Abstract
Growth Hormone may influence neoplastic development of endometrial epithelium towards endometrial adenocarcinoma, which is one of the most occurring tumors in acromegalic patients. Since chemoresistance often develops in advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma, we investigated whether Growth Hormone might influence the development of chemoresistance to drugs routinely employed in endometrial adenocarcinoma treatment, such as Doxorubicin, Cisplatin, and Paclitaxel. Growth Hormone and Growth Hormone receptor expression was assessed by immunofluorescence in two endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines, AN3 CA and HEC-1-A cells. Growth Hormone effects were assessed investigating cell viability, caspase3/7 activation, ERK1/2, and protein kinase C delta protein expression. AN3 CA and HEC-1-A cells display Growth Hormone and Growth Hormone receptor. Growth Hormone does not influence cell viability in both cells lines, but significantly reduces caspase 3/7 activation in AN3 CA cells, an effect blocked by a Growth Hormone receptor antagonist. Growth Hormone rescues AN3 CA cells from the inhibitory effects of Doxorubicin and Cisplatin on cell viability, while it has no effect on Paclitaxel. Growth Hormone does not influence the pro-apoptotic effects of Doxorubicin, but is capable of rescuing AN3 CA cells from the pro-apoptotic effects of Cisplatin. On the other hand, Growth Hormone did not influence the effects of Doxorubicin and Paclitaxel on HEC-1A cell viability. The protective action of Growth Hormone towards the effects of Doxorubicin may be mediated by ERK1/2 activation, while the pro-apoptotic effects of Cisplatin may be mediated by protein kinase C delta inhibition. All together our results indicate that Growth Hormone may differentially contribute to endometrial adenocarcinoma chemoresistance. This may provide new insights on novel therapies against endometrial adenocarcinoma chemoresistant aggressive tumors.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. Jemal, R. Siegel, E. Ward, Y. Hao, J. Xu, M.J. Thun, Cancer statistics 2009. CA Cancer J. Clin. 59, 225–249 (2009)
J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R. Dikshit, S. Eser, C. Mathers, M. Rebelo, D.M. Parkin, D. Forman, F. Bray, Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int. J. Cancer 136, E359–E386 (2015)
P. Morice, A. Leary, C. Creutzberg, N. Abu-Rustum, E. Darai, Endometrial cancer. Lancet 387, 1094–1108 (2016)
P. Chaudhry, E. Asselin, Resistance to chemotherapy and hormone therapy in endometrial cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 16, 363–380 (2009)
M. Bidosee, R. Karry, E. Weiss-Messer, R.J. Barkey, Growth hormone affects gene expression and proliferation in human prostate cancer cells. Int. J. Androl. 34, 124–137 (2011)
V. Pandey, J.K. Perry, K.M. Mohankumar, X.J. Kong, S.M. Liu, Z.S. Wu, M.D. Mitchell, T. Zhu, P.E. Lobie, Autocrine human growth hormone stimulates oncogenicity of endometrial carcinoma cells. Endocrinology 149, 3909–3919 (2008)
M. Slater, M. Cooper, C.R. Murphy, Human growth hormone and interleukin-6 are upregulated in endometriosis and endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Acta Histochem. 108, 13–18 (2006)
D. Ayalon, M.R. Peyser, R. Limor, J.B. Lessing, R. Ravid, Paradoxical hypersecretion of growth hormone in patients with endometrial atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma. Effect of hysterectomy. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 13, 9–16 (1982)
M.C. Zatelli, M. Minoia, D. Molè, V. Cason, F. Tagliati, A. Margutti, M. Bondanelli, M.R. Ambrosio, E. degli Uberti, Growth hormone excess promotes breast cancer chemoresistance. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94, 3931–3938 (2009)
M. Minoia, E. Gentilin, D. Molè, M. Rossi, C. Filieri, F. Tagliati, A. Baroni, M.R. Ambrosio, E. degli Uberti, M.C. Zatelli, Growth hormone receptor blockade inhibits growth hormone-induced chemoresistance by restoring cytotoxic-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells independently of estrogen receptor expression. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97, E907–E916 (2012)
