Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Konkret geht es um den Diabetes-Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen oder Risiken, die Herzinsuffizienz sowie die kardiovaskuläre Primär- und Sekundärprävention. Sind Sie hier schon auf dem neuesten Stand? Unsere Experten beleuchten, wo und warum das bisherige Procedere geändert werden soll und was in der Praxis sinnvoll ist. Holen Sie sich Ihr Update und 2 CME-Punkte beim MMW-Webinar am 24. April von 17.30 bis 19 Uhr. 
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
Erschienen in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 7/2013

01.07.2013 | Critical Care (SA Mayer, Section Editor)

Status Epilepticus: An Update

verfasst von: Panayiotis N. Varelas, Marianna V. Spanaki, Marek A. Mirski

Erschienen in: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports | Ausgabe 7/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Status epilepticus (SE) still results in significant mortality and morbidity. Whereas mortality depends mainly on the age of the patient as well as the cause, morbidity is often due to the myriad of complications that occur during prolonged admission to an intensive care environment. Although SE is a clinical diagnosis in most cases (convulsant), its treatment requires support by continuous electroencephalographic recording to ensure cessation of potential nonconvulsive elements of SE. Treatment has recently changed to incorporate four stages and must be initiated at the earliest possible time.
Literatur
1.
2.
Meierkord H, Boon P, Engelsen B, et al. EFNS guideline on the management of status epilepticus in adults. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:348–55.PubMedCrossRef
3.
•• Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17:3–23. These are latest guidelines from a large writing group representing the Neurocritical Care Society and using the GRADE system.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Gastaut H. Classification of status epilepticus. Adv Neurol. 1983;34:15–35.PubMed
5.
Treatment of convulsive status epilepticus. Recommendations of the Epilepsy Foundation of America's Working Group on status epilepticus. JAMA. 1993;270:854–9.
6.
Lowenstein DH, Bleck T, Macdonald RL. It's time to revise the definition of status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1999;40:120–2.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Jenssen S, Gracely EJ, Sperling MR. How long do most seizures last? A systematic comparison of seizures recorded in the epilepsy monitoring unit. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1499–503.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Goodkin HP, Kapur J. Responsiveness of status epilepticus to treatment with diazepan decreases rapidly as seizure duration increases. Epilepsy Curr. 2003;3:11–2.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Lowenstein DH. The management of refractory status epilepticus: an update. Epilepsia. 2006;47 Suppl 1:35–40.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Shorvon S. What is nonconvulsive status epilepticus, and what are its subtypes? Epilepsia. 2007;48 Suppl 8:35–8.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Kaplan PW. Assessing the outcomes in patients with nonconvulsive status epilepticus: nonconvulsive status epilepticus is underdiagnosed, potentially overtreated, and confounded by comorbidity. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;16:341–52.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Walker MC. Diagnosis and treatment of nonconvulsive status epilepticus. CNS Drugs. 2001;15:931–9.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Kaplan PW. EEG criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2007;48 Suppl 8:39–41.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Sutter R, Kaplan PW. Electroencephalographic criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus: synopsis and comprehensive survey. Epilepsia. 2012;53 Suppl 3:1–51.PubMedCrossRef
15.
• Trinka E, Hofler J, Zerbs A. Causes of status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2012;53 Suppl 4:127–38. This is a comprehensive review of the causes of SE.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Hauser WA. Status epilepticus: epidemiologic considerations. Neurology. 1990;40:9–13.PubMed
17.
DeLorenzo RJ, Hauser WA, Towne AR, et al. A prospective, population-based epidemiologic study of status epilepticus in Richmond, Virginia. Neurology. 1996;46:1029–35.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Treiman DM, Meyers PD, Walton NY, et al. A comparison of four treatments for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Veterans Affairs Status Epilepticus Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:792–8.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Jordan KG. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in acute brain injury. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1999;16:332–40. discussion 353.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Carrera E, Michel P, Despland PA, et al. Continuous assessment of electrical epileptic activity in acute stroke. Neurology. 2006;67:99–104.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Towne AR, Waterhouse EJ, Boggs JG, et al. Prevalence of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose patients. Neurology. 2000;54:340–5.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Claassen J, Jette N, Chum F, et al. Electrographic seizures and periodic discharges after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007;69:1356–65.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Claassen J, Peery S, Kreiter KT, et al. Predictors and clinical impact of epilepsy after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2003;60:208–14.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Cocito L, Audenino D, Primavera A. Altered mental state and nonconvulsive status epilepticus in patients with cancer. Arch Neurol. 2001;58:1310.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Vespa PM, Nuwer MR, Nenov V, et al. Increased incidence and impact of nonconvulsive and convulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury as detected by continuous electroencephalographic monitoring. J Neurosurg. 1999;91:750–60.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Mayer SA, Claassen J, Lokin J, Mendelsohn F, Dennis LJ, Fitzsimmons BF. Refractory status epilepticus: frequency, risk factors, and impact on outcome. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:205–10.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Holtkamp M, Othman J, Buchheim K, Meierkord H. Predictors and prognosis of refractory status epilepticus treated in a neurological intensive care unit. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:534–9.PubMedCrossRef
