Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Pain and Headache Reports 11/2016

01.11.2016 | Neuromodulation (M Gofeld, Section Editor)

Review of Recent Advances in Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS)

verfasst von: Krishnan Chakravarthy, Andrew Nava, Paul J. Christo, Kayode Williams

Erschienen in: Current Pain and Headache Reports | Ausgabe 11/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) for the treatment of chronic pain has become an increasingly important field in the arena of neuromodulation, given the ongoing advances in electrical neuromodulation technology since 1999 permitting minimally invasive approaches using an percutaneous approach as opposed to implantable systems. Our review aims to provide clinicians with the recent advances and studies in the field, with specific emphasis on clinical data and indications that have been accumulated over the last several years. In addition, we aim to address key basic science studies to further emphasize the importance of translational research outcomes driving clinical management.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell JN, Long DM. Peripheral nerve stimulation in the treatment of intractable pain. J Neurosurg. 1976;45(6):692–9.CrossRefPubMed Campbell JN, Long DM. Peripheral nerve stimulation in the treatment of intractable pain. J Neurosurg. 1976;45(6):692–9.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Weiner RL, Reed KL. Peripheral neurostimulation for control of intractable occipital neuralgia. Neuromodulation Technol Neural Interface. 1999;2:217–21.CrossRef Weiner RL, Reed KL. Peripheral neurostimulation for control of intractable occipital neuralgia. Neuromodulation Technol Neural Interface. 1999;2:217–21.CrossRef
3.••
Zurück zum Zitat Goroszeniuk T, Pang D. Peripheral neuromodulation: a review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(5):412. This review published in 2014 provides a detailed overview of peripheral nerve stimulation and various clinical indications.CrossRefPubMed Goroszeniuk T, Pang D. Peripheral neuromodulation: a review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(5):412. This review published in 2014 provides a detailed overview of peripheral nerve stimulation and various clinical indications.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Althaus J. A treatise on medical electricity, theoretical and practical; and its use in the treatment of paralysis, neuralgia, and other diseases. Philadelphia, Lindsay & Blakiston, 1860. Althaus J. A treatise on medical electricity, theoretical and practical; and its use in the treatment of paralysis, neuralgia, and other diseases. Philadelphia, Lindsay & Blakiston, 1860.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat White JC, Sweet WH: Pain and the neurosurgeon: a 40-year experience. Springfield, Thomas, 1969, pp. 894–899 White JC, Sweet WH: Pain and the neurosurgeon: a 40-year experience. Springfield, Thomas, 1969, pp. 894–899
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Papuc E. The role of neurostimulation in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013;1:14–7. Papuc E. The role of neurostimulation in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2013;1:14–7.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Schaible HG. Peripheral and central mechanisms of pain generation. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2007;177:3–28.CrossRef Schaible HG. Peripheral and central mechanisms of pain generation. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2007;177:3–28.CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Shaparin N, Gritsenko K, Garcia-Roves DF, Shah U, Schultz T, Deleon-Casasola O. Peripheral neuromodulation for the treatment of refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Pain Res Manag. 2015;20(2):63–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Shaparin N, Gritsenko K, Garcia-Roves DF, Shah U, Schultz T, Deleon-Casasola O. Peripheral neuromodulation for the treatment of refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Pain Res Manag. 2015;20(2):63–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanai F. Effect of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves on neuropathic pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(15):1886–92.CrossRef Hanai F. Effect of electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves on neuropathic pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000;25(15):1886–92.CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Sluka KA, Deacon M, Stibal A, et al. Spinal blockade of opioid receptors prevents the analgesia produced by TENS in arthritic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289:840–6.PubMed Sluka KA, Deacon M, Stibal A, et al. Spinal blockade of opioid receptors prevents the analgesia produced by TENS in arthritic rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289:840–6.