Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Osteoporosis Reports 2/2017

24.02.2017 | Therapeutics and Medical Management (S Jan de Beur and B Clarke, Section Editors)

Osteoporosis: Treat-to-Target

verfasst von: E. Michael Lewiecki

Erschienen in: Current Osteoporosis Reports | Ausgabe 2/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Treat-to-target (goal-directed therapy) has been proposed as a strategy to assist clinicians in selecting the most appropriate initial treatment for osteoporosis and guiding subsequent decisions to continue, change, or stop treatment. This is a review of the current medical evidence regarding treatment targets and potential clinical applications in managing patients with osteoporosis.

Recent Findings

Analyses of randomized placebo-controlled trials of approved agents to treat osteoporosis have generally shown that larger increases in bone mineral density are associated with greater reduction in fracture risk. Achievement of T-scores > −2.5 to −2.0 with treatment appears to provide little additional fracture protection.

Summary

The paradigm of treat-to-target is aimed at enhancing and individualizing the care of patients with osteoporosis. Based on the best available data, the most promising target is T-score > −2.5. More data are needed to validate the clinical utility of treat-to-target for osteoporosis.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, et al. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(10):2359–81.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS, Lewiecki EM, Tanner B, Randall S, et al. Clinician's guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(10):2359–81.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV, et al. A systematic review of intervention thresholds based on FRAX: a report prepared for the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group and the international osteoporosis foundation. Arch Osteoporos. 2016;11(1):25.CrossRefPubMed Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Cooper C, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey EV, et al. A systematic review of intervention thresholds based on FRAX: a report prepared for the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group and the international osteoporosis foundation. Arch Osteoporos. 2016;11(1):25.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Papaioannou A, Morin S, Cheung AM, Atkinson S, Brown JP, Feldman S, et al. 2010 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada: summary. CMAJ. 2010;182(17):1864–73.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Papaioannou A, Morin S, Cheung AM, Atkinson S, Brown JP, Feldman S, et al. 2010 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada: summary. CMAJ. 2010;182(17):1864–73.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Zurück zum Zitat • Lewiecki EM, Cummings SR, Cosman F. Treat-to-target for osteoporosis: is now the time? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):946–53. This is a detailed description of the rationale supporting the development of treat-to-target for osteoporosisCrossRefPubMed • Lewiecki EM, Cummings SR, Cosman F. Treat-to-target for osteoporosis: is now the time? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):946–53. This is a detailed description of the rationale supporting the development of treat-to-target for osteoporosisCrossRefPubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat • Cummings SR, Cosman F, Eastell R, Reid IR, Mehta M, Lewiecki EM. Goal-directed treatment of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(3):433–8. Additional information is provided here on the benefits and limitations of osteoporosis treatment targets CrossRefPubMed • Cummings SR, Cosman F, Eastell R, Reid IR, Mehta M, Lewiecki EM. Goal-directed treatment of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(3):433–8. Additional information is provided here on the benefits and limitations of osteoporosis treatment targets CrossRefPubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the eighth joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507–20.CrossRefPubMed James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the eighth joint National Committee (JNC 8). JAMA. 2014;311(5):507–20.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamberlain JJ, Rhinehart AS, Shaefer Jr CF, Neuman A. Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes: synopsis of the 2016 American Diabetes Association standards of medical Care in Diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(8):542–52.CrossRefPubMed Chamberlain JJ, Rhinehart AS, Shaefer Jr CF, Neuman A. Diagnosis and Management of Diabetes: synopsis of the 2016 American Diabetes Association standards of medical Care in Diabetes. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(8):542–52.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges Jr SL, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(1):1–26.CrossRefPubMed Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges Jr SL, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(1):1–26.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller PD. Underdiagnosis and Undertreatment of osteoporosis: the battle to Be won. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(3):852–9.CrossRefPubMed Miller PD. Underdiagnosis and Undertreatment of osteoporosis: the battle to Be won. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(3):852–9.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Solomon DH, Johnston SS, Boytsov NN, McMorrow D, Lane JM, Krohn KD. Osteoporosis medication use after hip fracture in U.S. patients between 2002 and 2011. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(9):1929–37.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Solomon DH, Johnston SS, Boytsov NN, McMorrow D, Lane JM, Krohn KD. Osteoporosis medication use after hip fracture in U.S. patients between 2002 and 2011. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(9):1929–37.