28.
• Novy J, Logroscino G, Rossetti AO. Refractory status epilepticus: a prospective observational study. Epilepsia. 2010;51:251–6. This is a prospective study of RSE outcomes.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Wijdicks EF, Sharbrough FW. New-onset seizures in critically ill patients. Neurology. 1993;43:1042–4.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Bleck TP, Smith MC, Pierre-Louis SJ, Jares JJ, Murray J, Hansen CA. Neurologic complications of critical medical illnesses. Crit Care Med. 1993;21:98–103.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Drislane FW, Lopez MR, Blum AS, Schomer DL. Detection and treatment of refractory status epilepticus in the intensive care unit. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;25:181–6.PubMedCrossRef
32.
33.
Tan RY, Neligan A, Shorvon SD. The uncommon causes of status epilepticus: a systematic review. Epilepsy Res. 2010;91:111–22.PubMedCrossRef
34.
35.
Millikan D, Rice B, Silbergleit R. Emergency treatment of status epilepticus: current thinking. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2009;27:101–1.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Fountain NB. Status epilepticus: risk factors and complications. Epilepsia. 2000;41 Suppl 2:S23–30.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Aminoff MJ, Simon RP. Status epilepticus. Causes, clinical features and consequences in 98 patients. Am J Med. 1980;69:657–66.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Loscher W. Mechanisms of drug resistance in status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2007;48 Suppl 8:74–7.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Bankstahl JP, Loscher W. Resistance to antiepileptic drugs and expression of P-glycoprotein in two rat models of status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res. 2008;82:70–85.PubMedCrossRef
40.
DeLorenzo RJ, Waterhouse EJ, Towne AR, et al. Persistent nonconvulsive status epilepticus after the control of convulsive status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1998;39:833–40.PubMedCrossRef
41.
42.
43.
Pedersen GL, Rasmussen SB, Gyllenborg J, Benedek K, Lauritzen M. Prognostic value of periodic electroencephalographic discharges for neurological patients with profound disturbances of consciousness. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;124:44–51.PubMedCrossRef
44.
• Irani SR, Michell AW, Lang B, et al. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2011;69:892–900. This is an important article describing a new seizure entity with important implications.PubMedCrossRef
45.
46.
Varelas PN, Spanaki MV. Management of status epilepticus and critical care seizures. In: Varelas PN, editor. Seizures in critical care. A guide to diagnosis and treatment. New York: Humana; 2010. p. 355–422.CrossRef
47.
Cook AM, Castle A, Green A, et al. Practice variations in the management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17:24–30.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, et al. A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:631–7.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Silbergleit R, Durkalski V, Lowenstein D, et al. Intramuscular versus intravenous therapy for prehospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:591–600.PubMedCrossRef
50.
•• Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The treatment of super-refractory status epilepticus: a critical review of available therapies and a clinical treatment protocol. Brain. 2011;134:2802–18. This is a comprehensive review of treatments available for SE.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Shorvon S, Ferlisi M. The outcome of therapies in refractory and super-refractory convulsive status epilepticus and recommendations for therapy. Brain. 2012;135:2314–28.PubMedCrossRef
52.
McIntyre J, Robertson S, Norris E, et al. Safety and efficacy of buccal midazolam versus rectal diazepam for emergency treatment of seizures in children: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:205–10.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Misra UK, Kalita J, Maurya PK. Levetiracetam versus lorazepam in status epilepticus: a randomized, open labeled pilot study. J Neurol. 2012;259:645–8.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Agarwal P, Kumar N, Chandra R, Gupta G, Antony AR, Garg N. Randomized study of intravenous valproate and phenytoin in status epilepticus. Seizure. 2007;16:527–32.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zelano J, Kumlien E. Levetiracetam as alternative stage two antiepileptic drug in status epilepticus: a systematic review. Seizure. 2012;21:233–6.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Trinka E. What is the evidence to use new intravenous AEDs in status epilepticus? Epilepsia. 2011;52 Suppl 8:35–8.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Alvarez V, Januel JM, Burnand B, Rossetti AO. Second-line status epilepticus treatment: comparison of phenytoin, valproate, and levetiracetam. Epilepsia. 2011;52:1292–6.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Hofler J, Trinka E. Lacosamide as a new treatment option in status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2013;
59.