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalra A, Urban MO, Sluka KA. Blockade of opioid receptors in rostral ventral medulla prevents antihyperalgesia produced by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001;298:257–63.PubMed Kalra A, Urban MO, Sluka KA. Blockade of opioid receptors in rostral ventral medulla prevents antihyperalgesia produced by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001;298:257–63.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Radhakrishnan R, Sluka KA. Spinal muscarinic receptors are activated during low or high frequency TENS-induced antihyperalgesia in rats. Neuropharmacology. 2003;45:1111–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Radhakrishnan R, Sluka KA. Spinal muscarinic receptors are activated during low or high frequency TENS-induced antihyperalgesia in rats. Neuropharmacology. 2003;45:1111–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Radhakrishnan R, King EW, Dickman J, et al. Blockade of spinal 5-HT receptor subtypes prevents low, but not high, frequency TENS-induced antihyperalgesia in rats. Pain. 2003;105:205–13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Radhakrishnan R, King EW, Dickman J, et al. Blockade of spinal 5-HT receptor subtypes prevents low, but not high, frequency TENS-induced antihyperalgesia in rats. Pain. 2003;105:205–13.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Maeda Y, Lisi TL, Vance CG, Sluka KA. Release of GABA and activation of GABAA receptors in the spinal cord mediates the effects of TENS in rats. Brain Res. 2007;1136:43–50. Maeda Y, Lisi TL, Vance CG, Sluka KA. Release of GABA and activation of GABAA receptors in the spinal cord mediates the effects of TENS in rats. Brain Res. 2007;1136:43–50.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Sluka KA, Lisi TL, Westlund KN. Increased release of serotonin in the spinal cord during low, but not high, frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in rats with joint inflammation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:1137–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sluka KA, Lisi TL, Westlund KN. Increased release of serotonin in the spinal cord during low, but not high, frequency transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in rats with joint inflammation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87:1137–40.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Chandran P, Sluka KA. Development of opioid tolerance with repeated transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation administration. Pain. 2003;102:195–2011.CrossRefPubMed Chandran P, Sluka KA. Development of opioid tolerance with repeated transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation administration. Pain. 2003;102:195–2011.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Han JS, Chen XH, Sun SL, et al. Effect of low and high frequency TENS on met-enkephalin-arg-phe and dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human lumbar CSF. Pain. 1991;47:295–8.CrossRefPubMed Han JS, Chen XH, Sun SL, et al. Effect of low and high frequency TENS on met-enkephalin-arg-phe and dynorphin A immunoreactivity in human lumbar CSF. Pain. 1991;47:295–8.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Salar G, Job I, Mingrino S, et al. Effect of transcutaneous electrotherapy on CSF β-endorphin content in patients without pain problems. Pain. 1981;10:169–72.CrossRefPubMed Salar G, Job I, Mingrino S, et al. Effect of transcutaneous electrotherapy on CSF β-endorphin content in patients without pain problems. Pain. 1981;10:169–72.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Santuzzi CH, Neto Hde A, Pires JG, Gonçalves WL, Gouvea SA, Abreu GR. High-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces pain and cardio-respiratory parameters in an animal model of acute pain: participation of peripheral serotonin. Physiother Theory Pract. 2013;29(8):630–8. doi:10.3109/09593985.2013.774451. Epub 2013 Mar 11.CrossRefPubMed Santuzzi CH, Neto Hde A, Pires JG, Gonçalves WL, Gouvea SA, Abreu GR. High-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces pain and cardio-respiratory parameters in an animal model of acute pain: participation of peripheral serotonin. Physiother Theory Pract. 2013;29(8):630–8. doi:10.​3109/​09593985.​2013.​774451. Epub 2013 Mar 11.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Vera-Portocarrero LP, Cordero T, Billstrom T, et al. Differential effects of subcutaneous electrical stimulation (SQS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in rodent models of chronic neuropathic or inflammatory pain. Neuromodulation. 2013;16:328–35.CrossRefPubMed Vera-Portocarrero LP, Cordero T, Billstrom T, et al. Differential effects of subcutaneous electrical stimulation (SQS) and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in rodent models of chronic neuropathic or inflammatory pain. Neuromodulation. 2013;16:328–35.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Koopmeiners AS, Mueller S, Kramer J, Hogan QH. Effect of electrical field stimulation on dorsal root ganglion neuronal function. Neuromodulation. 