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Khosla S, Shane E. A crisis in the treatment of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(8):1485–7.CrossRefPubMed Khosla S, Shane E. A crisis in the treatment of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(8):1485–7.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewiecki EM, Watts NB. Assessing response to osteoporosis therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(10):1363–8.CrossRefPubMed Lewiecki EM, Watts NB. Assessing response to osteoporosis therapy. Osteoporos Int. 2008;19(10):1363–8.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Diez-Perez A, Adachi JD, Agnusdei D, Bilezikian JP, Compston JE, Cummings SR, et al. Treatment failure in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:2769–74.CrossRefPubMed Diez-Perez A, Adachi JD, Agnusdei D, Bilezikian JP, Compston JE, Cummings SR, et al. Treatment failure in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2012;23:2769–74.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat McClung M, Harris ST, Miller PD, Bauer DC, Davison KS, Dian L, et al. Bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis: benefits, risks, and drug holiday. Am J Med. 2013;126(1):13–20.CrossRefPubMed McClung M, Harris ST, Miller PD, Bauer DC, Davison KS, Dian L, et al. Bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis: benefits, risks, and drug holiday. Am J Med. 2013;126(1):13–20.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, Dempster DW, Ebeling PR, Felsenberg D, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(10):1479–89.CrossRefPubMed Khosla S, Burr D, Cauley J, Dempster DW, Ebeling PR, Felsenberg D, et al. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(10):1479–89.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Shane E, Burr D, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, Cheung AM, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: second report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(1):1–23.CrossRefPubMed Shane E, Burr D, Abrahamsen B, Adler RA, Brown TD, Cheung AM, et al. Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: second report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(1):1–23.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Cummings SR, Cosman F, Lewiecki EM, Schousboe JT, Bauer DC, Black DM, et al. Goal-directed treatment for osteoporosis: a progress report from the ASBMR-NOF working group on goal-directed treatment for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(1):3–10. This report summarizes the best available medical evidence regarding the potential use of treatment targets for osteoporosis and proposes further studies to evaluate the clinical utility of treatment targets CrossRefPubMed •• Cummings SR, Cosman F, Lewiecki EM, Schousboe JT, Bauer DC, Black DM, et al. Goal-directed treatment for osteoporosis: a progress report from the ASBMR-NOF working group on goal-directed treatment for osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(1):3–10. This report summarizes the best available medical evidence regarding the potential use of treatment targets for osteoporosis and proposes further studies to evaluate the clinical utility of treatment targets CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, Camacho PM, Clarke BL, Clines GA, et al. Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(1):16–35. This report from the ASBMR Task Force suggests consideration of a bisphosphonate holiday when the T-score is > -2.5 and fracture risk is low, consistent with consideration of the same T-score value as a treatment target CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral •• Adler RA, El-Hajj Fuleihan G, Bauer DC, Camacho PM, Clarke BL, Clines GA, et al. Managing osteoporosis in patients on long-term bisphosphonate treatment: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2016;31(1):16–35. This report from the ASBMR Task Force suggests consideration of a bisphosphonate holiday when the T-score is > -2.5 and fracture risk is low, consistent with consideration of the same T-score value as a treatment target CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee J, Vasikaran S. Current recommendations for laboratory testing and use of bone turnover markers in management of osteoporosis. Ann Lab Med. 2012;32(2):105–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Lee J, Vasikaran S. Current recommendations for laboratory testing and use of bone turnover markers in management of osteoporosis. Ann Lab Med. 2012;32(2):105–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA. Does osteoporosis therapy invalidate FRAX for fracture prediction? J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(6):1243–51.CrossRefPubMed Leslie WD, Lix LM, Johansson H, Oden A, McCloskey E, Kanis JA. Does osteoporosis therapy invalidate FRAX for fracture prediction? J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(6):1243–51.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Leslie WD, Majumdar SR, Lix LM, Morin SN, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. Can change in FRAX score be used to "treat to target"? A population-based cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(5):1074–80.CrossRefPubMed Leslie WD, Majumdar SR, Lix LM, Morin SN, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. Can change in FRAX score be used to "treat to target"? A population-based cohort study. J Bone Miner Res. 2014;29(5):1074–80.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ. 1996;312(7041):1254–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Marshall D, Johnell O, Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. BMJ. 1996;312(7041):1254–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hochberg MC, Ross PD, Black D, Cummings SR, Genant HK, Nevitt MC, et al. Larger increases in bone mineral density during alendronate therapy are associated with a lower risk of new vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(6):1246–54.CrossRefPubMed Hochberg MC, Ross PD, Black D, Cummings SR, Genant HK, Nevitt MC, et al. Larger increases in bone mineral density during alendronate therapy are associated with a lower risk of new vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(6):1246–54.