A. Bałdys-Waligórska, A. Krzentowskam, F. Gołkowski, G. Sokołowski, A. Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, The prevalence of benign and malignant neoplasms in acromegalic patients.. Endokrynol. Pol. 61, 29–34 (2010)
D. Molè, T. Gagliano, E. Gentilin, F. Tagliati, C. Pasquali, M.R. Ambrosio, G. Pansini, E.C. degli Uberti, M.C. Zatelli, Targeting protein kinase C by Enzastaurin restrains proliferation and secretion in human pancreatic endocrine tumors. Endocr. Relat. Cancer. 18, 439–450 (2011)
E. Gentilin, D. Molè, T. Gagliano, M. Minoia, M.R. Ambrosio, E.C. degli Uberti, M.C. Zatelli, Inhibitory effects of mitotane on viability and secretory activity in mouse gonadotroph cell lines. Reprod. Toxicol. 45, 71–76 (2014)
F. Tagliati, E. Gentilin, M. Buratto, D. Molé, E.C. degli Uberti, M.C. Zatelli, Magmas, a gene newly identified as overexpressed in human and mouse ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, protects pituitary cells from apoptotic stimuli. Endocrinology 151, 4635–4642 (2010)
T. Gagliano, E. Gentilin, K. Benfini, C. Di Pasquale, M. Tassinari, S. Falletta, C. Feo, F. Tagliati, E.D. degli Uberti, M.C. Zatelli, Mitotane enhances doxorubicin cytotoxic activity by inhibiting P-gp in human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Endocrine 47, 943–951 (2014)
E. Gentilin, F. Tagliati, C. Filieri, D. Molè, M. Minoia, M.R. Ambrosio, E.C. degli Uberti, M.C. Zatelli, miR-26a plays an important role in cell cycle regulation in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas by modulating protein kinase Cδ. Endocrinology 154, 1690–1700 (2013)
B. Kharma, T. Baba, M. Mandai, N. Matsumura, S.K. Murphy, H.S. Kang, K. Yamanoi, J. Hamanishi, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Yoshioka, I. Konishi, Utilization of genomic signatures to identify high-efficacy candidate drugs for chemorefractory endometrial cancers. Int. J. Cancer 133, 2234–2244 (2013)
K. Chitcholtan, P.H. Sykes, J.J. Evans, The resistance of intracellular mediators to doxorubicin and cisplatin are distinct in 3D and 2D endometrial cancer. J. Transl. Med. 10, 38 (2012)
S. Mohanty, J. Huang, A. Basu, Enhancement of cisplatin sensitivity of cisplatin-resistant human cervical carcinoma cells by bryostatin 1. Clin. Cancer Res. 11, 6730–6737 (2005)
A. Tejerizo-García, J.S. Jiménez-López, J.L. Muñoz-González, S. Bartolomé-Sotillos, L. Marqueta-Marqués, G. López-González, J.F. Gómez, Overall survival and disease-free survival in ndometrial cancer: prognostic factors in 276 patients. Onco. Targets Ther. 9, 1305–1313 (2013)
P. Chaudhry, E. Asselin, Resistance to chemotherapy and hormone therapy in endometrial cancer. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 16, 363–380 (2009)
M. Sbracia, F. Scarpellini, R. Poverini, P.L. Alo, G. Rossi, U. Di Tondo, Immunohistochemical localization of the growth hormone in human endometrium and decidua. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 51, 112–116 (2004)
K.L. Hull, S. Harvey, Growth hormone and reproduction: a review of endocrine and autocrine/paracrine interactions. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2014, 234014 (2014)
J.K. Perry, K.M. Mohankumar, B.S. Emerald, H.C. Mertani, P.E. Lobie, The contribution of growth hormone to mammary neoplasia. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 13, 131–145 (2008)
Z. Yurkovetsky, S. Ta’asan, S. Skates, A. Rand, A. Lomakin, F. Linkov, A. Marrangoni, L. Velikokhatnaya, M. Winans, E. Gorelik, G.L. Maxwell, K. Lu, A. Lokshin, Development of multimarker panel for early detection of endometrial cancer. High diagnostic power of prolactin. Gynecol. Oncol. 107, 58–65 (2008)
D. Ayalon, M.R. Peyser, R. Limor, J.B. Lessing, R. Ravid, Paradoxical hypersecretion of growth hormone in patients with endometrial atypical hyperplasia and carcinoma. Effect of hysterectomy. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 13, 9–16 (1982)
J.R. González-Juanatey, R. Piñeiro, M.J. Iglesias, O. Gualillo, P.A. Kelly, C. Diéguez, F. Lago, GH prevents apoptosis in cardiomyocytes cultured in vitro through a calcineurin-dependent mechanism. J. Endocrinol. 180, 325–335 (2004)