2013;16(4):304–11.CrossRefPubMed Koopmeiners AS, Mueller S, Kramer J, Hogan QH. Effect of electrical field stimulation on dorsal root ganglion neuronal function. Neuromodulation. 2013;16(4):304–11.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Gemes G1, Koopmeiners A, Rigaud M, Lirk P, Sapunar D, Bangaru ML, Vilceanu D, Garrison SR, Ljubkovic M, Mueller SJ, Stucky CL, Hogan QH. Failure of action potential propagation in sensory neurons: mechanisms and loss of afferent filtering in C-type units after painful nerve injury. J Physiol. 2013, 591.4: 1111–1131. Gemes G1, Koopmeiners A, Rigaud M, Lirk P, Sapunar D, Bangaru ML, Vilceanu D, Garrison SR, Ljubkovic M, Mueller SJ, Stucky CL, Hogan QH. Failure of action potential propagation in sensory neurons: mechanisms and loss of afferent filtering in C-type units after painful nerve injury. J Physiol. 2013, 591.4: 1111–1131.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Guo JS, Jing PB, Wang JA, Zhang R, Jiang BC, Gao YJ, et al. Increased autophagic activity in dorsal root ganglion attenuates neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury. Neurosci Lett. 2015;599:158–63.CrossRefPubMed Guo JS, Jing PB, Wang JA, Zhang R, Jiang BC, Gao YJ, et al. Increased autophagic activity in dorsal root ganglion attenuates neuropathic pain following peripheral nerve injury. Neurosci Lett. 2015;599:158–63.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang Y, Laumet G, Chen SR, Hittelman WN, Pan HL. Pannexin-1 up-regulation in the dorsal root ganglion contributes to neuropathic pain development. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(23):14647–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Zhang Y, Laumet G, Chen SR, Hittelman WN, Pan HL. Pannexin-1 up-regulation in the dorsal root ganglion contributes to neuropathic pain development. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(23):14647–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Schlösser L, Barthel F, Brandenburger T, Neumann E, Bauer I, Eulenburg V, et al. Glycine transporter GlyT1, but not GlyT2, is expressed in rat dorsal root ganglion—possible implications for neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett. 2015;600:213–9.CrossRefPubMed Schlösser L, Barthel F, Brandenburger T, Neumann E, Bauer I, Eulenburg V, et al. Glycine transporter GlyT1, but not GlyT2, is expressed in rat dorsal root ganglion—possible implications for neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett. 2015;600:213–9.CrossRefPubMed
29.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Stinson LW, Roderer GT, Cross NE, David BE. Peripheral subcutaneous neurostiomulation for control of intractable postoperative inguinal pain: a case report series. Neuromodulation. 2001;4(3):99–104.CrossRefPubMed Stinson LW, Roderer GT, Cross NE, David BE. Peripheral subcutaneous neurostiomulation for control of intractable postoperative inguinal pain: a case report series. Neuromodulation. 2001;4(3):99–104.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Kothari S, Goroszeniuk T. Percutaneous permanent electrode implantation to ulnar nerves for upper extremity chronic pain: 6 year follow up. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31(5 Supp):16.CrossRef Kothari S, Goroszeniuk T. Percutaneous permanent electrode implantation to ulnar nerves for upper extremity chronic pain: 6 year follow up. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2006;31(5 Supp):16.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Siddalingaiah V, Goroszeniuk T, Palmisani S, et al. Permanent percutaneous sciatic nerve stimulation for treatment of severe neuropathic pain. [Abstract PH 367] Presented at the Proceedings of the 13th World Congress on Pain, Montreal, Canada, 29 August–2 September 2010. Siddalingaiah V, Goroszeniuk T, Palmisani S, et al. Permanent percutaneous sciatic nerve stimulation for treatment of severe neuropathic pain. [Abstract PH 367] Presented at the Proceedings of the 13th World Congress on Pain, Montreal, Canada, 29 August–2 September 2010.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Shetty A, Pang D, Mendis V, et al. Median nerve stimulation in forearm for treatment of neuropathic pain post re-implantation of fingers: a case report. Pain Pract. 2012;12(1 Supp):92. Shetty A, Pang D, Mendis V, et al. Median nerve stimulation in forearm for treatment of neuropathic pain post re-implantation of fingers: a case report. Pain Pract. 2012;12(1 Supp):92.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Bouche B, Eisenberg E, Meignier M, et al. Facilitation of diagnostic and percutaneous trial lead placement with ultrasound guidance for peripheral nerve stimulation ilioinguinal neuralgia. Abstracts from the 10th World Congress of the International Neuromodulation Society. Neuromodulation. 