Towne AR, Garnett LK, Waterhouse EJ, Morton LD, DeLorenzo RJ. The use of topiramate in refractory status epilepticus. Neurology. 2003;60:332–4.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Hottinger A, Sutter R, Marsch S, Ruegg S. Topiramate as an adjunctive treatment in patients with refractory status epilepticus: an observational cohort study. CNS Drugs. 2012;26:761–72.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Swisher CB, Doreswamy M, Gingrich KJ, Vredenburgh JJ, Kolls BJ. Phenytoin, levetiracetam, and pregabalin in the acute management of refractory status epilepticus in patients with brain tumors. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16:109–13.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Emerson RG, Mayer SA. Treatment of refractory status epilepticus with pentobarbital, propofol, or midazolam: a systematic review. Epilepsia. 2002;43:146–53.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Krishnamurthy KB, Drislane FW. Depth of EEG suppression and outcome in barbiturate anesthetic treatment for refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1999;40:759–62.PubMedCrossRef
64.
65.
Krishnamurthy KB, Drislane FW. Relapse and survival after barbiturate anesthetic treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1996;37:863–7.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Rossetti AO, Logroscino G, Bromfield EB. Refractory status epilepticus: effect of treatment aggressiveness on prognosis. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1698–702.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Kramer AH. Early ketamine to treat refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16:299–305.PubMedCrossRef
68.
69.
Schulze-Bonhage A, Kurthen M, Walger P, Elger CE. Pharmacorefractory status epilepticus due to low vitamin B6 levels during pregnancy. Epilepsia. 2004;45:81–4.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Kluger G, Blank R, Paul K, et al. Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy: normal outcome in a patient with late diagnosis after prolonged status epilepticus causing cortical blindness. Neuropediatrics. 2008;39:276–9.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Minns AB, Ghafouri N, Clark RF. Isoniazid-induced status epilepticus in a pediatric patient after inadequate pyridoxine therapy. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010;26:380–1.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Visser NA, Braun KP, Leijten FS, van Nieuwenhuizen O, Wokke JH, van den Bergh WM. Magnesium treatment for patients with refractory status epilepticus due to POLG1-mutations. J Neurol. 2011;258:218–22.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Iannetti P, Spalice A, Parisi P. Calcium-channel blocker verapamil administration in prolonged and refractory status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2005;46:967–9.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Iannetti P, Parisi P, Spalice A, Ruggieri M, Zara F. Addition of verapamil in the treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy. Epilepsy Res. 2009;85:89–95.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Corry JJ, Dhar R, Murphy T, Diringer MN. Hypothermia for refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2008;9:189–97.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Rossetti AO. What is the value of hypothermia in acute neurologic diseases and status epilepticus? Epilepsia. 2011;52 Suppl 8:64–6.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Sierra-Marcos A, Maestro I, Rodriguez-Osorio X, et al. Successful outcome of episodes of status epilepticus after vagus nerve stimulation: a multicenter study. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:1219–23.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Walker MC. The potential of brain stimulation in status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2011;52 Suppl 8:61–3.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Lambrecq V, Villega F, Marchal C, et al. Refractory status epilepticus: electroconvulsive therapy as a possible therapeutic strategy. Seizure. 2012;21:661–4.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Towne AR, Pellock JM, Ko D, DeLorenzo RJ. Determinants of mortality in status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 1994;35:27–34.PubMedCrossRef
81.
DeLorenzo RJ, Towne AR, Pellock JM, Ko D. Status epilepticus in children, adults, and the elderly. Epilepsia. 1992;33 Suppl 4:S15–25.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Legriel S, Mourvillier B, Bele N, et al. Outcomes in 140 critically ill patients with status epilepticus. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34:476–80.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Rossetti AO, Oddo M, Liaudet L, Kaplan PW. Predictors of awakening from postanoxic status epilepticus after therapeutic hypothermia. Neurology. 2009;72:744–9.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Hocker SE, Britton JW, Mandrekar JN, Wijdicks EF, Rabinstein AA. Predictors of outcome in refractory status epilepticus. JAMA Neurol. 2013;70:72–7.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Rossetti AO, Logroscino G, Bromfield EB. A clinical score for prognosis of status epilepticus in adults. Neurology. 2006;66:1736–8.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Rossetti AO, Logroscino G, Milligan TA, Michaelides C, Ruffieux C, Bromfield EB. Status Epilepticus Severity Score (STESS): a tool to orient early treatment strategy. J Neurol. 2008;255:1561–6.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Hesdorffer DC, Logroscino G, Cascino GD, Hauser WA. Recurrence of afebrile status epilepticus in a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota. Neurology. 2007;69:73–8.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Varelas PN, Mirski MA. Seizures in the adult intensive care unit. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2001;13:163–75.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Status Epilepticus: An Update
verfasst von
Panayiotis N. Varelas
Marianna V. Spanaki
Marek A. Mirski
Publikationsdatum
01.07.2013
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports / Ausgabe 7/2013
Print ISSN: 1528-4042
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-6293
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-013-0357-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 7/2013

