Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Neurocritical Care 1/2015

01.02.2015 | Review Article

Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Management of Large Hemispheric Infarction

A Statement for Health Care Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and the German Society for Neuro-Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

verfasst von: Michel T. Torbey, Julian Bösel, Denise H. Rhoney, Fred Rincon, Dimitre Staykov, Arun P. Amar, Panayiotis N. Varelas, Eric Jüttler, DaiWai Olson, Hagen B. Huttner, Klaus Zweckberger, Kevin N. Sheth, Christian Dohmen, Ansgar M. Brambrink, Stephan A. Mayer, Osama O. Zaidat, Werner Hacke, Stefan Schwab

Erschienen in: Neurocritical Care | Ausgabe 1/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Large hemispheric infarction (LHI), also known as malignant middle cerebral infarction, is a devastating disease associated with significant disability and mortality. Clinicians and family members are often faced with a paucity of high quality clinical data as they attempt to determine the most appropriate course of treatment for patients with LHI, and current stroke guidelines do not provide a detailed approach regarding the day-to-day management of these complicated patients. To address this need, the Neurocritical Care Society organized an international multidisciplinary consensus conference on the critical care management of LHI. Experts from neurocritical care, neurosurgery, neurology, interventional neuroradiology, and neuroanesthesiology from Europe and North America were recruited based on their publications and expertise. The panel devised a series of clinical questions related to LHI, and assessed the quality of data related to these questions using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation guideline system. They then developed recommendations (denoted as strong or weak) based on the quality of the evidence, as well as the balance of benefits and harms of the studied interventions, the values and preferences of patients, and resource considerations.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Hacke W, Schwab S, Horn M, Spranger M, De Georgia M, von Kummer R. ‘Malignant’ middle cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical course and prognostic signs. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(4):309–15.PubMed Hacke W, Schwab S, Horn M, Spranger M, De Georgia M, von Kummer R. ‘Malignant’ middle cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical course and prognostic signs. Arch Neurol. 1996;53(4):309–15.PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Morgenstern LB, Hemphill JC 3rd, Anderson C, Becker K, Broderick JP, Connolly ES Jr, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2010;41(9):2108–29.PubMed Morgenstern LB, Hemphill JC 3rd, Anderson C, Becker K, Broderick JP, Connolly ES Jr, et al. Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2010;41(9):2108–29.PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44(3):870–947.PubMed Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP Jr, Bruno A, Connors JJ, Demaerschalk BM, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44(3):870–947.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Wijdicks EF, Sheth KN, Carter BS, Greer DM, Kasner SE, Kimberly WT, et al. Recommendations for the management of cerebral and cerebellar infarction with swelling: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45(4):1222–38.PubMed Wijdicks EF, Sheth KN, Carter BS, Greer DM, Kasner SE, Kimberly WT, et al. Recommendations for the management of cerebral and cerebellar infarction with swelling: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45(4):1222–38.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004;328(7454):1490.PubMed Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck-Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2004;328(7454):1490.PubMed
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Brozek JL, Akl EA, Alonso-Coello P, Lang D, Jaeschke R, Williams JW, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines. Part 1 of 3. An overview of the GRADE approach and grading quality of evidence about interventions. Allergy. 2009;64(5):669–77.PubMed Brozek JL, Akl EA, Alonso-Coello P, Lang D, Jaeschke R, Williams JW, et al. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in clinical practice guidelines. Part 1 of 3. An overview of the GRADE approach and grading quality of evidence about interventions. Allergy. 2009;64(5):669–77.PubMed
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Steiner T, Mendoza G, De Georgia M, Schellinger P, Holle R, Hacke W. Prognosis of stroke patients requiring mechanical ventilation in a neurological critical care unit. Stroke. 1997;28(4):711–5.PubMed Steiner T, Mendoza G, De Georgia M, Schellinger P, Holle R, Hacke W. Prognosis of stroke patients requiring mechanical ventilation in a neurological critical care unit. Stroke. 1997;28(4):711–5.PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Berrouschot J, Rossler A, Koster J, Schneider D. Mechanical ventilation in patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(8):2956–61.PubMed Berrouschot J, Rossler A, Koster J, Schneider D. Mechanical ventilation in patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(8):2956–61.PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Burtin P, Bollaert PE, Feldmann L, Nace L, Lelarge P, Bauer P, et al. Prognosis of stroke patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 1994;20(1):32–6.PubMed Burtin P, Bollaert PE, Feldmann L, Nace L, Lelarge P, Bauer P, et al. Prognosis of stroke patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Intensive Care Med. 1994;20(1):32–6.PubMed
10.
Zurück zum Zitat el-Ad B, Bornstein NM, Fuchs P, Korczyn AD. Mechanical ventilation in stroke patients: is it worthwhile? Neurology. 1996;47(3):657–9.PubMed el-Ad B, Bornstein NM, Fuchs P, Korczyn AD. Mechanical ventilation in stroke patients: is it worthwhile? Neurology. 1996;47(3):657–9.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Wijdicks EF, Scott JP. Causes and outcome of mechanical ventilation in patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997;72(3):210–3.PubMed Wijdicks EF, Scott JP. Causes and outcome of mechanical ventilation in patients with hemispheric ischemic stroke. Mayo Clin Proc. 1997;72(3):210–3.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Mayer SA, Copeland D, Bernardini GL, Boden-Albala B, Lennihan L, Kossoff S, et al. Cost and outcome of mechanical ventilation for life-threatening stroke. Stroke. 2000;31(10):2346–53.PubMed Mayer SA, Copeland D, Bernardini GL, Boden-Albala B, Lennihan L, Kossoff S, et al. Cost and outcome of mechanical ventilation for life-threatening stroke. Stroke. 2000;31(10):2346–53.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Santoli F, De Jonghe B, Hayon J, Tran B, Piperaud M, Merrer J, et al. Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute ischemic stroke: survival and outcome at one year. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(7):1141–6.PubMed Santoli F, De Jonghe B, Hayon J, Tran B, Piperaud M, Merrer J, et al. Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute ischemic stroke: survival and outcome at one year. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(7):1141–6.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Milhaud D, Popp J, Thouvenot E, Heroum C, Bonafe A. Mechanical ventilation in ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;13(4):183–8.PubMed Milhaud D, Popp J, Thouvenot E, Heroum C, Bonafe A. Mechanical ventilation in ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;13(4):183–8.PubMed
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Esteban A, Alia I, Gordo F, Fernandez R, Solsona JF, Vallverdu I, et al. Extubation outcome after spontaneous breathing trials with T-tube or pressure support ventilation. The Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156(2 Pt 1):459–65.PubMed Esteban A, Alia I, Gordo F, Fernandez R, Solsona JF, Vallverdu I, et al. Extubation outcome after spontaneous breathing trials with T-tube or pressure support ventilation. The Spanish Lung Failure Collaborative Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;156(2 Pt 1):459–65.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Ko R, Ramos L, Chalela JA. Conventional weaning parameters do not predict extubation failure in neurocritical care patients. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(3):269–73.PubMed Ko R, Ramos L, Chalela JA. Conventional weaning parameters do not predict extubation failure in neurocritical care patients. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(3):269–73.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Coplin WM, Pierson DJ, Cooley KD, Newell DW, Rubenfeld GD. Implications of extubation delay in brain-injured patients meeting standard weaning criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(5):1530–6.PubMed Coplin WM, Pierson DJ, Cooley KD, Newell DW, Rubenfeld GD. Implications of extubation delay in brain-injured patients meeting standard weaning criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(5):1530–6.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Wendell LC, Raser J, Kasner S, Park S. Predictors of extubation success in patients with middle cerebral artery acute ischemic stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2011;2011:248789.PubMedCentralPubMed Wendell LC, Raser J, Kasner S, Park S. Predictors of extubation success in patients with middle cerebral artery acute ischemic stroke. Stroke Res Treat. 2011;2011:248789.PubMedCentralPubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Rabinstein AA, Wijdicks EF. Outcome of survivors of acute stroke who require prolonged ventilatory assistance and tracheostomy. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;18(4):325–31.PubMed Rabinstein AA, Wijdicks EF. Outcome of survivors of acute stroke who require prolonged ventilatory assistance and tracheostomy. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004;18(4):325–31.PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosel J, Schiller P, Hook Y, Andes M, Neumann JO, Poli S, et al. Stroke-related early tracheostomy versus prolonged orotracheal intubation in neurocritical care trial (SETPOINT): A Randomized Pilot Trial. Stroke. 2012. Bosel J, Schiller P, Hook Y, Andes M, Neumann JO, Poli S, et al. Stroke-related early tracheostomy versus prolonged orotracheal intubation in neurocritical care trial (SETPOINT): A Randomized Pilot Trial. Stroke. 2012.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Huttner HB, Kohrmann M, Berger C, Georgiadis D, Schwab S. Predictive factors for tracheostomy in neurocritical care patients with spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;21(3):159–65.PubMed Huttner HB, Kohrmann M, Berger C, Georgiadis D, Schwab S. Predictive factors for tracheostomy in neurocritical care patients with spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;21(3):159–65.PubMed