2011;14:563. Bouche B, Eisenberg E, Meignier M, et al. Facilitation of diagnostic and percutaneous trial lead placement with ultrasound guidance for peripheral nerve stimulation ilioinguinal neuralgia. Abstracts from the 10th World Congress of the International Neuromodulation Society. Neuromodulation. 2011;14:563.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Goroszeniuk T, Kothari SC, Hamann WC. Percutaneous implantation of a brachial plexus electrode for management of pain syndrome caused by a traction injury. Neuromodulation. 2007;10:148–55.CrossRefPubMed Goroszeniuk T, Kothari SC, Hamann WC. Percutaneous implantation of a brachial plexus electrode for management of pain syndrome caused by a traction injury. Neuromodulation. 2007;10:148–55.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Petrovic Z, Goroszeniuk T, Kothari S. Percutaneous lumbar plexus stimulation in the treatment of intractable pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32(5 Supp 1):11. Petrovic Z, Goroszeniuk T, Kothari S. Percutaneous lumbar plexus stimulation in the treatment of intractable pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2007;32(5 Supp 1):11.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Rauck RL, Cohen SP, Gilmore CA, North JM, Kapural L, Zang RH, et al. Treatment of post-amputation pain with peripheral nerve stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(2):188–97.CrossRefPubMed Rauck RL, Cohen SP, Gilmore CA, North JM, Kapural L, Zang RH, et al. Treatment of post-amputation pain with peripheral nerve stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(2):188–97.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Mørch CD, Nguyen GP, Wacnik PW, Andersen OK. Mathematical model of nerve fiber activation during low back peripheral nerve field stimulation: analysis of electrode implant depth. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(3):218–25.CrossRefPubMed Mørch CD, Nguyen GP, Wacnik PW, Andersen OK. Mathematical model of nerve fiber activation during low back peripheral nerve field stimulation: analysis of electrode implant depth. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(3):218–25.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Frahm KS, Hennings K, Vera-Portocarrero L, Wacnik PW, Mørch CD. Nerve fiber activation during peripheral nerve field stimulation: importance of electrode orientation and estimation of area of paresthesia. Neuromodulation. 2016;19(3):311–8.CrossRefPubMed Frahm KS, Hennings K, Vera-Portocarrero L, Wacnik PW, Mørch CD. Nerve fiber activation during peripheral nerve field stimulation: importance of electrode orientation and estimation of area of paresthesia. Neuromodulation. 2016;19(3):311–8.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Frahm KS, Hennings K, Vera-Portocarrero L, Wacnik PW, Mørch CD. Muscle activation during peripheral nerve field stimulation occurs due to recruitment of efferent nerve fibers, not direct muscle activation. Neuromodulation. 2016;19(6):587–96. Frahm KS, Hennings K, Vera-Portocarrero L, Wacnik PW, Mørch CD. Muscle activation during peripheral nerve field stimulation occurs due to recruitment of efferent nerve fibers, not direct muscle activation. Neuromodulation. 2016;19(6):587–96.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Kloimstein H, Likar R, Kern M, Neuhold J, Cada M, Loinig N, et al. Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) in chronic low back pain: a prospective multicenter study. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(2):180–7.CrossRefPubMed Kloimstein H, Likar R, Kern M, Neuhold J, Cada M, Loinig N, et al. Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) in chronic low back pain: a prospective multicenter study. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(2):180–7.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Guentchev M, Preuss C, Rink R, Peter L, Wocker EL, Tuettenberg J. Technical note: Treatment of sacroiliac joint pain with peripheral nerve stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(5):392–6.CrossRefPubMed Guentchev M, Preuss C, Rink R, Peter L, Wocker EL, Tuettenberg J. Technical note: Treatment of sacroiliac joint pain with peripheral nerve stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(5):392–6.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, Reed KL, Deer TR, Slavin KV, Huh B, et al. Safety and efficacy of peripheral nerve stimulation of the occipital nerves for the management of chronic migraine: long-term results from a randomized, multicenter, double-blinded, controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(4):344–58.CrossRefPubMed Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, Reed KL, Deer TR, Slavin KV, Huh B, et al. Safety and efficacy of peripheral nerve stimulation of the occipital nerves for the management of chronic migraine: long-term results from a randomized, multicenter, double-blinded, controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(4):344–58.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson RD, Harris MA, Gunzler DD, Bennett ME, Chae J. Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain in subacromial impingement syndrome: a case series. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(8):771–6. discussion 776.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wilson RD, Harris MA, Gunzler DD, Bennett ME, Chae J. Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain in subacromial impingement syndrome: a case series. Neuromodulation. 2014;17(8):771–6. discussion 776.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson RD, Gunzler DD, Bennett ME, Chae J. Peripheral nerve stimulation compared with usual care for pain relief of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;93(1):17–28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Wilson RD, Gunzler DD, Bennett ME, Chae J. Peripheral nerve stimulation compared with usual care for pain relief of hemiplegic shoulder pain: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;93(1):17–28.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Stevanato G, Devigili G, Eleopra R, Fontana P, Lettieri C, Baracco C, et al. Chronic post-traumatic neuropathic pain of brachial plexus and upper limb: a new technique of peripheral nerve stimulation. Neurosurg Rev. 2014;37(3):473–9. discussion 479–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Stevanato G, Devigili G, Eleopra R, Fontana P, Lettieri C, Baracco C, et al. Chronic post-traumatic neuropathic pain of brachial plexus and upper limb: a new technique of peripheral nerve stimulation. Neurosurg Rev. 2014;37(3):473–9. discussion 479–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Deer TR1, Mekhail N, Provenzano D, Pope J, Krames E, Thomson S, Raso L, Burton A, DeAndres J, Buchser E, Buvanendran A, Liem L, Kumar K, Rizvi S, Feler C, Abejon D, Anderson J, Eldabe S, Kim P, Leong M, Hayek S, McDowell G 2nd, Poree L, Brooks ES, McJunkin T, Lynch P, Kapural L, Foreman RD, Caraway D, Alo K, Narouze S, Levy RM, North R; Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee. The appropriate use of neurostimulation: avoidance and treatment of complications of neurostimulation therapies for the treatment of chronic pain. Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee. Neuromodulation. 2014 Aug. 17(6):571–97 Deer TR1, Mekhail N, Provenzano D, Pope J, Krames E, Thomson S, Raso L, Burton A, DeAndres J, Buchser E, Buvanendran A, Liem L, Kumar K, Rizvi S, Feler C, Abejon D, Anderson J, Eldabe S, Kim P, Leong M, Hayek S, McDowell G 2nd, Poree L, Brooks ES, McJunkin T, Lynch P, Kapural L, Foreman RD, Caraway D, Alo K, Narouze S, Levy RM, North R; Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee. The appropriate use of neurostimulation: avoidance and treatment of complications of neurostimulation therapies for the treatment of chronic pain. Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee. Neuromodulation. 2014 Aug. 17(6):571–97
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee PB1, Horazeck C2, Nahm FS3, Huh BK. Peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic intractable headaches: long-term efficacy and safety study. Pain Physician. 2015 Sep-Oct. 18(5):505–16. Lee PB1, Horazeck C2, Nahm FS3, Huh BK. Peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic intractable headaches: long-term efficacy and safety study. Pain Physician. 2015 Sep-Oct. 18(5):505–16.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Deer TR, Levy RM, Rosenfeld EL. Prospective clinical study of a new implantable peripheral nerve stimulation device to treat chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(5):359–72.CrossRefPubMed Deer TR, Levy RM, Rosenfeld EL. Prospective clinical study of a new implantable peripheral nerve stimulation device to treat chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(5):359–72.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Deer T, Pope J, Benyamin R, Vallejo R, Friedman A, Caraway D, et al. Prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, partial crossover study to assess the safety and efficacy of the novel neuromodulation system in the treatment of patients with chronic pain of peripheral nerve origin. Neuromodulation. 2016;19(1):91–100.CrossRefPubMed Deer T, Pope J, Benyamin R, Vallejo R, Friedman A, Caraway D, et al. Prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, partial crossover study to assess the safety and efficacy of the novel neuromodulation system in the treatment of patients with chronic pain of peripheral nerve origin. Neuromodulation. 2016;19(1):91–100.CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Review of Recent Advances in Peripheral Nerve Stimulation (PNS)
verfasst von
Krishnan Chakravarthy
Andrew Nava
Paul J. Christo
Kayode Williams
Publikationsdatum
01.11.2016
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Current Pain and Headache Reports / Ausgabe 11/2016
Print ISSN: 1531-3433
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-3081
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-016-0590-8

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.