Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Neurocritical Care 2/2012

01.04.2012 | Review Article

Duration of Anticoagulation After Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

verfasst von: Frances Caprio, Richard A. Bernstein

Erschienen in: Neurocritical Care | Ausgabe 2/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) often occurs in young patients and is treated with acute and then long-term oral anticoagulation. It is important to decide when to discontinue anticoagulation, as lifelong anticoagulation exposes the patient to considerable cumulative risk. However, a lack of high quality studies makes choosing a duration of anticoagulation after CVST difficult. In this article, we review the evidence for different treatment durations in several common clinical scenarios of CVST. In addition, when no direct evidence is available, we discuss and extrapolate from the more comprehensively studied situation of systemic venous thromboembolic disease. Recommendations are graded using standard criteria for the level of evidence.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown RD Jr, Bushnell CD, Cucchiara B, Cushman M, de Veber G, Ferro JM, Tsai FY. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011;42:1158–92.PubMedCrossRef Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown RD Jr, Bushnell CD, Cucchiara B, Cushman M, de Veber G, Ferro JM, Tsai FY. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011;42:1158–92.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Stam J, de Bruijn SF, deVeber G. Anticoagulation for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD002005. Stam J, de Bruijn SF, deVeber G. Anticoagulation for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD002005.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Einhäupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W, Mehraein S, Garner C, Pellkofer M, Haberl RL, Pfister HW, Schmiedek P. Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet. 1991;338:597–600.PubMedCrossRef Einhäupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W, Mehraein S, Garner C, Pellkofer M, Haberl RL, Pfister HW, Schmiedek P. Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet. 1991;338:597–600.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat de Bruijn SF, Stam J. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke. 1999;30:484–8.PubMedCrossRef de Bruijn SF, Stam J. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke. 1999;30:484–8.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Preter M, Tzourio C, Ameri A, Bousser MG. Long-term prognosis in cerebral venous thrombosis: follow-up of 77 patients. Stroke. 1996;27:243–6.PubMedCrossRef Preter M, Tzourio C, Ameri A, Bousser MG. Long-term prognosis in cerebral venous thrombosis: follow-up of 77 patients. Stroke. 1996;27:243–6.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Brucker AB, Vollert-Rogenhofer H, Wagner M, Stieglbauer K, Felber S, Trenkler J, Deisenhammer E, Aichner F. Heparin treatment in acute cerebral sinus venous thrombosis: a retrospective clinical and MR analysis of 42 cases. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998;8:331–7.PubMedCrossRef Brucker AB, Vollert-Rogenhofer H, Wagner M, Stieglbauer K, Felber S, Trenkler J, Deisenhammer E, Aichner F. Heparin treatment in acute cerebral sinus venous thrombosis: a retrospective clinical and MR analysis of 42 cases. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998;8:331–7.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ameri A, Bousser MG. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurol Clin. 1992;10:87–111.PubMed Ameri A, Bousser MG. Cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurol Clin. 1992;10:87–111.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Strupp M, Covi M, Seelos K, Dichgans M, Brandt T. Cerebral venous thrombosis: correlation between recanalization and clinical outcome: a long-term follow-up of 40 patients. J Neurol. 2002;249:1123–4.PubMedCrossRef Strupp M, Covi M, Seelos K, Dichgans M, Brandt T. Cerebral venous thrombosis: correlation between recanalization and clinical outcome: a long-term follow-up of 40 patients. J Neurol. 2002;249:1123–4.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Stolz E, Trittmacher S, Rahimi A, Gerriets T, Röttger C, Siekmann R, Kaps M. Influence of recanalization on outcome in dural sinus thrombosis: a prospective study. Stroke. 2004;35:544–7.PubMedCrossRef Stolz E, Trittmacher S, Rahimi A, Gerriets T, Röttger C, Siekmann R, Kaps M. Influence of recanalization on outcome in dural sinus thrombosis: a prospective study. Stroke. 2004;35:544–7.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Baumgartner RW, Studer A, Arnold M, Georgiadis D. Recanalisation of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:459–61.PubMedCrossRef Baumgartner RW, Studer A, Arnold M, Georgiadis D. Recanalisation of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:459–61.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Röttger C, Trittmacher S, Gerriets T, Blaes F, Kaps M, Stolz E. Reversible MR imaging abnormalities following cerebral venous thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:607–13.PubMed Röttger C, Trittmacher S, Gerriets T, Blaes F, Kaps M, Stolz E. Reversible MR imaging abnormalities following cerebral venous thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26:607–13.