F. Bogazzi, F. Ultimieri, F. Raggi, D. Russo, R. Vanacore, C. Guida, S. Brogioni, C. Cosci, M. Gasperi, L. Bartalena, E. Martino, Growth hormone inhibits apoptosis in human colonic cancer cell lines: antagonistic effects of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma ligands. Endocrinology 145, 3353–3362 (2004)
G.F. Fleming, Systematic chemotherapy for uterine carcinoma: metastatic and adjuvant. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 2983–2990 (2007)
K.M. Moxley, D.S. McMeekin, Endometrial carcinoma: a review of chemotherapy, drug resistance, and the search for new agents. Oncologist 15, 1026–1033 (2010)
S.A. Byron, D.C. Loch, P.M. Pollock, Fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibition synergizes with Paclitaxel and Doxorubicin in endometrial cancer cells. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer 22, 1517–1526 (2012)
J.W. Wallen, R.L. Cate, D.M. Kiefer, M.W. Riemen, D. Martinez, R.M. Hoffman, P.K. Donahoe, D.D. Von Hoff, B. Pepinsky, A. Oliff, Minimal antiproliferative effect of recombinant müllerian inhibiting substance on gynecological tumor cell lines and tumor explants. Cancer Res. 49, 2005–2011 (1989)
B. Kharma, T. Baba, M. Mandai, N. Matsumura, S.K. Murphy, H.S. Kang, K. Yamanoi, J. Hamanishi, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Yoshioka, I. Konishi, Utilization of genomic signatures to identify high-efficacy candidate drugs for chemorefractory endometrial cancers. Int. J. Cancer 133, 2234–2244 (2013)
H.S. Chon, D.C. Marchion, Y. Xiong, N. Chen, E. Bicaku, X.B. Stickles, N. Bou Zgheib, P.L. Judson, A. Hakam, J. Gonzalez-Bosquet, R.M. Wenham, S.M. Apte, J.M. Lancaster, The BCL2 antagonist of cell death pathway influences endometrial cancer cell sensitivity to cisplatin. Gynecol. Oncol. 124, 119–124 (2012)
V. Gagnon, I. Mathieu, E. Sexton, K. Leblanc, E. Asselin, AKT involvement in cisplatin chemoresistance of human uterine cancer cells. Gynecol. Oncol. 94, 785–795 (2004)
A. Rouette, S. Parent, J. Girouard, V. Leblanc, E. Asselin, Cisplatin increases B-cell-lymphoma-2 expression via activation of protein kinase C and Akt2 in endometrial cancer cells. Int. J. Cancer 130, 1755–1767 (2012)
J.W. Roh, J. Huang, W. Hu, X. Yang, N.B. Jennings, V. Sehgal, B.H. Sohn, H.D. Han, S.J. Lee, D. Thanapprapasr, J. Bottsford-Miller, B. Zand, H.J. Dalton, R.A. Previs, A.N. Davis, K. Matsuo, J.S. Lee, P. Ram, R.L. Coleman, A.K. Sood, Biologic effects of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α blockade in uterine cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 20, 2740–2750 (2014)
C.S. Lin, P.C. Chen, C.K. Wang, C.W. Wang, Y.J. Chang, C.J. Tai, C.J. Tai, Antitumor effects and biological mechanism of action of the aqueous extract of the camptotheca acuminata fruit in human endometrial carcinoma cells. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2014, 564810 (2014)
T. Beckers, T. Reissmann, M. Schmidt, A.M. Burger, H.H. Fiebig, U. Vanhoefer, H. Pongratz, H. Hufsky, J. Hockemeyer, M. Frieser, S. Mahboobi, 2-aroylindoles, a novel class of potent, orally active small molecule tubulin inhibitors. Cancer Res. 62, 3113–3119 (2002)
G.F. Weber (ed.), DNA Damaging Drugs, in Molecular therapies of cancer, (Springer International Publishing, 2015), p. 59
P.D. Sadowitz, B.A. Hubbard, J.C. Dabrowiak, J. Goodisman, K.A. Tacka, M.K. Aktas, M.J. Cunningham, R.L. Dubowy, A.K. Souid, Kinetics of cisplatin binding to cellular DNA and modulations by thiol-blocking agents and thiol drugs. Drug Metab. Dispos. 30, 183–190 (2002)
J. Spratlin, M.B. Sawyer, Pharmacogenetics of paclitaxel metabolism. Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 61, 222–229 (2007)
A. Henningsson, A. Sparreboom, M. Sandström, A. Freijs, R. Larsson, J. Bergh, P. Nygren, M.O. Karlsson, Population pharmacokinetic modelling of unbound and total plasma concentrations of paclitaxel in cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer 39, 1105–1114 (2003)
