nach oben

Current Oncology Reports

Erschienen in:

01.04.2017 | Neuro-oncology (S Nagpal, Section Editor)

The Effect of Molecular Diagnostics on the Treatment of Glioma

verfasst von: Nancy Ann Oberheim Bush, Nicholas Butowski

Erschienen in: Current Oncology Reports | Ausgabe 4/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review summarizes the use of molecular diagnostics in glioma and its effect on the development of novel therapeutics and management decisions.

Recent Findings

Genomic and proteomic profiling of brain tumors has provided significant expansion of our understanding of oncogenesis, characterization, and prognostication of brain tumors. Molecular markers such as MGMT, EGFR, IDH, 1p19q, ATRX, TERT, FGFR-TACC, and BRAF are now being used to classify brain tumors as well as influence management decisions. Several of these markers are also being used as therapeutic targets.

Summary

We review the use of several molecular diagnostics in gliomas and discuss their impact on drug development and clinical trial design. In the future, molecular characterization based on a specific genomic, proteomic as well as transcriptomes for bioformatics analysis will provide clinicians the ability to rationally select drugs with actionable targets for each patient.

•• Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Rouse C, Chen Y, Dowling J, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2007–2011. Neuro-Oncol. 2014;16 Suppl 4:iv1–63. This is published as a Supplement to the Society for Neuro-Oncology official journal, Neuro-Oncology, and is available as a free-to-view web publication through a link to Oxford University Press at http://neuro-oncology.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/suppl_4.to It is the premier epidemiological resource in the field of neuro-oncology.

Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK, Burger PC, Jouvet A, et al. The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2007;114(2):97–109.CrossRef

Daumas-Duport C, Szikla G. Definition of limits and 3D configuration of cerebral gliomas. Histological data, therapeutic incidences (author’s transl). Neurochirurgie. 1981;27(5):273–84.PubMed

van den Bent MJ. Interobserver variation of the histopathological diagnosis in clinical trials on glioma: a clinician’s perspective. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2010;120(3):297–304.CrossRef

Gravendeel LAM, Kouwenhoven MCM, Gevaert O, de Rooi JJ, Stubbs AP, Duijm JE, et al. Intrinsic gene expression profiles of gliomas are a better predictor of survival than histology. Cancer Res. 2009;69(23):9065–72.CrossRefPubMed

• Perry A, Wesseling P. Histologic classification of gliomas. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;134:71–95. This article provides an overview of the histology of all glial neoplasms listed in the WHO 2016 classification, including the less frequent “nondiffuse” gliomas and mixed neuronal-glial tumors.CrossRefPubMed

Network CGAR, Brat DJ, Verhaak RGW, Aldape KD, Yung WKA, Salama SR, et al. Comprehensive, integrative genomic analysis of diffuse lower-grade gliomas. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(26):2481–98.CrossRef

Hegi ME, Diserens A-C, Gorlia T, Hamou M-F, de Tribolet N, Weller M, et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):997–1003.CrossRefPubMed

Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJB, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987–96.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Quillien V, Lavenu A, Karayan-Tapon L, Carpentier C, Labussière M, Lesimple T, et al. Comparative assessment of 5 methods (methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, MethyLight, pyrosequencing, methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting, and immunohistochemistry) to analyze O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltranferase in a series of 100 glioblastoma patients. Cancer. 2012;118(17):4201–11.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Rodriguez FJ, Thibodeau SN, Jenkins RB, Schowalter KV, Caron BL, O’neill BP, et al. MGMT immunohistochemical expression and promoter methylation in human glioblastoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol AIMM Off Publ Soc Appl Immunohistochem. 2008;16(1):59–65.

12.

Wick W, Weller M, van den Bent M, Sanson M, Weiler M, von Deimling A, et al. MGMT testing—the challenges for biomarker-based glioma treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(7):372–85.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Vlassenbroeck I, Califice S, Diserens A-C, Migliavacca E, Straub J, Di Stefano I, et al. Validation of real-time methylation-specific PCR to determine O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase gene promoter methylation in glioma. J Mol Diagn JMD. 2008;10(4):332–7.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Gilbert MR, Wang M, Aldape KD, Stupp R, Hegi ME, Jaeckle KA, et al. Dose-dense temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: a randomized phase III clinical trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(32):4085–91.CrossRef

15.