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagaraja D, Rao BSS, Taly AB. Randomized controlled trial of heparin in therapy of cerebral venous/sinus thrombosis. Nimhans J. 1995;13:111–5. Nagaraja D, Rao BSS, Taly AB. Randomized controlled trial of heparin in therapy of cerebral venous/sinus thrombosis. Nimhans J. 1995;13:111–5.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferro JM, Canhão P, Stam J, Bousser MG. Barinagarrementeria F; ISCVT Investigators. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke. 2004;35:664–70.PubMedCrossRef Ferro JM, Canhão P, Stam J, Bousser MG. Barinagarrementeria F; ISCVT Investigators. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke. 2004;35:664–70.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferro JM, Correia M, Pontes C, Baptista MV, Pita F. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Portuguese Collaborative Study Group (Venoport). Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis in Portugal: 1980–1998. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;11:177–82.PubMedCrossRef Ferro JM, Correia M, Pontes C, Baptista MV, Pita F. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Portuguese Collaborative Study Group (Venoport). Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis in Portugal: 1980–1998. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;11:177–82.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Stolz E, Rahimi A, Gerriets T, Kraus J, Kaps M. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an all or nothing disease? Prognostic factors and long-term outcome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;107:99–107.PubMedCrossRef Stolz E, Rahimi A, Gerriets T, Kraus J, Kaps M. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an all or nothing disease? Prognostic factors and long-term outcome. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;107:99–107.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Girot M, Ferro JM, Canhão P, Stam J, Bousser MG, Barinagarrementeria F, Leys D. ISCVT investigators. Predictors of outcome in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis and intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2007;38:337–42.PubMedCrossRef Girot M, Ferro JM, Canhão P, Stam J, Bousser MG, Barinagarrementeria F, Leys D. ISCVT investigators. Predictors of outcome in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis and intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2007;38:337–42.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Masuhr F, Mehraein S, Einhäupl K. Cerebral venous and sinous thrombosis. J Neurol. 2004;251:11–23.PubMedCrossRef Masuhr F, Mehraein S, Einhäupl K. Cerebral venous and sinous thrombosis. J Neurol. 2004;251:11–23.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferro JM, Lopes MG, Rosas MJ, Ferro MA, Fontes J. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Portuguese Collaborative Study Group. Long-term prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the VENOPORT study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;13:272–8.PubMedCrossRef Ferro JM, Lopes MG, Rosas MJ, Ferro MA, Fontes J. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Portuguese Collaborative Study Group. Long-term prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the VENOPORT study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;13:272–8.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Maqueda VM, Thijs V. Risk of thromboembolism after cerebral venous thrombosis. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:302–5.PubMedCrossRef Maqueda VM, Thijs V. Risk of thromboembolism after cerebral venous thrombosis. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13:302–5.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Gosk-Bierska I, Wysokinski W, Brown RD Jr, Karnicki K, Grill D, Wiste H, Wysokinska E, McBane RD 2nd. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: incidence of venous thrombosis recurrence and survival. Neurology. 2006;67:814–9.PubMedCrossRef Gosk-Bierska I, Wysokinski W, Brown RD Jr, Karnicki K, Grill D, Wiste H, Wysokinska E, McBane RD 2nd. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: incidence of venous thrombosis recurrence and survival. Neurology. 2006;67:814–9.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Passamonti SM, Battaglioli T, Previtali E, Mannucci PM. Long-term evaluation of the risk of recurrence after cerebral sinus-venous thrombosis. Circulation. 2010;121:2740–6.PubMedCrossRef Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Passamonti SM, Battaglioli T, Previtali E, Mannucci PM. Long-term evaluation of the risk of recurrence after cerebral sinus-venous thrombosis. Circulation. 2010;121:2740–6.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, Goldhaber S, Raskob GE, Comerota AJ. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition) [published correction appears in Chest 2008;134:892]. Chest. 2008;133(6 suppl):454S–545S. Kearon C, Kahn SR, Agnelli G, Goldhaber S, Raskob GE, Comerota AJ. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition) [published correction appears in Chest 2008;134:892]. Chest. 2008;133(6 suppl):454S–545S.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Optimum duration of anticoagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet. 1992;340:873–6. Research Committee of the British Thoracic Society. Optimum duration of anticoagulation for deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Lancet. 1992;340:873–6.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M, et al. Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1995;74:606–11.PubMed Levine MN, Hirsh J, Gent M, et al. Optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy: a randomized trial comparing four weeks with three months of warfarin in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 1995;74:606–11.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulman S, Rhedin AS, Lindmarker P, et al. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1661–5.PubMedCrossRef Schulman S, Rhedin AS, Lindmarker P, et al. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:1661–5.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Pinede L, Ninet J, Duhaut P, et al. Comparison of 3 and 6 months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism and comparison of 6 and 12 weeks of therapy after isolated calf deep vein thrombosis. Circulation. 2001;103:2453–60.PubMed Pinede L, Ninet J, Duhaut P, et al. Comparison of 3 and 6 months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism and comparison of 6 and 12 weeks of therapy after isolated calf deep vein thrombosis. Circulation. 2001;103:2453–60.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Agnelli G, Prandoni P, Santamaria MG, et al. Three months versus one year of oral anticoagulant therapy for idiopathic deep vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:165–9.PubMedCrossRef Agnelli G, Prandoni P, Santamaria MG, et al. Three months versus one year of oral anticoagulant therapy for idiopathic deep vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:165–9.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Agnelli G, Prandoni P, Becattini C, et al. Extended oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:19–25.PubMed Agnelli G, Prandoni P, Becattini C, et al. Extended oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:19–25.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Campbell IA, Bentley DP, Prescott RJ, et al. Anticoagulation for three versus six months in patients with deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, or both: randomized trial. BMJ. 2007;334:674–80.PubMedCrossRef Campbell IA, Bentley DP, Prescott RJ, et al. Anticoagulation for three versus six months in patients with deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, or both: randomized trial. BMJ. 2007;334:674–80.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Kearon C, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:901–7. (LAFIT).PubMedCrossRef Kearon C, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:901–7. (LAFIT).PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Danielson E, et al. Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1425–34. (PREVENT).PubMedCrossRef Ridker PM, Goldhaber SZ, Danielson E, et al. Long-term, low-intensity warfarin therapy for prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1425–34. (PREVENT).PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmstrom M, et al. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:393–8. (DURAC 2).PubMedCrossRef Schulman S, Granqvist S, Holmstrom M, et al. The duration of oral anticoagulant therapy after a second episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:393–8. (DURAC 2).PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Palareti G, Cosmi B, Legnani C, et al. D-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1780–9. (PROLONG).PubMedCrossRef Palareti G, Cosmi B, Legnani C, et al. D-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1780–9. (PROLONG).PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Cosmi B, Legnani C, Tosetto A, et al. Use of Ddimer testing to determine duration of anticoagulation, risk of cardiovascular events and occult cancer after a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism: the extended follow-up of the PROLONG study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2009;28:381e8.CrossRef Cosmi B, Legnani C, Tosetto A, et al. Use of Ddimer testing to determine duration of anticoagulation, risk of cardiovascular events and occult cancer after a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism: the extended follow-up of the PROLONG study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2009;28:381e8.CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Ost D, Tepper J, Mihara H, et al. Duration of anticoagulation following venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2005;294:706e15. Ost D, Tepper J, Mihara H, et al. Duration of anticoagulation following venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2005;294:706e15.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Kovacs MJ, et al. Comparison of low-intensity warfarin therapy with conventional-intensity warfarin therapy for long-term prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:631–9.PubMedCrossRef Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Kovacs MJ, et al. Comparison of low-intensity warfarin therapy with conventional-intensity warfarin therapy for long-term prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:631–9.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulman S, Beyth RJ, Kearon C, et al. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant and thrombolytic treatment: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133(suppl):257S–98S.PubMedCrossRef Schulman S, Beyth RJ, Kearon C, et al. Hemorrhagic complications of anticoagulant and thrombolytic treatment: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133(suppl):257S–98S.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Kearon C. Long-term anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism: duration of treatment and management of warfarin therapy. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31(4):719–30.PubMedCrossRef Kearon C. Long-term anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism: duration of treatment and management of warfarin therapy. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31(4):719–30.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Heit JA, O’Fallon WM, Petterson TM, et al. Relative impact of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1245–6.PubMedCrossRef Heit JA, O’Fallon WM, Petterson TM, et al. Relative impact of risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1245–6.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:809–15.PubMedCrossRef Heit JA, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:809–15.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Samama CM, Lassen MR, Colwell CW. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133(6 suppl):381S–453S.PubMedCrossRef Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, Heit JA, Samama CM, Lassen MR, Colwell CW. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133(6 suppl):381S–453S.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Baglin T, Luddington R, Brown K, et al. Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2003;362:523–6.PubMedCrossRef Baglin T, Luddington R, Brown K, et al. Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2003;362:523–6.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Christiansen SC, Cannegieter SC, Koster T, et al. Thrombophilia, clinical factors, and recurrent venous thrombotic events. JAMA. 2005;293:2352–61.PubMedCrossRef Christiansen SC, Cannegieter SC, Koster T, et al. Thrombophilia, clinical factors, and recurrent venous thrombotic events. JAMA. 2005;293:2352–61.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Eichinger S, Minar E, Hirschl M, et al. The risk of early recurrent venous thromboembolism after oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with the G20210A transition in the prothrombin gene. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:14–7.PubMed Eichinger S, Minar E, Hirschl M, et al. The risk of early recurrent venous thromboembolism after oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with the G20210A transition in the prothrombin gene. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:14–7.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Eichinger S, Pabinger I, Stümpflen A, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with and without Factor V Leiden. Thromb Haemost. 1997;77:624–8.PubMed Eichinger S, Pabinger I, Stümpflen A, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with and without Factor V Leiden. Thromb Haemost. 1997;77:624–8.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Ho WK, Hankey GJ, Quinlan DJ, et al. Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with common thrombophilia: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:729–36.PubMedCrossRef Ho WK, Hankey GJ, Quinlan DJ, et al. Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with common thrombophilia: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:729–36.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Lindmarker P, Schulman S, Sten-Linder M, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in carriers and noncarriers of the G1691A Allele in the coagulation factor V gene and the G20210A Allele in the prothrombin gene. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:684–9.PubMed Lindmarker P, Schulman S, Sten-Linder M, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in carriers and noncarriers of the G1691A Allele in the coagulation factor V gene and the G20210A Allele in the prothrombin gene. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:684–9.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Miles JS, Miletich JP, Goldhaber SZ, et al. G20210A mutation in the prothrombin gene and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:215–8.PubMedCrossRef Miles JS, Miletich JP, Goldhaber SZ, et al. G20210A mutation in the prothrombin gene and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:215–8.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Palareti G, Legnani C, Cosmi B, et al. Predictive value of d-dimer test for recurrent venous thromboembolism after anticoagulation withdrawal in subjects with a previous idiopathic event and in carriers of congenital thrombophilia. Circulation. 2003;108:313–8.PubMedCrossRef Palareti G, Legnani C, Cosmi B, et al. Predictive value of d-dimer test for recurrent venous thromboembolism after anticoagulation withdrawal in subjects with a previous idiopathic event and in carriers of congenital thrombophilia. Circulation. 2003;108:313–8.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Ridker PM, Miletich JP, Stampfer MJ, et al. Factor V Leiden and risks of recurrent idiopathic venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 1995;92:2800–2.PubMed Ridker PM, Miletich JP, Stampfer MJ, et al. Factor V Leiden and risks of recurrent idiopathic venous thromboembolism. Circulation. 1995;92:2800–2.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Simioni P, Prandoni P, Lensing AW, et al. Risk for subsequent venous thromboembolic complications in carriers of the prothrombin or the factor V gene mutation with a first episode of deep-vein thrombosis. Blood. 2000;96:3329–33.PubMed Simioni P, Prandoni P, Lensing AW, et al. Risk for subsequent venous thromboembolic complications in carriers of the prothrombin or the factor V gene mutation with a first episode of deep-vein thrombosis. Blood. 2000;96:3329–33.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Murin S, Marelich GP, Arroliga AC, Matthay RA. Hereditary thrombophilia and venous thromboembolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:1369.PubMed Murin S, Marelich GP, Arroliga AC, Matthay RA. Hereditary thrombophilia and venous thromboembolism. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:1369.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Middeldorp S, van Hylckama Vlieg A. Does thrombophilia testing help in the clinical management of patients? Br J Haematol. 2008;143:321.PubMedCrossRef Middeldorp S, van Hylckama Vlieg A. Does thrombophilia testing help in the clinical management of patients? Br J Haematol. 2008;143:321.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Coppens M, Reijnders JH, Middeldorp S, et al. Testing for inherited thrombophilia does not reduce the recurrence of venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6:1474.PubMedCrossRef Coppens M, Reijnders JH, Middeldorp S, et al. Testing for inherited thrombophilia does not reduce the recurrence of venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2008;6:1474.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Koeleman BP, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM. Familial thrombophilia: a complex genetic disorder. Semin Hematol. 1997;34:256.PubMed Koeleman BP, Reitsma PH, Bertina RM. Familial thrombophilia: a complex genetic disorder. Semin Hematol. 1997;34:256.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Makris M, Preston FE, Beauchamp NJ, et al. Co-inheritance of the 2012A allele of the prothrombin gene increases the risk of thrombosis in subjects with familial thrombophilia. Thromb Haemost. 1997;78:1426.PubMed Makris M, Preston FE, Beauchamp NJ, et al. Co-inheritance of the 2012A allele of the prothrombin gene increases the risk of thrombosis in subjects with familial thrombophilia. Thromb Haemost. 1997;78:1426.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Meinardi JR, Middeldorp S, de Kam PJ, et al. The incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in carriers of factor V Leiden is related to concomitant thrombophilic disorders. Br J Haematol. 2002;116:625.PubMedCrossRef Meinardi JR, Middeldorp S, de Kam PJ, et al. The incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in carriers of factor V Leiden is related to concomitant thrombophilic disorders. Br J Haematol. 2002;116:625.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Lijfering WM, Brouwer JL, Veeger NJ, Bank I, Coppens M, Middeldorp S, Hamulyák K, Prins MH, Büller HR, van der Meer J. Selective testing for thrombophilia in patients with first venous thrombosis: results from a retrospective family cohort study on absolute thrombotic risk for currently known thrombophilic defects in 2479 relatives. Blood. 2009;113:5314–22.PubMedCrossRef Lijfering WM, Brouwer JL, Veeger NJ, Bank I, Coppens M, Middeldorp S, Hamulyák K, Prins MH, Büller HR, van der Meer J. Selective testing for thrombophilia in patients with first venous thrombosis: results from a retrospective family cohort study on absolute thrombotic risk for currently known thrombophilic defects in 2479 relatives. Blood. 2009;113:5314–22.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat de Freitas GR, Bogousslavsky J. Risk factors of cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2008;23:23–54.PubMed de Freitas GR, Bogousslavsky J. Risk factors of cerebral vein and sinus thrombosis. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2008;23:23–54.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Martinelli I, Sacchi E, Landi G, Taioli E, Duca F, Mannucci PM. High risk of cerebral-vein thrombosis in carriers of a prothrombin-gene mutation and in users of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1793–7.PubMedCrossRef Martinelli I, Sacchi E, Landi G, Taioli E, Duca F, Mannucci PM. High risk of cerebral-vein thrombosis in carriers of a prothrombin-gene mutation and in users of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1793–7.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Bombeli T, Basic A, Fehr J. Prevalence of hereditary thrombophilia in patients with thrombosis in different venous systems. Am J Hematol. 2002;70:126–32.PubMedCrossRef Bombeli T, Basic A, Fehr J. Prevalence of hereditary thrombophilia in patients with thrombosis in different venous systems. Am J Hematol. 2002;70:126–32.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Dentali F, Crowther M, Ageno W. Thrombophilic abnormalities, oral contraceptives, and risk of cerebral vein thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Blood. 2006;107:2766–73.PubMedCrossRef Dentali F, Crowther M, Ageno W. Thrombophilic abnormalities, oral contraceptives, and risk of cerebral vein thrombosis: a meta-analysis. Blood. 2006;107:2766–73.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Reuner KH, Ruf A, Grau A, Rickmann H, Stolz E, Jüttler E, Druschky KF, Patscheke H. Prothrombin gene G202103A transition is a risk factor for cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 1998;29:1765–9.PubMedCrossRef Reuner KH, Ruf A, Grau A, Rickmann H, Stolz E, Jüttler E, Druschky KF, Patscheke H. Prothrombin gene G202103A transition is a risk factor for cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 1998;29:1765–9.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Einhäupl K, Stam J, Bousser MG, de Bruijn SF, Ferro JM, Martinelli I. EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in adult patients. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1229–35.PubMedCrossRef Einhäupl K, Stam J, Bousser MG, de Bruijn SF, Ferro JM, Martinelli I. EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in adult patients. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1229–35.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, Derksen RH, De Groot PG, Koike T, Meroni PL, Reber G, Shoenfeld Y, Tincani A, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Krilis SA. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:295–306.PubMedCrossRef Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, Derksen RH, De Groot PG, Koike T, Meroni PL, Reber G, Shoenfeld Y, Tincani A, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Krilis SA. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:295–306.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Asherson RA, Cervera R, de Groot PG, Erkan D, Boffa MC, Piette JC, Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y, Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Registry Project Group. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines. Lupus. 2003;12:530–4.PubMedCrossRef Asherson RA, Cervera R, de Groot PG, Erkan D, Boffa MC, Piette JC, Khamashta MA, Shoenfeld Y, Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome Registry Project Group. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines. Lupus. 2003;12:530–4.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Schulman S, Svenungsson E, Granqvist S, Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy. Am J Med. 1998;104:332–8.PubMedCrossRef Schulman S, Svenungsson E, Granqvist S, Duration of Anticoagulation Study Group. Anticardiolipin antibodies predict early recurrence of thromboembolism and death among patients with venous thromboembolism following anticoagulant therapy. Am J Med. 1998;104:332–8.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Gadelha T, André C, Jucá AA, Nucci M. Prothrombin 20210A and oral contraceptive use as risk factors for cerebral venous thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;19:49–52.PubMedCrossRef Gadelha T, André C, Jucá AA, Nucci M. Prothrombin 20210A and oral contraceptive use as risk factors for cerebral venous thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;19:49–52.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Bergendal A, Odlind V, Persson I, Kieler H. Limited knowledge on progestogen-only contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(3):261–6.PubMedCrossRef Bergendal A, Odlind V, Persson I, Kieler H. Limited knowledge on progestogen-only contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2009;88(3):261–6.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Hannaford PC. Epidemiology of the contraceptive pill and venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res. 2011;127(Suppl 3):S30–4.PubMedCrossRef Hannaford PC. Epidemiology of the contraceptive pill and venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res. 2011;127(Suppl 3):S30–4.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Roach ES, Golomb MR, Adams R, et al. Management of stroke in infants and children: a scientific statement from a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Stroke. 2008;39:2644–91.PubMedCrossRef Roach ES, Golomb MR, Adams R, et al. Management of stroke in infants and children: a scientific statement from a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Stroke. 2008;39:2644–91.PubMedCrossRef
72.
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilterdink JL, Easton JD. Cerebral ischemia in pregnancy. Adv Neurol. 2002;90:51–62.PubMed Wilterdink JL, Easton JD. Cerebral ischemia in pregnancy. Adv Neurol. 2002;90:51–62.PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Lanska DJ, Kryscio RJ. Risk factors for peripartum and postpartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2000;31:1274–82.PubMedCrossRef Lanska DJ, Kryscio RJ. Risk factors for peripartum and postpartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2000;31:1274–82.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat James AH, Bushnell CD, Jamison MG, Myers ER. Incidence and risk factors for stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:509–16.PubMedCrossRef James AH, Bushnell CD, Jamison MG, Myers ER. Incidence and risk factors for stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:509–16.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Françcois P, Fabre M, Lioret E, Jan M. Vascular cerebral thrombosis during pregnancy and post-partum. Neurochirurgie. 2000;46:105–9. Françcois P, Fabre M, Lioret E, Jan M. Vascular cerebral thrombosis during pregnancy and post-partum. Neurochirurgie. 2000;46:105–9.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Lanska DJ, Kryscio RJ. Peripartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis in the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;89:413–8.PubMedCrossRef Lanska DJ, Kryscio RJ. Peripartum stroke and intracranial venous thrombosis in the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;89:413–8.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Bates S, Greer I, Pabinger I, Sofaer S, Hirsch J. Venous thromboembolism, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133:844S–86S.PubMedCrossRef Bates S, Greer I, Pabinger I, Sofaer S, Hirsch J. Venous thromboembolism, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133:844S–86S.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Pabinger I, Grafenhofer H, Kyrle PA, Quehenberger P, Mannhalter C, Lechner K, Kaider A. Temporary increase in the risk for recurrence during pregnancy in women with a history of venous thromboembolism. Blood. 2002;100:1060–2.PubMedCrossRef Pabinger I, Grafenhofer H, Kyrle PA, Quehenberger P, Mannhalter C, Lechner K, Kaider A. Temporary increase in the risk for recurrence during pregnancy in women with a history of venous thromboembolism. Blood. 2002;100:1060–2.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamy C, Hamon JB, Coste J, Mas JL, French Study Group on Stroke in Pregnancy. Ischemic stroke in young women: risk of recurrence during subsequent pregnancies. Neurology. 2000;55:269–74.PubMed Lamy C, Hamon JB, Coste J, Mas JL, French Study Group on Stroke in Pregnancy. Ischemic stroke in young women: risk of recurrence during subsequent pregnancies. Neurology. 2000;55:269–74.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehraein S, Ortwein H, Busch M, Weih M, Einhäupl K, Masuhr F. Risk of recurrence of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis during subsequent pregnancy and puerperium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:814–6.PubMedCrossRef Mehraein S, Ortwein H, Busch M, Weih M, Einhäupl K, Masuhr F. Risk of recurrence of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis during subsequent pregnancy and puerperium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:814–6.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Srinivasan K. Cerebral venous and arterial thrombosis in pregnancy and puerperium: a study of 135 patients. Angiology. 1983;34:731–46.PubMedCrossRef Srinivasan K. Cerebral venous and arterial thrombosis in pregnancy and puerperium: a study of 135 patients. Angiology. 1983;34:731–46.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Duration of Anticoagulation After Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis
verfasst von
Frances Caprio
Richard A. Bernstein
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2012
Verlag
Humana Press Inc
Erschienen in
Neurocritical Care / Ausgabe 2/2012
Print ISSN: 1541-6933
Elektronische ISSN: 1556-0961
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-011-9661-1

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2012

Neurocritical Care 2/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.