Abstract
Background
The aim of this study is to determine the utility of non-invasive bedside neuromonitoring, including cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy and serum biomarkers, in identifying children at risk from adverse neurological outcome after heart surgery.
Methods
Prospective observational study including 39 consecutive children undergoing heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and normal neurologic exam prior to surgery. Cerebral rSO2 was measured at baseline (prior to surgery) and then continuously during surgery and for the first 16 h post-operatively. Neuromarkers [neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100β, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)] were measured in serum at baseline, immediately after CPB and at 16 h post-operatively. Adverse neurological outcome was defined as an abnormal pediatric cerebral performance category (PCPC) scale score at 12 months after surgery.
Results
Sixteen children (41 %) had an abnormal PCPC scale score at the 12-month evaluation after surgery. In children with unfavorable neurological outcomes, mean cerebral rSO2 values were lower and the area-under-the-curve below a threshold of 40 and 20 % below baseline were also increased. No significant differences were found in serum neuromarkers between groups at the time points that were assessed.
Conclusions
Bedside determination of cerebral rSO2 may have some utility in identifying children at risk for adverse neurological outcome after heart surgery in children. Additional studies that are sufficiently powered to control for the many covariates in this patient population will be required to fully interrogate this important question. The role of serum neuromarkers in the immediate post-operative period do not appear to be helpful in this question, though more thorough interrogation of delayed periods may ultimately demonstrate some utility in answering this question.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arduini M, Rosati P, Caforio L, Guariglia L, Clerici G, Di Renzo GC, et al. Cerebral blood flow autoregulation and congenital heart disease: possible causes of abnormal prenatal neurologic development. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011;24(10):1208–11.
Chen J, Zimmerman RA, Jarvik GP, Nord AS, Clancy RR, Wernovsky G, et al. Perioperative stroke in infants undergoing open heart operations for congenital heart disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(3):823–9.
Limperopoulos C, Majnemer A, Shevell MI, Rosenblatt B, Rohlicek C, Tchervenkov C. Neurodevelopmental status of newborns and infants with congenital heart defects before and after open heart surgery. J Pediatr. 2000;137(5):638–45.
Ghanayem NS, Mitchell ME, Tweddell JS, Hoffman GM. Monitoring the brain before, during, and after cardiac surgery to improve long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Cardiol Young. 2006;16(Suppl 3):103–9.
Simons J, Sood ED, Derby CD, Pizarro C. Predictive value of near-infrared spectroscopy on neurodevelopmental outcome after surgery for congenital heart disease in infancy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143(1):118–25.
Hoffman GM. Pro: near-infrared spectroscopy should be used for all cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2006;20(4):606–12.
Kussman BD, Wypij D, Laussen PC, Soul JS, Bellinger DC, DiNardo JA, et al. Relationship of intraoperative cerebral oxygen saturation to neurodevelopmental outcome and brain magnetic resonance imaging at 1 year of age in infants undergoing biventricular repair. Circulation. 2010;122(3):245–54.
Tina LG, Frigiola A, Abella R, Tagliabue P, Ventura L, Paterlini G, et al. S100B protein and near infrared spectroscopy in preterm and term newborns. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2010;2:159–64.
Shinozaki K, Oda S, Sadahiro T, Nakamura M, Hirayama Y, Abe R, et al. S-100B and neuron-specific enolase as predictors of neurological outcome in patients after cardiac arrest and return of spontaneous circulation: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2009;13(4):R121.
Fiser DH, Long N, Roberson PK, Hefley G, Zolten K, Brodie-Fowler M. Relationship of pediatric overall performance category and pediatric cerebral performance category scores at pediatric intensive care unit discharge with outcome measures collected at hospital discharge and 1- and 6-month follow-up assessments. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(7):2616–20.
Gottlieb EA, Fraser CD Jr, Andropoulos DB, Diaz LK. Bilateral monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation results in recognition of aortic cannula malposition during pediatric congenital heart surgery. Paediatr Anaesth. 2006;16(7):787–9.
Kurth CD, Steven JL, Montenegro LM, Watzman HM, Gaynor JW, Spray TL, et al. Cerebral oxygen saturation before congenital heart surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72(1):187–92.
Hanson SJ, Berens RJ, Havens PL, Kim MK, Hoffman GM. Effect of volume resuscitation on regional perfusion in dehydrated pediatric patients as measured by two-site near-infrared spectroscopy. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009;25(3):150–3.
Petrova A, Mehta R. Near-infrared spectroscopy in the detection of regional tissue oxygenation during hypoxic events in preterm infants undergoing critical care. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2006;7(5):449–54.
Yoxall CW, Weindling AM, Dawani NH, Peart I. Measurement of cerebral venous oxyhemoglobin saturation in children by near-infrared spectroscopy and partial jugular venous occlusion. Pediatr Res. 1995;38(3):319–23.
Bhalala US, Nishisaki A, McQueen D, Bird GL, Morrison WE, Nadkarni VM, et al. Change in regional (somatic) near-infrared spectroscopy is not a useful indictor of clinically detectable low cardiac output in children after surgery for congenital heart defects. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2012;13(5):529–34.
Fellahi J-L, Fischer M-O, Rebet O, Dalbera A, Massetti M, Gérard J-L, et al. Cerebral and somatic near-infrared spectroscopy measurements during fluid challenge in cardiac surgery patients: a descriptive pilot study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2013;27(2):266–72.
Ekmektzoglou KA, Xanthos T, Papadimitriou L. Biochemical markers (NSE, S-100, IL-8) as predictors of neurological outcome in patients after cardiac arrest and return of spontaneous circulation. Resuscitation. 2007;75(2):219–28.
Abdul-Khaliq H, Schubert S, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Huebler M, Troitzsch D, Wehsack A, et al. Release patterns of astrocytic and neuronal biochemical markers in serum during and after experimental settings of cardiac surgery. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2003;21(3–4):141–50.
Herrmann M, Ebert AD, Galazky I, Wunderlich MT, Kunz WS, Huth C. Neurobehavioral outcome prediction after cardiac surgery: role of neurobiochemical markers of damage to neuronal and glial brain tissue. Stroke. 2000;31(3):645–50.
Subbaswamy A, Hsu AA, Weinstein S, Bell MJ. Correlation of cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (cNIRS) and neurological markers in critically ill children. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(1):129–35.
Acknowledgments
We thank Miss Christine O’Hara for her invaluable help in editing the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sanchez-de-Toledo, J., Chrysostomou, C., Munoz, R. et al. Cerebral Regional Oxygen Saturation and Serum Neuromarkers for the Prediction of Adverse Neurologic Outcome in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery. Neurocrit Care 21, 133–139 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-013-9934-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-013-9934-y