Stupp R, Hegi ME, Gorlia T, Erridge SC, Perry J, Hong Y-K, et al. Cilengitide combined with standard treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma with methylated MGMT promoter (CENTRIC EORTC 26071–22072 study): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(10):1100–8.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Reifenberger G, Hentschel B, Felsberg J, Schackert G, Simon M, Schnell O, et al. Predictive impact of MGMT promoter methylation in glioblastoma of the elderly. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(6):1342–50.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Christians A, Hartmann C, Benner A, Meyer J, von Deimling A, Weller M, et al. Prognostic value of three different methods of MGMT promoter methylation analysis in a prospective trial on newly diagnosed glioblastoma. PLoS One. 2012;7(3), e33449.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Malmström A, Grønberg BH, Marosi C, Stupp R, Frappaz D, Schultz H, et al. Temozolomide versus standard 6-week radiotherapy versus hypofractionated radiotherapy in patients older than 60 years with glioblastoma: the Nordic randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(9):916–26.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Gállego Pérez-Larraya J, Ducray F, Chinot O, Catry-Thomas I, Taillandier L, Guillamo J-S, et al. Temozolomide in elderly patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma and poor performance status: an ANOCEF phase II trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2011;29(22):3050–5.CrossRef

20.

Wick W, Platten M, Meisner C, Felsberg J, Tabatabai G, Simon M, et al. Temozolomide chemotherapy alone versus radiotherapy alone for malignant astrocytoma in the elderly: the NOA-08 randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(7):707–15.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Brennan CW, Verhaak RGW, McKenna A, Campos B, Noushmehr H, Salama SR, et al. The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma. Cell. 2013;155(2):462–77.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

22.

Rodriguez FJ, Vizcaino MA, Lin M-T. Recent advances on the molecular pathology of glial neoplasms in children and adults. J Mol Diagn JMD. 2016;18(5):620–34.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Inda M-M, Bonavia R, Mukasa A, Narita Y, Sah DWY, Vandenberg S, et al. Tumor heterogeneity is an active process maintained by a mutant EGFR-induced cytokine circuit in glioblastoma. Genes Dev. 2010;24(16):1731–45.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

•• Reardon DA, Wen PY, Mellinghoff IK. Targeted molecular therapies against epidermal growth factor receptor: past experiences and challenges. Neuro-Oncol. 2014;16 Suppl 8:viii7–13. Explains why the overall results thus far have been disappointing, but that critical questions remain unanswered and warrant further study.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Thorne AH, Zanca C, Furnari F. Epidermal growth factor receptor targeting and challenges in glioblastoma. Neuro-Oncol. 2016;18(7):914–8.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Mellinghoff IK, Wang MY, Vivanco I, Haas-Kogan DA, Zhu S, Dia EQ, et al. Molecular determinants of the response of glioblastomas to EGFR kinase inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(19):2012–24.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Haas-Kogan DA, Prados MD, Tihan T, Eberhard DA, Jelluma N, Arvold ND, et al. Epidermal growth factor receptor, protein kinase B/Akt, and glioma response to erlotinib. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(12):880–7.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Swartz AM, Li Q-J, Sampson JH. Rindopepimut: a promising immunotherapeutic for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Immunotherapy. 2014;6(6):679–90.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Sampson JH, Heimberger AB, Archer GE, Aldape KD, Friedman AH, Friedman HS, et al. Immunologic escape after prolonged progression-free survival with epidermal growth factor receptor variant III peptide vaccination in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28(31):4722–9.CrossRef

30.

Parsons DW, Jones S, Zhang X, Lin JC-H, Leary RJ, Angenendt P, et al. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. Science. 2008;321(5897):1807–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

31.

Hartmann C, Meyer J, Balss J, Capper D, Mueller W, Christians A, et al. Type and frequency of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are related to astrocytic and oligodendroglial differentiation and age: a study of 1010 diffuse gliomas. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2009;118(4):469–74.CrossRef

32.

Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, McLendon R, Rasheed BA, Yuan W, et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(8):765–73.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

33.

Watanabe T, Nobusawa S, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. IDH1 mutations are early events in the development of astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas. Am J Pathol. 2009;174(4):1149–53.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

34.

Zhang J, Wu G, Miller CP, Tatevossian RG, Dalton JD, Tang B, et al. Whole-genome sequencing identifies genetic alterations in pediatric low-grade gliomas. Nat Genet. 2013;45(6):602–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Zou P, Xu H, Chen P, Yan Q, Zhao L, Zhao P, et al. IDH1/IDH2 mutations define the prognosis and molecular profiles of patients with gliomas: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(7), e68782.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

36.

Houillier C, Wang X, Kaloshi G, Mokhtari K, Guillevin R, Laffaire J, et al. IDH1 or IDH2 mutations predict longer survival and response to temozolomide in low-grade gliomas. Neurology. 2010;75(17):1560–6.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Leu S, von Felten S, Frank S, Vassella E, Vajtai I, Taylor E, et al. IDH/MGMT-driven molecular classification of low-grade glioma is a strong predictor for long-term survival. Neuro-Oncol. 2013;15(4):469–79.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

• Sun H, Yin L, Li S, Han S, Song G, Liu N, et al. Prognostic significance of IDH mutation in adult low-grade gliomas: a meta-analysis. J Neurooncol. 2013;113(2):277–84. Reviews the mutations in the gene encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and various studies examining the relationship between IDH mutation with the clinical outcome. Then presents a meta-analysis of literature to examine this effect.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Dang L, White DW, Gross S, Bennett BD, Bittinger MA, Driggers EM, et al. Cancer-associated IDH1 mutations produce 2-hydroxyglutarate. Nature. 2009;462(7274):739–44.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Xu W, Yang H, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wang P, Kim S-H, et al. Oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate is a competitive inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. Cancer Cell. 2011;19(1):17–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Noushmehr H, Weisenberger DJ, Diefes K, Phillips HS, Pujara K, Berman BP, et al. Identification of a CpG island methylator phenotype that defines a distinct subgroup of glioma. Cancer Cell. 2010;17(5):510–22.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

42.

Christensen BC, Smith AA, Zheng S, Koestler DC, Houseman EA, Marsit CJ, et al. DNA methylation, isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation, and survival in glioma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(2):143–53.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Turcan S, Rohle D, Goenka A, Walsh LA, Fang F, Yilmaz E, et al. IDH1 mutation is sufficient to establish the glioma hypermethylator phenotype. Nature. 2012;483(7390):479–83.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Lu C, Ward PS, Kapoor GS, Rohle D, Turcan S, Abdel-Wahab O, et al. IDH mutation impairs histone demethylation and results in a block to cell differentiation. Nature. 2012;483(7390):474–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

45.

Grimmer MR, Costello JF. Cancer: oncogene brought into the loop. Nature. 2016;529(7584):34–5.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Dixon JR, Selvaraj S, Yue F, Kim A, Li Y, Shen Y, et al. Topological domains in mammalian genomes identified by analysis of chromatin interactions. Nature. 2012;485(7398):376–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

47.

Bell AC, Felsenfeld G. Methylation of a CTCF-dependent boundary controls imprinted expression of the Igf2 gene. Nature. 2000;405(6785):482–5.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Hark AT, Schoenherr CJ, Katz DJ, Ingram RS, Levorse JM, Tilghman SM. CTCF mediates methylation-sensitive enhancer-blocking activity at the H19/Igf2 locus. Nature. 2000;405(6785):486–9.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Flavahan WA, Drier Y, Liau BB, Gillespie SM, Venteicher AS, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, et al. Insulator dysfunction and oncogene activation in IDH mutant gliomas. Nature. 2016;529(7584):110–4.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Capper D, Weissert S, Balss J, Habel A, Meyer J, Jäger D, et al. Characterization of R132H mutation-specific IDH1 antibody binding in brain tumors. Brain Pathol Zurich Switz. 2010;20(1):245–54.CrossRef

51.

