Introduction
Methods
Subjects
Evaluation of risk factors
Metabolic syndrome
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics of subjects
Characteristics | Tertile of uric acid | Tertile of hsCRP | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st N = 366 | 2nd N = 379 | 3rd N = 352 |
P value | 1st N = 414 | 2nd N = 353 | 3rd N = 330 |
P value | |
<4.0 | 4.0–4.8 | >4.8 mg/dL | <0.032 | 0.032–0.071 | >0.071 mg/dL | |||
Age (years) | 62 ± 12 | 62 ± 12 | 65 ± 11 | 0.003 | 60 ± 13 | 64 ± 11 | 65 ± 10 | <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.3 ± 3.0 | 23.4 ± 3.1 | 24.6 ± 3.6 | <0.001 | 21.9 ± 2.8 | 23.6 ± 3.0 | 25.0 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
Current smoking status (%)a
| 0.8 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 0.186 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 0.914 |
Alcohol consumption (%)b
| 69.1/28.7/2.2 | 62.8/31.4/5.8 | 61.9/29.8/8.2 | 0.006 | 60.1/32.6/7.2 | 66.3/28.9/4.8 | 68.5/27.9/3.6 | 0.074 |
History of CVD (%) | 5.5 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 0.261 | 4.8 | 5.9 | 10.3 | 0.010 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135 ± 23 | 138 ± 23 | 143 ± 23 | <0.001 | 135 ± 23 | 140 ± 23 | 142 ± 23 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78 ± 12 | 80 ± 11 | 82 ± 12 | <0.001 | 79 ± 12 | 81 ± 12 | 81 ± 11 | <0.001 |
Antihypertensive medication (%) | 14.8 | 26.6 | 35.8 | <0.001 | 17.9 | 27.8 | 33.0 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 80 (61–107) | 89 (67–119) | 105 (76–144) | <0.001 | 83 (60–111) | 91 (70–125) | 100 (74–144) | <0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 67 ± 15 | 65 ± 16 | 63 ± 16 | 0.005 | 68 ± 16 | 64 ± 15 | 61 ± 15 | <0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 121 ± 29 | 126 ± 30 | 131 ± 30 | <0.001 | 118 ± 28 | 130 ± 29 | 132 ± 30 | <0.001 |
Antilipidemic medication (%) | 5.5 | 6.9 | 7.7 | 0.486 | 4.8 | 6.8 | 8.8 | 0.098 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 91 (86–98) | 92 (87–99) | 95 (89–102) | 0.003 | 90 (85–97) | 92 (87–100) | 95 (89–104) | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.22 (0.76–1.72) | 1.35 (0.94–1.95) | 1.71 (1.17–2.61) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.77–1.63) | 1.44 (0.99–2.09) | 1.70 (1.14–2.82) | <0.001 |
Antidiabetic medication (%) | 3.6 | 2.4 | 3.7 | 0.533 | 1.7 | 3.4 | 4.8 | 0.050 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.031 (0.016–0.060) | 0.042 (0.022–0.077) | 0.064 (0.032–0.124) | <0.001 | 0.018 (0.012–0.024) | 0.047 (0.038–0.059) | 0.135 (0.094–0.294) | <0.001 |
Association between various characteristics, and MetS and insulin resistance
Characteristics | Number of MetS components | HOMA-IR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
β (P value) |
β (P value) |
β (P value) |
β (P value) | |
Age (years) | 0.240 (<0.001) | 0.230 (<0.001) | 0.019 (0.541) | −0.031 (0.333) |
Current smoking status, N (%) | −0.011 (0.701) | −0.012 (0.676) | −0.006 (0.846) | −0.004 (0.887) |
Alcohol consumption, N (%) | −0.068 (0.020) | −0.066 (0.025) | −0.044 (0.148) | −0.032 (0.293) |
History of CVD | – | 0.060 (0.032) | – | 0.000 (0.991) |
Medication | – | – | – | 0.170 (<0.001) |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 0.189 (<0.001) | 0.188 (<0.001) | 0.190 (<0.001) | 0.161 (<0.001) |
hsCRP (mg/dL) | 0.180 (<0.001) | 0.178 (<0.001) | 0.229 (<0.001) | 0.220 (<0.001) |
R
2
| 0.187 (<0.001) | 0.191 (<0.001) | 0.119 (<0.001) | 0.143 (<0.001) |
Prevalence and adjusted-odds ratio for MetS, its components, and insulin resistance in relation to tertiles of UA and hsCRP
Characteristics | Tertile of uric acid | Tertile of hsCRP | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st N = 366 | 2nd N = 379 | 3rd N = 352 |
P value | 1st N = 414 | 2nd N = 353 | 3rd N = 330 |
P value | |
<4.0 | 4.0–4.8 | >4.8 mg/dL | <0.032 | 0.032–0.071 | >0.071 mg/dL | |||
MetS | 43 (11.7 %) | 66 (17.4 %) | 109 (31.0 %) | <0.001 | 42 (10.1 %) | 68 (19.3 %) | 108 (32.7 %) | <0.001 |
Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Reference | 1.45 (0.95–2.22) | 2.61 (1.74–3.93) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.80 (1.18–2.74) | 3.23 (2.15–4.85) | <0.001 |
Components of MetS | ||||||||
Obesity | 63 (17.2 %) | 105 (27.7 %) | 157 (44.6 %) | <0.001 | 62 (15.0 %) | 103 (29.2 %) | 160 (48.5 %) | <0.001 |
Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Reference | 1.63 (1.13–2.35) | 2.85 (1.98–4.10) | <0.001 | Reference | 2.15 (1.49–3.09) | 4.55 (3.17–6.54) | <0.001 |
Raised blood pressure | 219 (59.8 %) | 253 (66.8 %) | 261 (74.1 %) | <0.001 | 249 (60.1 %) | 244 (69.1 %) | 240 (72.7 %) | 0.001 |
Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Reference | 1.41 (0.99–1.98) | 1.75 (1.20–2.55) | 0.012 | Reference | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) | 1.05 (0.72–1.51) | 0.945 |
Hypertriglyceridemia | 32 (8.7 %) | 47 (12.4 %) | 81 (23.0 %) | <0.001 | 37 (8.9 %) | 49 (13.9 %) | 74 (22.4 %) | <0.001 |
Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Reference | 1.41 (0.87–2.28) | 2.61 (1.65–4.12) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.36 (0.86–2.17) | 2.12 (1.36–3.31) | 0.003 |
Low HDL cholesterolemia | 64 (17.5) | 91 (24.0) | 86 (24.4) | 0.040 | 66 (15.9 %) | 78 (22.1 %) | 97 (29.4 %) | <0.001 |
Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Reference | 1.44 (1.00–2.08) | 1.31 (0.89–1.94) | 0.132 | Reference | 1.35 (0.93–1.95) | 1.93 (1.33–2.79) | 0.002 |
Impaired fasting glucose | 82 (22.4 %) | 91 (24.0 %) | 113 (32.1 %) | 0.007 | 75 (18.1 %) | 97 (27.5 %) | 114 (34.5 %) | <0.001 |
Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Reference | 1.01 (0.71–1.44) | 1.30 (0.91–1.85) | 0.253 | Reference | 1.51 (1.06–2.15) | 1.93 (1.35–2.75) | 0.001 |
Insulin resistancea
| 36 (9.8 %) | 47 (12.4 %) | 90 (25.6 %) | <0.001 | 31 (7.5 %) | 49 (13.9 %) | 93 (28.2 %) | <0.001 |
Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Reference | 1.14 (0.71–1.83) | 2.28 (1.47–3.55) | <0.001 | Reference | 1.14 (0.71–1.83) | 2.28 (1.47–3.55) | <0.001 |
Combining effects of UA and hsCRP on mean accumulating number of MetS components and insulin resistance
Characteristics | MetS adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Insulin resistancea adjusted OR (95 % CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hsCRP-1st | hsCRP-2nd | hsCRP-3rd | hsCRP-1st | hsCRP-2nd | hsCRP-3rd | |
Uric acid-1st | Reference | 1.26 (0.57–2.87) | 3.31 (1.51–7.24) | Reference | 1.22 (0.52–2.87) | 1.48 (0.58–3.80) |
Uric acid-2nd | 1.93 (0.87–4.30) | 3.31 (1.64–6.68) | 3.89 (1.89–8.01) | 1.70 (0.72–4.01) | 1.91 (0.87–4.19) | 3.56 (1.68–7.58) |
Uric acid-3rd | 3.36 (1.52–7.43) | 4.35 (2.11–8.99) | 9.25 (4.81–17.8) | 3.11 (1.34–7.21) | 3.60 (1.66–7.77) | 8.92 (4.54–17.6) |