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 7/2013 Zur Ausgabe

Neuro-ophthalmology (A Kawasaki, Section Editor)

Congenital Abnormalities of the Optic Nerve: From Gene Mutation to Clinical Expression

Headache (I Garza, Section Editor)

Novel Neuroimaging Modalities in the Evaluation of Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks

Movement Disorders (SA Factor, Section Editor)

Vesicular Integrity in Parkinson’s Disease

Epilepsy (CW Bazil, Section Editor)

Seizure-Related Injuries, Drowning and Vehicular Crashes – A Critical Review of the Literature

Epilepsy (CW Bazil, Section Editor)

Epileptic Encephalopathy with Continuous Spikes and Waves During Sleep

Neuro-Oncology (LE Abrey, Section Editor)

Health-related Quality of Life in Patients with Brain Tumors: Limitations and Additional Outcome Measures

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

23.04.2024 | Demenz | Nachrichten

Demenzkranke durch Antipsychotika vielfach gefährdet

23.04.2024 | Parkinson-Krankheit | Podcast | Nachrichten

Parkinson-Therapie im Wandel – aktuelle Leitlinie im Fokus
Professorin Dr. Claudia Trenkwalder, Neurologin

22.04.2024 | DGIM 2024 | Nachrichten

Auf diese Krankheiten bei Geflüchteten sollten Sie vorbereitet sein

19.04.2024 | AAN-Jahrestagung 2024 | Nachrichten

Hustenstiller lindert Agitation bei Alzheimer
weitere anzeigen

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise