Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Immunologic Research 1-3/2015

01.12.2015 | AUTOIMMUNITY/IMMUNOREGULATION/INFLAMMATION

Lupus brain fog: a biologic perspective on cognitive impairment, depression, and fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus

verfasst von: Meggan Mackay

Erschienen in: Immunologic Research | Ausgabe 1-3/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Cognitive disturbances, mood disorders and fatigue are common in SLE patients with substantial adverse effects on function and quality of life. Attribution of these clinical findings to immune-mediated disturbances associated with SLE remains difficult and has compromised research efforts in these areas. Improved understanding of the role of the immune system in neurologic processes essential for cognition including synaptic plasticity, long term potentiation and adult neurogenesis suggests multiple potential mechanisms for altered central nervous system function associated with a chronic inflammatory illness such as SLE. This review will focus on the biology of cognition and neuroinflammation in normal circumstances and potential biologic mechanisms for cognitive impairment, depression and fatigue attributable to SLE.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Bortoluzzi A, et al. Development and validation of a new algorithm for attribution of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(5):891–8.CrossRef Bortoluzzi A, et al. Development and validation of a new algorithm for attribution of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(5):891–8.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanly JG, et al. Neuropsychiatric events at the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(1):265–73.PubMedCrossRef Hanly JG, et al. Neuropsychiatric events at the time of diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus: an international inception cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(1):265–73.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Peretti CS, et al. Cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus women with elevated autoantibodies and normal single photon emission computerized tomography. Psychother Psychosom. 2012;81(5):276–85.PubMedCrossRef Peretti CS, et al. Cognitive impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus women with elevated autoantibodies and normal single photon emission computerized tomography. Psychother Psychosom. 2012;81(5):276–85.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozora E, et al. Immune function and brain abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus. 2012;21(4):402–11.PubMedCrossRef Kozora E, et al. Immune function and brain abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations. Lupus. 2012;21(4):402–11.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Nowicka-Sauer K, et al. Neuropsychological assessment in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: clinical usefulness of first-choice diagnostic tests in detecting cognitive impairment and preliminary diagnosis of neuropsychiatric lupus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(2):299–306.PubMed Nowicka-Sauer K, et al. Neuropsychological assessment in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: clinical usefulness of first-choice diagnostic tests in detecting cognitive impairment and preliminary diagnosis of neuropsychiatric lupus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2011;29(2):299–306.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Petri M, et al. Depression and cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(10):2032–8.PubMedCrossRef Petri M, et al. Depression and cognitive impairment in newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(10):2032–8.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ainiala H, et al. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology. 2001;57(3):496–500.PubMedCrossRef Ainiala H, et al. The prevalence of neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurology. 2001;57(3):496–500.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Krupp LB, et al. A study of fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1990;17(11):1450–2.PubMed Krupp LB, et al. A study of fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1990;17(11):1450–2.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Palagini L, et al. Depression and systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Lupus. 2013;22(5):409–16.PubMedCrossRef Palagini L, et al. Depression and systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Lupus. 2013;22(5):409–16.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Schmeding A, Schneider M. Fatigue, health-related quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27(3):363–75.PubMedCrossRef Schmeding A, Schneider M. Fatigue, health-related quality of life and other patient-reported outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27(3):363–75.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Crowther AJ, Song J. Activity-dependent signaling mechanisms regulating adult hippocampal neural stem cells and their progeny. Neurosci Bull. 2014;30(4):542–56.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Crowther AJ, Song J. Activity-dependent signaling mechanisms regulating adult hippocampal neural stem cells and their progeny. Neurosci Bull. 2014;30(4):542–56.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Yirmiya R, Goshen I. Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25(2):181–213.PubMedCrossRef Yirmiya R, Goshen I. Immune modulation of learning, memory, neural plasticity and neurogenesis. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25(2):181–213.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Tremblay ME, et al. The role of microglia in the healthy brain. J Neurosci. 2011;31(45):16064–9.PubMedCrossRef Tremblay ME, et al. The role of microglia in the healthy brain. J Neurosci. 2011;31(45):16064–9.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Shors TJ, Matzel LD. Long-term potentiation: what’s learning got to do with it? Behav Brain Sci. 1997;20(4):597–614.PubMed Shors TJ, Matzel LD. Long-term potentiation: what’s learning got to do with it? Behav Brain Sci. 1997;20(4):597–614.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Kipnis J, et al. Dual effect of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in neurodegeneration: a dialogue with microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(Suppl 2):14663–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Kipnis J, et al. Dual effect of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in neurodegeneration: a dialogue with microglia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(Suppl 2):14663–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Ron-Harel N, et al. Age-dependent spatial memory loss can be partially restored by immune activation. Rejuvenation Res. 2008;11(5):903–13.PubMedCrossRef Ron-Harel N, et al. Age-dependent spatial memory loss can be partially restored by immune activation. Rejuvenation Res. 2008;11(5):903–13.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Baruch K, Schwartz M. CNS-specific T cells shape brain function via the choroid plexus. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;34:11–6.PubMedCrossRef Baruch K, Schwartz M. CNS-specific T cells shape brain function via the choroid plexus. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;34:11–6.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf SA, et al. CD4-positive T lymphocytes provide a neuroimmunological link in the control of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Immunol. 2009;182(7):3979–84.PubMedCrossRef Wolf SA, et al. CD4-positive T lymphocytes provide a neuroimmunological link in the control of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. J Immunol. 2009;182(7):3979–84.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewitus GM, Cohen H, Schwartz M. Reducing post-traumatic anxiety by immunization. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(7):1108–14.PubMedCrossRef Lewitus GM, Cohen H, Schwartz M. Reducing post-traumatic anxiety by immunization. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(7):1108–14.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Lewitus GM, et al. Vaccination as a novel approach for treating depressive behavior. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(4):283–8.PubMedCrossRef Lewitus GM, et al. Vaccination as a novel approach for treating depressive behavior. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(4):283–8.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Hauben E, et al. Vaccination with a Nogo-A-derived peptide after incomplete spinal-cord injury promotes recovery via a T-cell-mediated neuroprotective response: comparison with other myelin antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(26):15173–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hauben E, et al. Vaccination with a Nogo-A-derived peptide after incomplete spinal-cord injury promotes recovery via a T-cell-mediated neuroprotective response: comparison with other myelin antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(26):15173–8.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwartz M, Baruch K. Breaking peripheral immune tolerance to CNS antigens in neurodegenerative diseases: boosting autoimmunity to fight-off chronic neuroinflammation. J Autoimmun. 2014;54:8–14.PubMedCrossRef Schwartz M, Baruch K. Breaking peripheral immune tolerance to CNS antigens in neurodegenerative diseases: boosting autoimmunity to fight-off chronic neuroinflammation. J Autoimmun. 2014;54:8–14.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Ma X, Foster J, Sakic B. Distribution and prevalence of leukocyte phenotypes in brains of lupus-prone mice. J Neuroimmunol. 2006;179(1–2):26–36.PubMedCrossRef Ma X, Foster J, Sakic B. Distribution and prevalence of leukocyte phenotypes in brains of lupus-prone mice. J Neuroimmunol. 2006;179(1–2):26–36.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Marques F, Sousa JC. The choroid plexus is modulated by various peripheral stimuli: implications to diseases of the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:136.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Marques F, Sousa JC. The choroid plexus is modulated by various peripheral stimuli: implications to diseases of the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:136.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Szmydynger-Chodobska J, et al. Posttraumatic invasion of monocytes across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32(1):93–104.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Szmydynger-Chodobska J, et al. Posttraumatic invasion of monocytes across the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012;32(1):93–104.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Schobitz B, De Kloet ER, Holsboer F. Gene expression and function of interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor in the brain. Prog Neurobiol. 1994;44(4):397–432.PubMedCrossRef Schobitz B, De Kloet ER, Holsboer F. Gene expression and function of interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor in the brain. Prog Neurobiol. 1994;44(4):397–432.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Vitkovic L, et al. Cytokine signals propagate through the brain. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5(6):604–15.PubMedCrossRef Vitkovic L, et al. Cytokine signals propagate through the brain. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5(6):604–15.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Marsland AL, et al. Brain morphology links systemic inflammation to cognitive function in midlife adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;48:195–204.PubMedCrossRef Marsland AL, et al. Brain morphology links systemic inflammation to cognitive function in midlife adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;48:195–204.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Bucks RS, et al. Selective effects of upper respiratory tract infection on cognition, mood and emotion processing: a prospective study. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(3):399–407.PubMedCrossRef Bucks RS, et al. Selective effects of upper respiratory tract infection on cognition, mood and emotion processing: a prospective study. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(3):399–407.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Krabbe KS, et al. Low-dose endotoxemia and human neuropsychological functions. Brain Behav Immun. 2005;19(5):453–60.PubMedCrossRef Krabbe KS, et al. Low-dose endotoxemia and human neuropsychological functions. Brain Behav Immun. 2005;19(5):453–60.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Reichenberg A, et al. Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(5):445–52.PubMedCrossRef Reichenberg A, et al. Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(5):445–52.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Gibertini M. IL1 beta impairs relational but not procedural rodent learning in a water maze task. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1996;402:207–17.PubMedCrossRef Gibertini M. IL1 beta impairs relational but not procedural rodent learning in a water maze task. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1996;402:207–17.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Banks WA, Erickson MA. The blood-brain barrier and immune function and dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis. 2010;37(1):26–32.PubMedCrossRef Banks WA, Erickson MA. The blood-brain barrier and immune function and dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis. 2010;37(1):26–32.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Rivest S. Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(6):429–39.PubMedCrossRef Rivest S. Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(6):429–39.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Ek M, et al. Inflammatory response: pathway across the blood-brain barrier. Nature. 2001;410(6827):430–1.PubMedCrossRef Ek M, et al. Inflammatory response: pathway across the blood-brain barrier. Nature. 2001;410(6827):430–1.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Hosoi T, Okuma Y, Nomura Y. Electrical stimulation of afferent vagus nerve induces IL-1beta expression in the brain and activates HPA axis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000;279(1):R141–7.PubMed Hosoi T, Okuma Y, Nomura Y. Electrical stimulation of afferent vagus nerve induces IL-1beta expression in the brain and activates HPA axis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000;279(1):R141–7.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Perry VH. Stress primes microglia to the presence of systemic inflammation: implications for environmental influences on the brain. Brain Behav Immun. 2007;21(1):45–6.PubMedCrossRef Perry VH. Stress primes microglia to the presence of systemic inflammation: implications for environmental influences on the brain. Brain Behav Immun. 2007;21(1):45–6.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen J, et al. Neuroinflammation and disruption in working memory in aged mice after acute stimulation of the peripheral innate immune system. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(3):301–11.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Chen J, et al. Neuroinflammation and disruption in working memory in aged mice after acute stimulation of the peripheral innate immune system. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(3):301–11.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Marsland AL, et al. Interleukin-6 covaries inversely with cognitive performance among middle-aged community volunteers. Psychosom Med. 2006;68(6):895–903.PubMedCrossRef Marsland AL, et al. Interleukin-6 covaries inversely with cognitive performance among middle-aged community volunteers. Psychosom Med. 2006;68(6):895–903.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison NA, et al. Peripheral inflammation acutely impairs human spatial memory via actions on medial temporal lobe glucose metabolism. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76(7):585–93.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Harrison NA, et al. Peripheral inflammation acutely impairs human spatial memory via actions on medial temporal lobe glucose metabolism. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76(7):585–93.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis LS, Hutcheson J, Mohan C. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011;31(10):781–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Davis LS, Hutcheson J, Mohan C. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2011;31(10):781–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Azevedo PC, Murphy G, Isenberg DA. Pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus: the challenges ahead. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1134:1–16.PubMedCrossRef Azevedo PC, Murphy G, Isenberg DA. Pathology of systemic lupus erythematosus: the challenges ahead. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1134:1–16.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozora E, et al. Inflammatory and hormonal measures predict neuropsychological functioning in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2001;7(6):745–54.PubMedCrossRef Kozora E, et al. Inflammatory and hormonal measures predict neuropsychological functioning in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2001;7(6):745–54.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Shucard JL, et al. C-reactive protein and cognitive deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2007;20(1):31–7.PubMedCrossRef Shucard JL, et al. C-reactive protein and cognitive deficits in systemic lupus erythematosus. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2007;20(1):31–7.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Chiche L, et al. Modular transcriptional repertoire analyses of adults with systemic lupus erythematosus reveal distinct type I and type II interferon signatures. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(6):1583–95.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Chiche L, et al. Modular transcriptional repertoire analyses of adults with systemic lupus erythematosus reveal distinct type I and type II interferon signatures. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(6):1583–95.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Crow MK. Interferon pathway activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2005;7(6):463–8.PubMedCrossRef Crow MK. Interferon pathway activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2005;7(6):463–8.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines and psychopathology: lessons from interferon-alpha. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56(11):819–24.PubMedCrossRef Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines and psychopathology: lessons from interferon-alpha. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56(11):819–24.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Nashan D, et al. Understanding and managing interferon-alpha-related fatigue in patients with melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2012;22(6):415–23.PubMedCrossRef Nashan D, et al. Understanding and managing interferon-alpha-related fatigue in patients with melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2012;22(6):415–23.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Wichers MC, et al. Interferon-alpha-induced depressive symptoms are related to changes in the cytokine network but not to cortisol. J Psychosom Res. 2007;62(2):207–14.PubMedCrossRef Wichers MC, et al. Interferon-alpha-induced depressive symptoms are related to changes in the cytokine network but not to cortisol. J Psychosom Res. 2007;62(2):207–14.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamata M, et al. Effect of single intracerebroventricular injection of alpha-interferon on monoamine concentrations in the rat brain. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000;10(2):129–32.PubMedCrossRef Kamata M, et al. Effect of single intracerebroventricular injection of alpha-interferon on monoamine concentrations in the rat brain. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000;10(2):129–32.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitagami T, et al. Mechanism of systemically injected interferon-alpha impeding monoamine biosynthesis in rats: role of nitric oxide as a signal crossing the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 2003;978(1–2):104–14.PubMedCrossRef Kitagami T, et al. Mechanism of systemically injected interferon-alpha impeding monoamine biosynthesis in rats: role of nitric oxide as a signal crossing the blood-brain barrier. Brain Res. 2003;978(1–2):104–14.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Raison CL, et al. Activation of central nervous system inflammatory pathways by interferon-alpha: relationship to monoamines and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(4):296–303.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Raison CL, et al. Activation of central nervous system inflammatory pathways by interferon-alpha: relationship to monoamines and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(4):296–303.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Lichtblau N, et al. Cytokines as biomarkers in depressive disorder: current standing and prospects. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2013;25(5):592–603.PubMedCrossRef Lichtblau N, et al. Cytokines as biomarkers in depressive disorder: current standing and prospects. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2013;25(5):592–603.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Schlaak JF, et al. Selective hyper-responsiveness of the interferon system in major depressive disorders and depression induced by interferon therapy. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(6):e38668.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Schlaak JF, et al. Selective hyper-responsiveness of the interferon system in major depressive disorders and depression induced by interferon therapy. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(6):e38668.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Juengling FD, et al. Prefrontal cortical hypometabolism during low-dose interferon alpha treatment. Psychopharmacology. 2000;152(4):383–9.PubMedCrossRef Juengling FD, et al. Prefrontal cortical hypometabolism during low-dose interferon alpha treatment. Psychopharmacology. 2000;152(4):383–9.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Capuron L, et al. Basal ganglia hypermetabolism and symptoms of fatigue during interferon-alpha therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32(11):2384–92.PubMedCrossRef Capuron L, et al. Basal ganglia hypermetabolism and symptoms of fatigue during interferon-alpha therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32(11):2384–92.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Bachen EA, Chesney MA, Criswell LA. Prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(6):822–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Bachen EA, Chesney MA, Criswell LA. Prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(6):822–9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Nery FG, et al. Prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus and their association with anti-ribosomal P antibodies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32(3):695–700.PubMedCrossRef Nery FG, et al. Prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus and their association with anti-ribosomal P antibodies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32(3):695–700.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Utset TO, et al. Depressive symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with central nervous system lupus and Sjogren’s syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(11):2039–45.PubMed Utset TO, et al. Depressive symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with central nervous system lupus and Sjogren’s syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1994;21(11):2039–45.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Santer DM, et al. Potent induction of IFN-alpha and chemokines by autoantibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus. J Immunol. 2009;182(2):1192–201.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Santer DM, et al. Potent induction of IFN-alpha and chemokines by autoantibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neuropsychiatric lupus. J Immunol. 2009;182(2):1192–201.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Winfield JB, et al. Intrathecal IgG synthesis and blood-brain barrier impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system dysfunction. Am J Med. 1983;74(5):837–44.PubMedCrossRef Winfield JB, et al. Intrathecal IgG synthesis and blood-brain barrier impairment in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system dysfunction. Am J Med. 1983;74(5):837–44.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Shiozawa S, et al. Interferon-alpha in lupus psychosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35(4):417–22.PubMedCrossRef Shiozawa S, et al. Interferon-alpha in lupus psychosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1992;35(4):417–22.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee SW, et al. The efficacy of brain (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in neuropsychiatric lupus patients with normal brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. Lupus. 2012;21(14):1531–7.PubMedCrossRef Lee SW, et al. The efficacy of brain (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in neuropsychiatric lupus patients with normal brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. Lupus. 2012;21(14):1531–7.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Morris G, Maes M. Oxidative and nitrosative stress and immune-inflammatory pathways in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Curr Neuropharmacol. 2014;12(2):168–85.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Morris G, Maes M. Oxidative and nitrosative stress and immune-inflammatory pathways in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)/chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Curr Neuropharmacol. 2014;12(2):168–85.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Lucas K, Maes M. Role of the Toll Like receptor (TLR) radical cycle in chronic inflammation: possible treatments targeting the TLR4 pathway. Mol Neurobiol. 2013;48(1):190–204.PubMedCrossRef Lucas K, Maes M. Role of the Toll Like receptor (TLR) radical cycle in chronic inflammation: possible treatments targeting the TLR4 pathway. Mol Neurobiol. 2013;48(1):190–204.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Morris G, Maes M. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics. BMC Med. 2013;11:205.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Morris G, Maes M. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics. BMC Med. 2013;11:205.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Arriens C, et al. Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of fish oil’s impact on fatigue, quality of life, and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nutr J. 2015;14(1):82.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Arriens C, et al. Placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of fish oil’s impact on fatigue, quality of life, and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nutr J. 2015;14(1):82.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Ben Menachem-Zidon O, et al. Astrocytes support hippocampal-dependent memory and long-term potentiation via interleukin-1 signaling. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25(5):1008–16.PubMedCrossRef Ben Menachem-Zidon O, et al. Astrocytes support hippocampal-dependent memory and long-term potentiation via interleukin-1 signaling. Brain Behav Immun. 2011;25(5):1008–16.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolf G, et al. Interleukin-1 signaling is required for induction and maintenance of postoperative incisional pain: genetic and pharmacological studies in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(7):1072–7.PubMedCrossRef Wolf G, et al. Interleukin-1 signaling is required for induction and maintenance of postoperative incisional pain: genetic and pharmacological studies in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(7):1072–7.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang YM, et al. Microglial TNF-alpha-dependent elevation of MHC class I expression on brain endothelium induced by amyloid-beta promotes T cell transendothelial migration. Neurochem Res. 2013;38(11):2295–304.PubMedCrossRef Yang YM, et al. Microglial TNF-alpha-dependent elevation of MHC class I expression on brain endothelium induced by amyloid-beta promotes T cell transendothelial migration. Neurochem Res. 2013;38(11):2295–304.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Goshen I, et al. A dual role for interleukin-1 in hippocampal-dependent memory processes. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007;32(8–10):1106–15.PubMedCrossRef Goshen I, et al. A dual role for interleukin-1 in hippocampal-dependent memory processes. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007;32(8–10):1106–15.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Labrousse VF, et al. Impaired interleukin-1beta and c-Fos expression in the hippocampus is associated with a spatial memory deficit in P2X(7) receptor-deficient mice. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(6):e6006.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Labrousse VF, et al. Impaired interleukin-1beta and c-Fos expression in the hippocampus is associated with a spatial memory deficit in P2X(7) receptor-deficient mice. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(6):e6006.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Yirmiya R, Winocur G, Goshen I. Brain interleukin-1 is involved in spatial memory and passive avoidance conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2002;78(2):379–89.PubMedCrossRef Yirmiya R, Winocur G, Goshen I. Brain interleukin-1 is involved in spatial memory and passive avoidance conditioning. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2002;78(2):379–89.PubMedCrossRef
85.
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Avital A, et al. Impaired interleukin-1 signaling is associated with deficits in hippocampal memory processes and neural plasticity. Hippocampus. 2003;13(7):826–34.PubMedCrossRef Avital A, et al. Impaired interleukin-1 signaling is associated with deficits in hippocampal memory processes and neural plasticity. Hippocampus. 2003;13(7):826–34.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Goshen I, et al. Brain interleukin-1 mediates chronic stress-induced depression in mice via adrenocortical activation and hippocampal neurogenesis suppression. Mol Psychiatry. 2008;13(7):717–28.PubMedCrossRef Goshen I, et al. Brain interleukin-1 mediates chronic stress-induced depression in mice via adrenocortical activation and hippocampal neurogenesis suppression. Mol Psychiatry. 2008;13(7):717–28.PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Beattie EC, et al. Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha. Science. 2002;295(5563):2282–5.PubMedCrossRef Beattie EC, et al. Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalpha. Science. 2002;295(5563):2282–5.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Steinmetz CC, Turrigiano GG. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling maintains the ability of cortical synapses to express synaptic scaling. J Neurosci. 2010;30(44):14685–90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Steinmetz CC, Turrigiano GG. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling maintains the ability of cortical synapses to express synaptic scaling. J Neurosci. 2010;30(44):14685–90.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Stellwagen D, Malenka RC. Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-alpha. Nature. 2006;440(7087):1054–9.PubMedCrossRef Stellwagen D, Malenka RC. Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-alpha. Nature. 2006;440(7087):1054–9.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Balschun D, et al. Interleukin-6: a cytokine to forget. Faseb J. 2004;18(14):1788–90.PubMed Balschun D, et al. Interleukin-6: a cytokine to forget. Faseb J. 2004;18(14):1788–90.PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Jankowsky JL, Derrick BE, Patterson PH. Cytokine responses to LTP induction in the rat hippocampus: a comparison of in vitro and in vivo techniques. Learn Mem. 2000;7(6):400–12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Jankowsky JL, Derrick BE, Patterson PH. Cytokine responses to LTP induction in the rat hippocampus: a comparison of in vitro and in vivo techniques. Learn Mem. 2000;7(6):400–12.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
93.
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Santello M, Volterra A. TNFalpha in synaptic function: switching gears. Trends Neurosci. 2012;35(10):638–47.PubMedCrossRef Santello M, Volterra A. TNFalpha in synaptic function: switching gears. Trends Neurosci. 2012;35(10):638–47.PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Vallieres L, et al. Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in adult transgenic mice with chronic astrocytic production of interleukin-6. J Neurosci. 2002;22(2):486–92.PubMed Vallieres L, et al. Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in adult transgenic mice with chronic astrocytic production of interleukin-6. J Neurosci. 2002;22(2):486–92.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson TE, et al. Altered synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of transgenic mice with enhanced central nervous systems expression of interleukin-6. Brain Behav Immun. 2012;26(6):959–71.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Nelson TE, et al. Altered synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of transgenic mice with enhanced central nervous systems expression of interleukin-6. Brain Behav Immun. 2012;26(6):959–71.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Paolicelli RC, Bisht K, Tremblay ME. Fractalkine regulation of microglial physiology and consequences on the brain and behavior. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:129.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Paolicelli RC, Bisht K, Tremblay ME. Fractalkine regulation of microglial physiology and consequences on the brain and behavior. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:129.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwabe L, et al. Stress impairs spatial but not early stimulus-response learning. Behav Brain Res. 2010;213(1):50–5.PubMedCrossRef Schwabe L, et al. Stress impairs spatial but not early stimulus-response learning. Behav Brain Res. 2010;213(1):50–5.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwabe L, Wolf OT, Oitzl MS. Memory formation under stress: quantity and quality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010;34(4):584–91.PubMedCrossRef Schwabe L, Wolf OT, Oitzl MS. Memory formation under stress: quantity and quality. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2010;34(4):584–91.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Kempermann G, Song H, Gage FH. Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;7:a018812.PubMedCrossRef Kempermann G, Song H, Gage FH. Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;7:a018812.PubMedCrossRef
101.
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Koehl M, Abrous DN. A new chapter in the field of memory: adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci. 2011;33(6):1101–14.PubMedCrossRef Koehl M, Abrous DN. A new chapter in the field of memory: adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci. 2011;33(6):1101–14.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Amrein I. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in natural populations of mammals. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;5:a021295.CrossRef Amrein I. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in natural populations of mammals. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;5:a021295.CrossRef
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Aimone JB, Deng W, Gage FH. Resolving new memories: a critical look at the dentate gyrus, adult neurogenesis, and pattern separation. Neuron. 2011;70(4):589–96.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Aimone JB, Deng W, Gage FH. Resolving new memories: a critical look at the dentate gyrus, adult neurogenesis, and pattern separation. Neuron. 2011;70(4):589–96.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
105.
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Leuner B, et al. Learning enhances the survival of new neurons beyond the time when the hippocampus is required for memory. J Neurosci. 2004;24(34):7477–81.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Leuner B, et al. Learning enhances the survival of new neurons beyond the time when the hippocampus is required for memory. J Neurosci. 2004;24(34):7477–81.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Cameron HA, McKay RD. Adult neurogenesis produces a large pool of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus. J Comp Neurol. 2001;435(4):406–17.PubMedCrossRef Cameron HA, McKay RD. Adult neurogenesis produces a large pool of new granule cells in the dentate gyrus. J Comp Neurol. 2001;435(4):406–17.PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Ziv Y, et al. Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9(2):268–75.PubMedCrossRef Ziv Y, et al. Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood. Nat Neurosci. 2006;9(2):268–75.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Opendak M, Gould E. Adult neurogenesis: a substrate for experience-dependent change. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(3):151–61.PubMedCrossRef Opendak M, Gould E. Adult neurogenesis: a substrate for experience-dependent change. Trends Cogn Sci. 2015;19(3):151–61.PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Conrad CD. A critical review of chronic stress effects on spatial learning and memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34(5):742–55.PubMedCrossRef Conrad CD. A critical review of chronic stress effects on spatial learning and memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2010;34(5):742–55.PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Kreisel T, et al. Dynamic microglial alterations underlie stress-induced depressive-like behavior and suppressed neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(6):699–709.PubMedCrossRef Kreisel T, et al. Dynamic microglial alterations underlie stress-induced depressive-like behavior and suppressed neurogenesis. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19(6):699–709.PubMedCrossRef
113.
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Whitney NP, et al. Inflammation mediates varying effects in neurogenesis: relevance to the pathogenesis of brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurochem. 2009;108(6):1343–59.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Whitney NP, et al. Inflammation mediates varying effects in neurogenesis: relevance to the pathogenesis of brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. J Neurochem. 2009;108(6):1343–59.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Inoue K, et al. Long-term mild, rather than intense, exercise enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and greatly changes the transcriptomic profile of the hippocampus. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128720.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Inoue K, et al. Long-term mild, rather than intense, exercise enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and greatly changes the transcriptomic profile of the hippocampus. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128720.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Suh H, et al. In vivo fate analysis reveals the multipotent and self-renewal capacities of Sox2+ neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus. Cell Stem Cell. 2007;1(5):515–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Suh H, et al. In vivo fate analysis reveals the multipotent and self-renewal capacities of Sox2+ neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus. Cell Stem Cell. 2007;1(5):515–28.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahlskog JE, et al. Physical exercise as a preventive or disease-modifying treatment of dementia and brain aging. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(9):876–84.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Ahlskog JE, et al. Physical exercise as a preventive or disease-modifying treatment of dementia and brain aging. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(9):876–84.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith PJ, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(3):239–52.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Smith PJ, et al. Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(3):239–52.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Mouret A, et al. Learning and survival of newly generated neurons: when time matters. J Neurosci. 2008;28(45):11511–6.PubMedCrossRef Mouret A, et al. Learning and survival of newly generated neurons: when time matters. J Neurosci. 2008;28(45):11511–6.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Drapeau E, et al. Learning-induced survival of new neurons depends on the cognitive status of aged rats. J Neurosci. 2007;27(22):6037–44.PubMedCrossRef Drapeau E, et al. Learning-induced survival of new neurons depends on the cognitive status of aged rats. J Neurosci. 2007;27(22):6037–44.PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Winocur G, et al. Inhibition of neurogenesis interferes with hippocampus-dependent memory function. Hippocampus. 2006;16(3):296–304.PubMedCrossRef Winocur G, et al. Inhibition of neurogenesis interferes with hippocampus-dependent memory function. Hippocampus. 2006;16(3):296–304.PubMedCrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Jessberger S, et al. Dentate gyrus-specific knockdown of adult neurogenesis impairs spatial and object recognition memory in adult rats. Learn Mem. 2009;16(2):147–54.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Jessberger S, et al. Dentate gyrus-specific knockdown of adult neurogenesis impairs spatial and object recognition memory in adult rats. Learn Mem. 2009;16(2):147–54.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
124.
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Lauvsnes MB, et al. Association of hippocampal atrophy with cerebrospinal fluid antibodies against the NR2 subtype of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(12):3387–94.PubMedCrossRef Lauvsnes MB, et al. Association of hippocampal atrophy with cerebrospinal fluid antibodies against the NR2 subtype of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and patients with primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(12):3387–94.PubMedCrossRef
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanly JG, et al. A prospective analysis of cognitive function and anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(4):728–34.PubMedCrossRef Hanly JG, et al. A prospective analysis of cognitive function and anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(4):728–34.PubMedCrossRef
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Menon S, et al. A longitudinal study of anticardiolipin antibody levels and cognitive functioning in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(4):735–41.PubMedCrossRef Menon S, et al. A longitudinal study of anticardiolipin antibody levels and cognitive functioning in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(4):735–41.PubMedCrossRef
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Waterloo K, et al. Neuropsychological function in systemic lupus erythematosus: a five-year longitudinal study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41(4):411–5.CrossRef Waterloo K, et al. Neuropsychological function in systemic lupus erythematosus: a five-year longitudinal study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2002;41(4):411–5.CrossRef
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Waterloo K, et al. Neuropsychological dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is not associated with changes in cerebral blood flow. J Neurol. 2001;248(7):595–602.PubMedCrossRef Waterloo K, et al. Neuropsychological dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus is not associated with changes in cerebral blood flow. J Neurol. 2001;248(7):595–602.PubMedCrossRef
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Devinsky O, Petito CK, Alonso DR. Clinical and neuropathological findings in systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of vasculitis, heart emboli, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Neurol. 1988;23(4):380–4.PubMedCrossRef Devinsky O, Petito CK, Alonso DR. Clinical and neuropathological findings in systemic lupus erythematosus: the role of vasculitis, heart emboli, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Neurol. 1988;23(4):380–4.PubMedCrossRef
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Ellis SG, Verity MA. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of neuropathologic findings in 57 cases, 1955–1977. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1979;8(3):212–21.PubMedCrossRef Ellis SG, Verity MA. Central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of neuropathologic findings in 57 cases, 1955–1977. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1979;8(3):212–21.PubMedCrossRef
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanly JG, Walsh NM, Sangalang V. Brain pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1992;19(5):732–41.PubMed Hanly JG, Walsh NM, Sangalang V. Brain pathology in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1992;19(5):732–41.PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Scolding NJ, Joseph FG. The neuropathology and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2002;28(3):173–89.PubMedCrossRef Scolding NJ, Joseph FG. The neuropathology and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2002;28(3):173–89.PubMedCrossRef
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Yajima N, et al. Elevated levels of soluble fractalkine in active systemic lupus erythematosus: potential involvement in neuropsychiatric manifestations. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(6):1670–5.PubMedCrossRef Yajima N, et al. Elevated levels of soluble fractalkine in active systemic lupus erythematosus: potential involvement in neuropsychiatric manifestations. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(6):1670–5.PubMedCrossRef
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirohata S, Miyamoto T. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system involvement. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(5):644–9.PubMedCrossRef Hirohata S, Miyamoto T. Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and central nervous system involvement. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(5):644–9.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Trysberg E, Carlsten H, Tarkowski A. Intrathecal cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system involvement. Lupus. 2000;9(7):498–503.PubMedCrossRef Trysberg E, Carlsten H, Tarkowski A. Intrathecal cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system involvement. Lupus. 2000;9(7):498–503.PubMedCrossRef
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Alcocer-Varela J, Aleman-Hoey D, Alarcon-Segovia D. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 activities are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CNS lupus erythematosus and correlate with local late T-cell activation markers. Lupus. 1992;1(2):111–7.PubMedCrossRef Alcocer-Varela J, Aleman-Hoey D, Alarcon-Segovia D. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 activities are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with CNS lupus erythematosus and correlate with local late T-cell activation markers. Lupus. 1992;1(2):111–7.PubMedCrossRef
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Katsumata Y, et al. Diagnostic reliability of cerebral spinal fluid tests for acute confusional state (delirium) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-alpha, IgG index, and Q-albumin. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(10):2010–7.PubMed Katsumata Y, et al. Diagnostic reliability of cerebral spinal fluid tests for acute confusional state (delirium) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, interferon-alpha, IgG index, and Q-albumin. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(10):2010–7.PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat George-Chandy A, Trysberg E, Eriksson K. Raised intrathecal levels of APRIL and BAFF in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to neuropsychiatric symptoms. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(4):R97.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef George-Chandy A, Trysberg E, Eriksson K. Raised intrathecal levels of APRIL and BAFF in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to neuropsychiatric symptoms. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(4):R97.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Fragoso-Loyo H, et al. Interleukin-6 and chemokines in the neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(4):1242–50.PubMedCrossRef Fragoso-Loyo H, et al. Interleukin-6 and chemokines in the neuropsychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(4):1242–50.PubMedCrossRef
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Trysberg E, et al. Neuronal and astrocytic damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with central nervous system involvement. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(10):2881–7.PubMedCrossRef Trysberg E, et al. Neuronal and astrocytic damage in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with central nervous system involvement. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(10):2881–7.PubMedCrossRef
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Trysberg E, et al. Intrathecal levels of matrix metalloproteinases in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system engagement. Arthritis Res Ther. 2004;6(6):R551–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Trysberg E, et al. Intrathecal levels of matrix metalloproteinases in systemic lupus erythematosus with central nervous system engagement. Arthritis Res Ther. 2004;6(6):R551–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Hsu TC, et al. Beneficial effects of treatment with cystamine on brain in NZB/W F1 mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;591(1–3):307–14.PubMedCrossRef Hsu TC, et al. Beneficial effects of treatment with cystamine on brain in NZB/W F1 mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;591(1–3):307–14.PubMedCrossRef
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Tomita M, Holman BJ, Santoro TJ. Aberrant cytokine gene expression in the hippocampus in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurosci Lett. 2001;302(2–3):129–32.PubMedCrossRef Tomita M, Holman BJ, Santoro TJ. Aberrant cytokine gene expression in the hippocampus in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. Neurosci Lett. 2001;302(2–3):129–32.PubMedCrossRef
146.
Zurück zum Zitat McLean BN, Miller D, Thompson EJ. Oligoclonal banding of IgG in CSF, blood-brain barrier function, and MRI findings in patients with sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Behcet’s disease involving the nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58(5):548–54.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef McLean BN, Miller D, Thompson EJ. Oligoclonal banding of IgG in CSF, blood-brain barrier function, and MRI findings in patients with sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and Behcet’s disease involving the nervous system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1995;58(5):548–54.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Nishimura K, et al. Blood-brain barrier damage as a risk factor for corticosteroid-induced psychiatric disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008;33(3):395–403.PubMedCrossRef Nishimura K, et al. Blood-brain barrier damage as a risk factor for corticosteroid-induced psychiatric disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008;33(3):395–403.PubMedCrossRef
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertsias GK, Boumpas DT. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of neuropsychiatric SLE manifestations. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(6):358–67.PubMedCrossRef Bertsias GK, Boumpas DT. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of neuropsychiatric SLE manifestations. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6(6):358–67.PubMedCrossRef
149.
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirohata S, et al. Blood-brain barrier damages and intrathecal synthesis of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR2 antibodies in diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(2):R77.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hirohata S, et al. Blood-brain barrier damages and intrathecal synthesis of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR2 antibodies in diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(2):R77.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Sled JG, et al. Time course and nature of brain atrophy in the MRL mouse model of central nervous system lupus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(6):1764–74.PubMedCrossRef Sled JG, et al. Time course and nature of brain atrophy in the MRL mouse model of central nervous system lupus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(6):1764–74.PubMedCrossRef
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Abbott NJ, Mendonca LL, Dolman DE. The blood-brain barrier in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2003;12(12):908–15.PubMedCrossRef Abbott NJ, Mendonca LL, Dolman DE. The blood-brain barrier in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2003;12(12):908–15.PubMedCrossRef
154.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Carroll SJ, et al. Pro-inflammatory TNFalpha and IL-1beta differentially regulate the inflammatory phenotype of brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:131.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef O’Carroll SJ, et al. Pro-inflammatory TNFalpha and IL-1beta differentially regulate the inflammatory phenotype of brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neuroinflammation. 2015;12:131.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
155.
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Rekvig OP, et al. Autoantibodies in lupus: culprits or passive bystanders? Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(8):596–603.PubMedCrossRef Rekvig OP, et al. Autoantibodies in lupus: culprits or passive bystanders? Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(8):596–603.PubMedCrossRef
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Jeltsch-David H, Muller S. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenesis and biomarkers. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(10):579–96.PubMedCrossRef Jeltsch-David H, Muller S. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenesis and biomarkers. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(10):579–96.PubMedCrossRef
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu C, et al. Autoantibody profiling on human proteome microarray for biomarker discovery in cerebrospinal fluid and sera of neuropsychiatric lupus. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126643.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hu C, et al. Autoantibody profiling on human proteome microarray for biomarker discovery in cerebrospinal fluid and sera of neuropsychiatric lupus. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0126643.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
159.
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Faust TW, et al. Neurotoxic lupus autoantibodies alter brain function through two distinct mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(43):18569–74.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Faust TW, et al. Neurotoxic lupus autoantibodies alter brain function through two distinct mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107(43):18569–74.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Kowal C, et al. Cognition and immunity; antibody impairs memory. Immunity. 2004;21(2):179–88.PubMedCrossRef Kowal C, et al. Cognition and immunity; antibody impairs memory. Immunity. 2004;21(2):179–88.PubMedCrossRef
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang EH, et al. Selective impairment of spatial cognition caused by autoantibodies to the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor. EBioMedicine. 2015;2(7):755–64.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Chang EH, et al. Selective impairment of spatial cognition caused by autoantibodies to the N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor. EBioMedicine. 2015;2(7):755–64.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Omdal R, et al. Neuropsychiatric disturbances in SLE are associated with antibodies against NMDA receptors. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12(5):392–8.PubMedCrossRef Omdal R, et al. Neuropsychiatric disturbances in SLE are associated with antibodies against NMDA receptors. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12(5):392–8.PubMedCrossRef
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Arinuma Y, Yanagida T, Hirohata S. Association of cerebrospinal fluid anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies with diffuse neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(4):1130–5.PubMedCrossRef Arinuma Y, Yanagida T, Hirohata S. Association of cerebrospinal fluid anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies with diffuse neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(4):1130–5.PubMedCrossRef
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Fragoso-Loyo H, et al. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid autoantibodies in patients with neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus. Implications for diagnosis and pathogenesis. PLoS One. 2008;3(10):e3347.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Fragoso-Loyo H, et al. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid autoantibodies in patients with neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus. Implications for diagnosis and pathogenesis. PLoS One. 2008;3(10):e3347.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshio T, et al. Association of IgG anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(2):675–8.PubMedCrossRef Yoshio T, et al. Association of IgG anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(2):675–8.PubMedCrossRef
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Massardo L, et al. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and anti-ribosomal-P autoantibodies contribute to cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2015;24(6):558–68.PubMedCrossRef Massardo L, et al. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and anti-ribosomal-P autoantibodies contribute to cognitive dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2015;24(6):558–68.PubMedCrossRef
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Mackay M, et al. Brain metabolism and autoantibody titres predict functional impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2015;2(1):e000074.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Mackay M, et al. Brain metabolism and autoantibody titres predict functional impairment in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus Sci Med. 2015;2(1):e000074.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Elkon KB, Parnassa AP, Foster CL. Lupus autoantibodies target ribosomal P proteins. J Exp Med. 1985;162(2):459–71.PubMedCrossRef Elkon KB, Parnassa AP, Foster CL. Lupus autoantibodies target ribosomal P proteins. J Exp Med. 1985;162(2):459–71.PubMedCrossRef
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Briani C, et al. Neurolupus is associated with anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies: an inception cohort study. J Autoimmun. 2009;32(2):79–84.PubMedCrossRef Briani C, et al. Neurolupus is associated with anti-ribosomal P protein antibodies: an inception cohort study. J Autoimmun. 2009;32(2):79–84.PubMedCrossRef
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirohata S, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid anti-ribosomal p protein antibodies with diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(3):R44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hirohata S, et al. Association of cerebrospinal fluid anti-ribosomal p protein antibodies with diffuse psychiatric/neuropsychological syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2007;9(3):R44.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
173.
Zurück zum Zitat Karassa FB, et al. Accuracy of anti-ribosomal P protein antibody testing for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: an international meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(1):312–24.PubMedCrossRef Karassa FB, et al. Accuracy of anti-ribosomal P protein antibody testing for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: an international meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(1):312–24.PubMedCrossRef
174.
Zurück zum Zitat Hanly JG, et al. Autoantibodies as biomarkers for the prediction of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(10):1726–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hanly JG, et al. Autoantibodies as biomarkers for the prediction of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(10):1726–32.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
175.
Zurück zum Zitat Reichlin M. Autoantibodies to the ribosomal P proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Med. 2006;6(2):49–52.PubMedCrossRef Reichlin M. Autoantibodies to the ribosomal P proteins in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Med. 2006;6(2):49–52.PubMedCrossRef
176.
Zurück zum Zitat Matus S, et al. Antiribosomal-P autoantibodies from psychiatric lupus target a novel neuronal surface protein causing calcium influx and apoptosis. J Exp Med. 2007;204(13):3221–34.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Matus S, et al. Antiribosomal-P autoantibodies from psychiatric lupus target a novel neuronal surface protein causing calcium influx and apoptosis. J Exp Med. 2007;204(13):3221–34.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
177.
Zurück zum Zitat Segovia-Miranda F, et al. Pathogenicity of lupus anti-ribosomal P antibodies: role of cross-reacting neuronal surface P antigen in glutamatergic transmission and plasticity in a mouse model. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(6):1598–610.PubMedCrossRef Segovia-Miranda F, et al. Pathogenicity of lupus anti-ribosomal P antibodies: role of cross-reacting neuronal surface P antigen in glutamatergic transmission and plasticity in a mouse model. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(6):1598–610.PubMedCrossRef
178.
Zurück zum Zitat Bravo-Zehnder M, et al. Anti-ribosomal P protein autoantibodies from patients with neuropsychiatric lupus impair memory in mice. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(1):204–14.PubMedCrossRef Bravo-Zehnder M, et al. Anti-ribosomal P protein autoantibodies from patients with neuropsychiatric lupus impair memory in mice. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(1):204–14.PubMedCrossRef
179.
Zurück zum Zitat Katzav A, et al. Anti-P ribosomal antibodies induce defect in smell capability in a model of CNS -SLE (depression). J Autoimmun. 2008;31(4):393–8.PubMedCrossRef Katzav A, et al. Anti-P ribosomal antibodies induce defect in smell capability in a model of CNS -SLE (depression). J Autoimmun. 2008;31(4):393–8.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Lupus brain fog: a biologic perspective on cognitive impairment, depression, and fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus
verfasst von
Meggan Mackay
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Immunologic Research / Ausgabe 1-3/2015
Print ISSN: 0257-277X
Elektronische ISSN: 1559-0755
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12026-015-8716-3

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1-3/2015

Immunologic Research 1-3/2015 Zur Ausgabe

AUTOIMMUNITY/IMMUNOREGULATION/INFLAMMATION

Fundamental role of C1q in autoimmunity and inflammation

Update HNO

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.