Horbinski C, Kofler J, Kelly LM, Murdoch GH, Nikiforova MN. Diagnostic use of IDH1/2 mutation analysis in routine clinical testing of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded glioma tissues. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009;68(12):1319–25.CrossRefPubMed

52.

van den Bent MJ, Hartmann C, Preusser M, Ströbel T, Dubbink HJ, Kros JM, et al. Interlaboratory comparison of IDH mutation detection. J Neurooncol. 2013;112(2):173–8.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Rohle D, Popovici-Muller J, Palaskas N, Turcan S, Grommes C, Campos C, et al. An inhibitor of mutant IDH1 delays growth and promotes differentiation of glioma cells. Science. 2013;340(6132):626–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

54.

Schumacher T, Bunse L, Pusch S, Sahm F, Wiestler B, Quandt J, et al. A vaccine targeting mutant IDH1 induces antitumour immunity. Nature. 2014;512(7514):324–7.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Pellegatta S, Valletta L, Corbetta C, Patanè M, Zucca I, Riccardi Sirtori F, et al. Effective immuno-targeting of the IDH1 mutation R132H in a murine model of intracranial glioma. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2015;3:4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

56.

•• Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G, von Deimling A, Figarella-Branger D, Cavenee WK, et al. The 2016 world health organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2016;131(6):803–20. The updated classification of CNS tumours based both on histological and molecular studies.CrossRef

57.

Ino Y, Betensky RA, Zlatescu MC, Sasaki H, Macdonald DR, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, et al. Molecular subtypes of anaplastic oligodendroglioma: implications for patient management at diagnosis. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2001;7(4):839–45.

58.

Smith JS, Perry A, Borell TJ, Lee HK, O’Fallon J, Hosek SM, et al. Alterations of chromosome arms 1p and 19q as predictors of survival in oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, and mixed oligoastrocytomas. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2000;18(3):636–45.CrossRef

59.

Cairncross G, Wang M, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Brachman D, Buckner J, et al. Phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma: long-term results of RTOG 9402. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(3):337–43.CrossRef

60.

Intergroup Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 9402, Cairncross G, Berkey B, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Scheithauer B, et al. Phase III trial of chemotherapy plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone for pure and mixed anaplastic oligodendroglioma: Intergroup Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 9402. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2006;24(18):2707–14.CrossRef

61.

Kaloshi G, Benouaich-Amiel A, Diakite F, Taillibert S, Lejeune J, Laigle-Donadey F, et al. Temozolomide for low-grade gliomas: predictive impact of 1p/19q loss on response and outcome. Neurology. 2007;68(21):1831–6.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Yip S, Butterfield YS, Morozova O, Chittaranjan S, Blough MD, An J, et al. Concurrent CIC mutations, IDH mutations, and 1p/19q loss distinguish oligodendrogliomas from other cancers. J Pathol. 2012;226(1):7–16.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Bettegowda C, Agrawal N, Jiao Y, Sausen M, Wood LD, Hruban RH, et al. Mutations in CIC and FUBP1 contribute to human oligodendroglioma. Science. 2011;333(6048):1453–5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Eisenreich S, Abou-El-Ardat K, Szafranski K, Campos Valenzuela JA, Rump A, Nigro JM, et al. Novel CIC point mutations and an exon-spanning, homozygous deletion identified in oligodendroglial tumors by a comprehensive genomic approach including transcriptome sequencing. PLoS One. 2013;8(9), e76623.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Baumgarten P, Harter PN, Tönjes M, Capper D, Blank A-E, Sahm F, et al. Loss of FUBP1 expression in gliomas predicts FUBP1 mutation and is associated with oligodendroglial differentiation, IDH1 mutation and 1p/19q loss of heterozygosity. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2014;40(2):205–16.CrossRefPubMed

66.

67.

