rainer and P Levy, Section Editors)

Community Health Workers in the Emergency Department—Can they Help with Chronic Hypertension Care

Hypertension and Emergency Medicine (T Rainer and P Levy, Section Editors)

Emergency Nursing Policy and Hypertension Awareness: an Integrative Review of the Literature

Inflammation and Cardiovascular Diseases (A Kirabo, Section Editor)

Patho-immune Mechanisms of Hypertension in HIV: a Systematic and Thematic Review

Inflammation and Cardiovascular Diseases (A Kirabo, Section Editor)

Sex-Specific Mechanisms in Inflammation and Hypertension

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.