S. Dasari, P.B. Tchounwou, Cisplatin in cancer therapy: molecular mechanisms of action. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 740, 364–378 (2014)
H. Cortés-Funes, C. Coronado, Role of anthracyclines in the era of targeted therapy. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 7, 56–60 (2007)
C.F. Thorn, C. Oshiro, S. Marsh, T. Hernandez-Boussard, H. McLeod, T.E. Klein, R.B. Altman, Doxorubicin pathways: pharmacodynamics and adverse effects. Pharmacogenet. Genomics 21, 440–446 (2011)
Z.H. Siddik, Cisplatin: mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of resistance. Oncogene 22, 7265–7279 (2003)
B.A. Weaver, How Taxol/paclitaxel kills cancer cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 25, 2677–2681 (2014)
I.E. Elijah, L.K. Branski, C.C. Finnerty, D.N. Herndon, The GH/IGF-1 system in critical illness. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 25, 759–767 (2011)
S. Shu, Y. Yang, X. Li, T. Li, Y. Zhang, C. Xu, C. Liang, X. Wang, Down-regulation of IGF-1R expression inhibits growth and enhances chemosensitivity of endometrial carcinoma in vitro. Mol. Cell Biochem. 353, 225–339 (2011)
C. Hodge, J. Liao, M. Stofega, K. Guan, C. Carter-Su, J. Schwartz, Growth hormone stimulates phosphorylation and activation of elk-1 and expression of c-fos, egr-1, and junB through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 31327–31336 (1998)
K.K. Kim, A. Han, N. Yano, J.R. Ribeiro, E. Lokich, R.K. Singh, R.G. Moore, Tetrathiomolybdate mediates cisplatin-induced p38 signaling and EGFR degradation and enhances response to cisplatin therapy in gynecologic cancers. Sci. Rep. 5, 15911 (2015)
R. Roskoski, ERK1/2 MAP kinases: structure, function, and regulation. Pharmacol. Res. 66, 105–143 (2012)
S.Q. Liu, J.P. Yu, H.G. Yu, P. Lv, H.L. Chen, Activation of Akt and ERK signalling pathways induced by etoposide confer chemoresistance in gastric cancer cells. Dig. Liver Dis. 38, 310–318 (2006)
C. Denglin, X. Derong, G. Shuangshuang, Y. Qiong, J. Zhimin, B. Zhuofei, M. Wen, ERK signaling pathway may induce gemcitabine chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer cell line SW1990 by regulating the expression of mdr-1 and RRM1 gene. Chin. Ger. J. Clin. Oncol. 8, 37–41 (2009)
S. Liu, J. Wang, W. Niu, E. Liu, J. Wang, C. Peng, P. Lin, B. Wang, A.Q. Khan, H. Gao, B. Liang, M. Shahbaz, J. Niu, The β6-integrin-ERK/MAP kinase pathway contributes to chemo resistance in colon cancer. Cancer Lett. 328, 325–334 (2013)
U. Kikkawa, H. Matsuzaki, T. Yamamoto, Protein kinase C delta (PKC delta): activation mechanisms and functions. J. Biochem. 132, 831–839 (2002)
E. Gentilin, C. Di Pasquale, T. Gagliano, F. Tagliati, K. Benfini, M.R. Ambrosio, M. Bondanelli, E.C. degli Uberti, M.C. Zatelli, Protein Kinase C Delta restrains growth in ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma cells. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 419, 252–258 (2016)
J. Huang, S. Mohanty, A. Basu, Cisplatin resistance is associated with deregulation in protein kinase C-delta. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 316, 1002–1008 (2004)
A. Basu, M.D. Woolard, C.L. Johnson, Involvement of protein kinase C-delta in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 8, 899–908 (2001)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Education, Research and University (FIRB RBAP11884M, RBAP1153LS), and Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC) in collaboration with Laboratorio in rete del Tecnopolo “Tecnologie delle terapie avanzate” (LTTA) of the University of Ferrara. The funding sources had no involvement in study design, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report and in the decision to submit the article for publication. We thank Pfizer Italy for providing Pegvisomant pure substance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gentilin, E., Minoia, M., Bondanelli, M. et al. Growth Hormone differentially modulates chemoresistance in human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell lines. Endocrine 56, 621–632 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-1085-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-1085-4