Yip S, Iafrate AJ, Louis DN. Molecular diagnostic testing in malignant gliomas: a practical update on predictive markers. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2008;67(1):1–15.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Walsh KM, Wiencke JK, Lachance DH, Wiemels JL, Molinaro AM, Eckel-Passow JE, et al. Telomere maintenance and the etiology of adult glioma. Neuro-Oncol. 2015;17(11):1445–52.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

69.

Heaphy CM, de Wilde RF, Jiao Y, Klein AP, Edil BH, Shi C, et al. Altered telomeres in tumors with ATRX and DAXX mutations. Science. 2011;333(6041):425.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

70.

Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H, et al. Glioma groups based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT promoter mutations in tumors. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(26):2499–508.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

71.

Camelo-Piragua S, Kesari S. Further understanding of the pathology of glioma: implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16(9):1055–65.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Gielen GH, Gessi M, Buttarelli FR, Baldi C, Hammes J, zur Muehlen A, et al. Genetic analysis of diffuse high-grade astrocytomas in infancy defines a novel molecular entity. Brain Pathol Zurich Switz. 2015;25(4):409–17.CrossRef

73.

Abedalthagafi M, Phillips JJ, Kim GE, Mueller S, Haas-Kogen DA, Marshall RE, et al. The alternative lengthening of telomere phenotype is significantly associated with loss of ATRX expression in high-grade pediatric and adult astrocytomas: a multi-institutional study of 214 astrocytomas. Mod Pathol Off J U S Can Acad Pathol Inc. 2013;26(11):1425–32.

74.

Wiestler B, Capper D, Holland-Letz T, Korshunov A, von Deimling A, Pfister SM, et al. ATRX loss refines the classification of anaplastic gliomas and identifies a subgroup of IDH mutant astrocytic tumors with better prognosis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2013;126(3):443–51.CrossRef

75.

Heaphy CM, Subhawong AP, Hong S-M, Goggins MG, Montgomery EA, Gabrielson E, et al. Prevalence of the alternative lengthening of telomeres telomere maintenance mechanism in human cancer subtypes. Am J Pathol. 2011;179(4):1608–15.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

76.

Flynn RL, Cox KE, Jeitany M, Wakimoto H, Bryll AR, Ganem NJ, et al. Alternative lengthening of telomeres renders cancer cells hypersensitive to ATR inhibitors. Science. 2015;347(6219):273–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

77.

Koschmann C, Calinescu A-A, Nunez FJ, Mackay A, Fazal-Salom J, Thomas D, et al. ATRX loss promotes tumor growth and impairs nonhomologous end joining DNA repair in glioma. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8(328):328ra28.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Killela PJ, Reitman ZJ, Jiao Y, Bettegowda C, Agrawal N, Diaz LA, et al. TERT promoter mutations occur frequently in gliomas and a subset of tumors derived from cells with low rates of self-renewal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(15):6021–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

79.

Bell RJA, Rube HT, Kreig A, Mancini A, Fouse SD, Nagarajan RP, et al. Cancer. The transcription factor GABP selectively binds and activates the mutant TERT promoter in cancer. Science. 2015;348(6238):1036–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

80.

Koelsche C, Sahm F, Capper D, Reuss D, Sturm D, Jones DTW, et al. Distribution of TERT promoter mutations in pediatric and adult tumors of the nervous system. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2013;126(6):907–15.CrossRef

81.

Shankar GM, Francis JM, Rinne ML, Ramkissoon SH, Huang FW, Venteicher AS, et al. Rapid intraoperative molecular characterization of glioma. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(5):662–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

82.

Di Stefano AL, Fucci A, Frattini V, Labussiere M, Mokhtari K, Zoppoli P, et al. Detection, characterization, and inhibition of FGFR-TACC fusions in IDH wild-type glioma. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2015;21(14):3307–17.CrossRef

83.

Dougherty MJ, Santi M, Brose MS, Ma C, Resnick AC, Sievert AJ, et al. Activating mutations in BRAF characterize a spectrum of pediatric low-grade gliomas. Neuro-Oncol. 2010;12(7):621–30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

84.

Korshunov A, Meyer J, Capper D, Christians A, Remke M, Witt H, et al. Combined molecular analysis of BRAF and IDH1 distinguishes pilocytic astrocytoma from diffuse astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2009;118(3):401–5.CrossRef

85.