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Jacques RM, Boonen S, Cosman F, Reid IR, Bauer DC, Black DM, et al. Relationship of changes in total hip bone mineral density to vertebral and nonvertebral fracture risk in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis treated with once-yearly zoledronic acid 5 mg: the HORIZON-pivotal fracture trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(8):1627–34.CrossRefPubMed Jacques RM, Boonen S, Cosman F, Reid IR, Bauer DC, Black DM, et al. Relationship of changes in total hip bone mineral density to vertebral and nonvertebral fracture risk in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis treated with once-yearly zoledronic acid 5 mg: the HORIZON-pivotal fracture trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(8):1627–34.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Austin M, Yang YC, Vittinghoff E, Adami S, Boonen S, Bauer DC, et al. Relationship between bone mineral density changes with denosumab treatment and risk reduction for vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(3):687–93.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Austin M, Yang YC, Vittinghoff E, Adami S, Boonen S, Bauer DC, et al. Relationship between bone mineral density changes with denosumab treatment and risk reduction for vertebral and nonvertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(3):687–93.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, Miller P, Thompson DE, Ross PD. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(4):1586–92.CrossRefPubMed Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, Miller P, Thompson DE, Ross PD. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(4):1586–92.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Wasnich RD, Miller PD. Antifracture efficacy of antiresorptive agents are related to changes in bone density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(1):231–6.CrossRefPubMed Wasnich RD, Miller PD. Antifracture efficacy of antiresorptive agents are related to changes in bone density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(1):231–6.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Black DM, Vittinghoff E, Eastell R, Bouxsein M, McCulloch C, Cawthon PM, et al. Hip BMD by DXA can reliably estimate reduction in hip risk in osteoporosis trials: a meta-regression. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(S1):S49. This analysis of multiple clinical trials shows a robust correlation between increases in BMD with treatment and reduction of fracture risk •• Black DM, Vittinghoff E, Eastell R, Bouxsein M, McCulloch C, Cawthon PM, et al. Hip BMD by DXA can reliably estimate reduction in hip risk in osteoporosis trials: a meta-regression. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(S1):S49. This analysis of multiple clinical trials shows a robust correlation between increases in BMD with treatment and reduction of fracture risk
31.
Zurück zum Zitat •• Ferrari S, Libanati C, Lin CJF, Adami S, Brown JP, Cosman F, et al. Relationship between total hip BMD T-score and incidence of nonvertebral fracture with up to 8 years of denosumab treatment. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(Suppl. 1):S49. This is a report that larger increases in BMD with denosumab are associated with a greater reduction in fracture risk •• Ferrari S, Libanati C, Lin CJF, Adami S, Brown JP, Cosman F, et al. Relationship between total hip BMD T-score and incidence of nonvertebral fracture with up to 8 years of denosumab treatment. J Bone Miner Res. 2015;30(Suppl. 1):S49. This is a report that larger increases in BMD with denosumab are associated with a greater reduction in fracture risk
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Levis S, Quandt SA, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the fracture intervention trial long-term extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296(24):2927–38.CrossRefPubMed Black DM, Schwartz AV, Ensrud KE, Cauley JA, Levis S, Quandt SA, et al. Effects of continuing or stopping alendronate after 5 years of treatment: the fracture intervention trial long-term extension (FLEX): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;296(24):2927–38.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz AV, Bauer DC, Cummings SR, Cauley JA, Ensrud KE, Palermo L, et al. Efficacy of continued alendronate for fractures in women with and without prevalent vertebral fracture: the FLEX trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(5):976–82.CrossRefPubMed Schwartz AV, Bauer DC, Cummings SR, Cauley JA, Ensrud KE, Palermo L, et al. Efficacy of continued alendronate for fractures in women with and without prevalent vertebral fracture: the FLEX trial. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(5):976–82.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Black DM, Reid IR, Boonen S, Bucci-Rechtweg C, Cauley JA, Cosman F, et al. The effect of 3 versus 6 years of zoledronic acid treatment of osteoporosis: a randomized extension to the HORIZON-pivotal fracture trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(2):243–54.CrossRefPubMed Black DM, Reid IR, Boonen S, Bucci-Rechtweg C, Cauley JA, Cosman F, et al. The effect of 3 versus 6 years of zoledronic acid treatment of osteoporosis: a randomized extension to the HORIZON-pivotal fracture trial (PFT). J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(2):243–54.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Cosman F, Cauley JA, Eastell R, Boonen S, Palermo L, Reid IR, et al. Reassessment of fracture risk in women after 3 years of treatment with zoledronic acid: when is it reasonable to discontinue treatment? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(12):4546–54.CrossRefPubMed Cosman F, Cauley JA, Eastell R, Boonen S, Palermo L, Reid IR, et al. Reassessment of fracture risk in women after 3 years of treatment with zoledronic acid: when is it reasonable to discontinue treatment? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(12):4546–54.