Jones DTW, Kocialkowski S, Liu L, Pearson DM, Bäcklund LM, Ichimura K, et al. Tandem duplication producing a novel oncogenic BRAF fusion gene defines the majority of pilocytic astrocytomas. Cancer Res. 2008;68(21):8673–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

86.

Schindler G, Capper D, Meyer J, Janzarik W, Omran H, Herold-Mende C, et al. Analysis of BRAF V600E mutation in 1320 nervous system tumors reveals high mutation frequencies in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, ganglioglioma and extra-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2011;121(3):397–405.CrossRef

87.

Dias-Santagata D, Lam Q, Vernovsky K, Vena N, Lennerz JK, Borger DR, et al. BRAF V600E mutations are common in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. PLoS One. 2011;6(3), e17948.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

88.

Horbinski C, Nikiforova MN, Hagenkord JM, Hamilton RL, Pollack IF. Interplay among BRAF, p16, p53, and MIB1 in pediatric low-grade gliomas. Neuro-Oncol. 2012;14(6):777–89.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

89.

Dahiya S, Haydon DH, Alvarado D, Gurnett CA, Gutmann DH, Leonard JR. BRAF(V600E) mutation is a negative prognosticator in pediatric ganglioglioma. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 2013;125(6):901–10.CrossRef

90.

Nicolaides TP, Li H, Solomon DA, Hariono S, Hashizume R, Barkovich K, et al. Targeted therapy for BRAFV600E malignant astrocytoma. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2011;17(24):7595–604.CrossRef

91.

Robinson GW, Orr BA, Gajjar A. Complete clinical regression of a BRAF V600E-mutant pediatric glioblastoma multiforme after BRAF inhibitor therapy. BMC Cancer. 2014;14:258.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

92.

Yao T-W, Zhang J, Prados M, Weiss WA, James CD, Nicolaides T. Acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition in BRAFV600E mutant gliomas. Oncotarget. 2016;7.

93.

Yao T-W, Zhang J, Prados M, Weiss WA, James CD, Nicolaides T. EGFR blockade prevents glioma escape from BRAFV600E targeted therapy. Oncotarget. 2015;6(26):21993–2005.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

94.

Olow A, Mueller S, Yang X, Hashizume R, Meyerowitz J, Weiss W, et al. BRAF status in personalizing treatment approaches for pediatric gliomas. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2016;23.

95.

• Prados MD, Byron SA, Tran NL, Phillips JJ, Molinaro AM, Ligon KL, et al. Toward precision medicine in glioblastoma: the promise and the challenges. Neuro-Oncol. 2015;17(8):1051–63. A good review of where precision medicine stands in the context of neuro oncology and next steps.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Titel: The Effect of Molecular Diagnostics on the Treatment of Glioma
verfasst von: Nancy Ann Oberheim Bush
Nicholas Butowski
Publikationsdatum: 01.04.2017
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Current Oncology Reports / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1523-3790
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-6269
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-017-0585-6

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

24.04.2024 | DGIM 2024 | Nachrichten

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

The Effect of Molecular Diagnostics on the Treatment of Glioma

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Krebspatienten impfen: Was? Wen? Und wann nicht?

Müde im Alter? Auch an die Nebenniere denken

Update Onkologie

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Recent Findings

Summary

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2017

Genetic Landscape and Classification of Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas

The Role of Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Prostate Cancer

Changing the Therapeutic Landscape in Non-small Cell Lung Cancers: the Evolution of Comprehensive Molecular Profiling Improves Access to Therapy

Prolymphocytic Leukemia: New Insights in Diagnosis and in Treatment

Contributions of the Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group (JGOG) in Improving the Quality of Life in Women With Gynecological Malignancies

Current Management Strategy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma and Future Directions

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Bei Senioren mit Prostatakarzinom auf Anämie achten!

ICI-Therapie in der Schwangerschaft wird gut toleriert

Krebspatienten impfen: Was? Wen? Und wann nicht?

Müde im Alter? Auch an die Nebenniere denken

Update Onkologie