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Black DM, Bauer DC, Schwartz AV, Cummings SR, Rosen CJ. Continuing bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis- for whom and for how long? N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2051–3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Black DM, Bauer DC, Schwartz AV, Cummings SR, Rosen CJ. Continuing bisphosphonate treatment for osteoporosis- for whom and for how long? N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2051–3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitaker M, Guo J, Kehoe T, Benson G. Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis-where do We go from here? N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2048–51.CrossRefPubMed Whitaker M, Guo J, Kehoe T, Benson G. Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis-where do We go from here? N Engl J Med. 2012;366(22):2048–51.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferrari S, Adachi JD, Lippuner K, Zapalowski C, Miller PD, Reginster JY, et al. Further reductions in nonvertebral fracture rate with long-term denosumab treatment in the FREEDOM open-label extension and influence of hip bone mineral density after 3 years. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(12):2763–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Ferrari S, Adachi JD, Lippuner K, Zapalowski C, Miller PD, Reginster JY, et al. Further reductions in nonvertebral fracture rate with long-term denosumab treatment in the FREEDOM open-label extension and influence of hip bone mineral density after 3 years. Osteoporos Int. 2015;26(12):2763–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim TY, Schafer AL. Variability in DXA reporting and other challenges in osteoporosis evaluation. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(3):393–5.CrossRefPubMed Kim TY, Schafer AL. Variability in DXA reporting and other challenges in osteoporosis evaluation. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(3):393–5.CrossRefPubMed
40.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Watts NB. Fundamentals and pitfalls of bone densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(11):847–54.CrossRefPubMed Watts NB. Fundamentals and pitfalls of bone densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(11):847–54.CrossRefPubMed
42.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Shepherd JA, Schousboe JT, Broy SB, Engelke K, Leslie WD. Executive summary of the 2015 ISCD position development conference on advanced measures from DXA and QCT: fracture prediction beyond BMD. J Clin Densitom. 2015;18(3):274–86.CrossRefPubMed Shepherd JA, Schousboe JT, Broy SB, Engelke K, Leslie WD. Executive summary of the 2015 ISCD position development conference on advanced measures from DXA and QCT: fracture prediction beyond BMD. J Clin Densitom. 2015;18(3):274–86.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, Morgan SL, Shuhart CR, Camargos BM, Carey JJ, et al. Best practices for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement and reporting: International Society for Clinical Densitometry Guidance. J Clin Densitom. 2016;19(2):127–40.CrossRefPubMed Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, Morgan SL, Shuhart CR, Camargos BM, Carey JJ, et al. Best practices for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement and reporting: International Society for Clinical Densitometry Guidance. J Clin Densitom. 2016;19(2):127–40.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanis JA, McCloskey E, Branco J, Brandi ML, Dennison E, Devogelaer JP, et al. Goal-directed treatment of osteoporosis in Europe. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(11):2533–43.CrossRefPubMed Kanis JA, McCloskey E, Branco J, Brandi ML, Dennison E, Devogelaer JP, et al. Goal-directed treatment of osteoporosis in Europe. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(11):2533–43.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat McCloskey E, Leslie WD. Goal-directed therapy in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(3):439–41.CrossRefPubMed McCloskey E, Leslie WD. Goal-directed therapy in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2013;28(3):439–41.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Chesnut III CH, Silverman S, Andriano K, Genant H, Gimona A, Harris S, et al. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group Am J Med. 2000;109(4):267–76. Chesnut III CH, Silverman S, Andriano K, Genant H, Gimona A, Harris S, et al. A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. PROOF Study Group Am J Med. 2000;109(4):267–76.
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewiecki EM, Binkley N. What we don't know about osteoporosis. J Endocrinol Investig. 2016;39(5):491–3.CrossRef Lewiecki EM, Binkley N. What we don't know about osteoporosis. J Endocrinol Investig. 2016;39(5):491–3.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Osteoporosis: Treat-to-Target
verfasst von
E. Michael Lewiecki
Publikationsdatum
24.02.2017
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Osteoporosis Reports / Ausgabe 2/2017
Print ISSN: 1544-1873
Elektronische ISSN: 1544-2241
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11914-017-0350-7

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2017

Current Osteoporosis Reports 2/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Osteoporosis and Cancer (M Nanes AND M Drake, SECTION EDITORS)

Bone Pain and Muscle Weakness in Cancer Patients

Rare Bone Disease (C Langman and E Shore, Section Editors)

Microcephalic Osteodysplastic Primordial Dwarfism, Type II: a Clinical Review

Biomechanics (M Silva and K Jepsen, Section Editors)

Sex-Differences in Skeletal Growth and Aging

Rare Bone Disease (C Langman and E Shore, Section Editors)

Current Care and Investigational Therapies in Achondroplasia

Skeletal Development (P Trainor and K Svoboda, Section Editors)

Functional Diversity of Ciliary Proteins in Bone Development and Disease

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.