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Szeder V, Ortega-Gutierrez S, Ziai W, Torbey MT. The TRACH score: clinical and radiological predictors of tracheostomy in supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13(1):40–6.PubMed Szeder V, Ortega-Gutierrez S, Ziai W, Torbey MT. The TRACH score: clinical and radiological predictors of tracheostomy in supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13(1):40–6.PubMed
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Yundt KD, Diringer MN. The use of hyperventilation and its impact on cerebral ischemia in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Clin. 1997;13(1):163–84.PubMed Yundt KD, Diringer MN. The use of hyperventilation and its impact on cerebral ischemia in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Clin. 1997;13(1):163–84.PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Stringer WA, Hasso AN, Thompson JR, Hinshaw DB, Jordan KG. Hyperventilation-induced cerebral ischemia in patients with acute brain lesions: demonstration by xenon-enhanced CT. Am J Neuroradiol. 1993;14(2):475–84.PubMed Stringer WA, Hasso AN, Thompson JR, Hinshaw DB, Jordan KG. Hyperventilation-induced cerebral ischemia in patients with acute brain lesions: demonstration by xenon-enhanced CT. Am J Neuroradiol. 1993;14(2):475–84.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Marion DW, Puccio A, Wisniewski SR, Kochanek P, Dixon CE, Bullian L, et al. Effect of hyperventilation on extracellular concentrations of glutamate, lactate, pyruvate, and local cerebral blood flow in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(12):2619–25.PubMed Marion DW, Puccio A, Wisniewski SR, Kochanek P, Dixon CE, Bullian L, et al. Effect of hyperventilation on extracellular concentrations of glutamate, lactate, pyruvate, and local cerebral blood flow in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(12):2619–25.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Nariai T, Senda M, Ishii K, Wakabayashi S, Yokota T, Toyama H, et al. Posthyperventilatory steal response in chronic cerebral hemodynamic stress: a positron emission tomography study. Stroke. 1998;29(7):1281–92.PubMed Nariai T, Senda M, Ishii K, Wakabayashi S, Yokota T, Toyama H, et al. Posthyperventilatory steal response in chronic cerebral hemodynamic stress: a positron emission tomography study. Stroke. 1998;29(7):1281–92.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Muizelaar JP, Marmarou A, Ward JD, Kontos HA, Choi SC, Becker DP, et al. Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(5):731–9.PubMed Muizelaar JP, Marmarou A, Ward JD, Kontos HA, Choi SC, Becker DP, et al. Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg. 1991;75(5):731–9.PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Simard D, Paulson OB. Artifical hyperventilation in stroke. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1973;98:309–10.PubMed Simard D, Paulson OB. Artifical hyperventilation in stroke. Trans Am Neurol Assoc. 1973;98:309–10.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen MS, Paulson OB, Olesen J, Alexander SC, Skinhoj E, Dam WH, et al. Cerebral apoplexy (stroke) treated with or without prolonged artificial hyperventilation. 1. Cerebral circulation, clinical course, and cause of death. Stroke. 1973;4(4):568–631.PubMed Christensen MS, Paulson OB, Olesen J, Alexander SC, Skinhoj E, Dam WH, et al. Cerebral apoplexy (stroke) treated with or without prolonged artificial hyperventilation. 1. Cerebral circulation, clinical course, and cause of death. Stroke. 1973;4(4):568–631.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Teitelbaum JS, Ayoub O, Skrobik Y. A critical appraisal of sedation, analgesia and delirium in neurocritical care. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011;38(6):815–25.PubMed Teitelbaum JS, Ayoub O, Skrobik Y. A critical appraisal of sedation, analgesia and delirium in neurocritical care. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011;38(6):815–25.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Egerod I, Jensen MB, Herling SF, Welling KL. Effect of an analgo-sedation protocol for neurointensive patients: a two-phase interventional non-randomized pilot study. Crit Care. 2010;14(2):R71.PubMedCentralPubMed Egerod I, Jensen MB, Herling SF, Welling KL. Effect of an analgo-sedation protocol for neurointensive patients: a two-phase interventional non-randomized pilot study. Crit Care. 2010;14(2):R71.PubMedCentralPubMed
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Karabinis A, Mandragos K, Stergiopoulos S, Komnos A, Soukup J, Speelberg B, et al. Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial (ISRCTN50308308). Crit Care. 2004;8(4):R268–80.PubMedCentralPubMed Karabinis A, Mandragos K, Stergiopoulos S, Komnos A, Soukup J, Speelberg B, et al. Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial (ISRCTN50308308). Crit Care. 2004;8(4):R268–80.PubMedCentralPubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Olson DM, Thoyre SM, Auyong DB. Perspectives on sedation assessment in critical care. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2007;18(4):380–95.PubMed Olson DM, Thoyre SM, Auyong DB. Perspectives on sedation assessment in critical care. AACN Adv Crit Care. 2007;18(4):380–95.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Olson DM, Thoyre SM, Peterson ED, Graffagnino C. A randomized evaluation of bispectral index-augmented sedation assessment in neurological patients. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(1):20–7.PubMedCentralPubMed Olson DM, Thoyre SM, Peterson ED, Graffagnino C. A randomized evaluation of bispectral index-augmented sedation assessment in neurological patients. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(1):20–7.PubMedCentralPubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(20):1471–7.PubMed Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(20):1471–7.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (awakening and breathing controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9607):126–34.PubMed Girard TD, Kress JP, Fuchs BD, Thomason JW, Schweickert WD, Pun BT, et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (awakening and breathing controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;371(9607):126–34.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Hooper MH, Girard TD. Sedation and weaning from mechanical ventilation: linking spontaneous awakening trials and spontaneous breathing trials to improve patient outcomes. Crit Care Clin. 2009;25(3):515–25 viii.PubMed Hooper MH, Girard TD. Sedation and weaning from mechanical ventilation: linking spontaneous awakening trials and spontaneous breathing trials to improve patient outcomes. Crit Care Clin. 2009;25(3):515–25 viii.PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D, Fergusson D, Steinberg M, Granton J, et al. Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;308(19):1985–92.PubMed Mehta S, Burry L, Cook D, Fergusson D, Steinberg M, Granton J, et al. Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;308(19):1985–92.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Skoglund K, Enblad P, Marklund N. Effects of the neurological wake-up test on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in brain-injured patients. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):135–42.PubMed Skoglund K, Enblad P, Marklund N. Effects of the neurological wake-up test on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure in brain-injured patients. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):135–42.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Skoglund K, Enblad P, Hillered L, Marklund N. The neurological wake-up test increases stress hormone levels in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(1):216–22.PubMed Skoglund K, Enblad P, Hillered L, Marklund N. The neurological wake-up test increases stress hormone levels in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2012;40(1):216–22.PubMed
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeh SJ, Huang KY, Wang TG, Chen YC, Chen CH, Tang SC, et al. Dysphagia screening decreases pneumonia in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke intensive care unit. J Neurol Sci. 2011;306(1–2):38–41.PubMed Yeh SJ, Huang KY, Wang TG, Chen YC, Chen CH, Tang SC, et al. Dysphagia screening decreases pneumonia in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke intensive care unit. J Neurol Sci. 2011;306(1–2):38–41.PubMed
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Trapl M, Enderle P, Nowotny M, Teuschl Y, Matz K, Dachenhausen A, et al. Dysphagia bedside screening for acute-stroke patients: the gugging swallowing screen. Stroke. 2007;38(11):2948–52.PubMed Trapl M, Enderle P, Nowotny M, Teuschl Y, Matz K, Dachenhausen A, et al. Dysphagia bedside screening for acute-stroke patients: the gugging swallowing screen. Stroke. 2007;38(11):2948–52.PubMed
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Warnecke T, Teismann I, Meimann W, Olenberg S, Zimmermann J, Kramer C, et al. Assessment of aspiration risk in acute ischaemic stroke: evaluation of the simple swallowing provocation test. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(3):312–4.PubMed Warnecke T, Teismann I, Meimann W, Olenberg S, Zimmermann J, Kramer C, et al. Assessment of aspiration risk in acute ischaemic stroke: evaluation of the simple swallowing provocation test. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(3):312–4.PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Dziewas R, Warnecke T, Olenberg S, Teismann I, Zimmermann J, Kramer C, et al. Towards a basic endoscopic assessment of swallowing in acute stroke: development and evaluation of a simple dysphagia score. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;26(1):41–7.PubMed Dziewas R, Warnecke T, Olenberg S, Teismann I, Zimmermann J, Kramer C, et al. Towards a basic endoscopic assessment of swallowing in acute stroke: development and evaluation of a simple dysphagia score. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;26(1):41–7.PubMed
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Warnecke T, Teismann I, Oelenberg S, Hamacher C, Ringelstein EB, Schabitz WR, et al. The safety of fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in acute stroke patients. Stroke. 2009;40(2):482–6.PubMed Warnecke T, Teismann I, Oelenberg S, Hamacher C, Ringelstein EB, Schabitz WR, et al. The safety of fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in acute stroke patients. Stroke. 2009;40(2):482–6.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C. Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9461):764–72.PubMed Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C. Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9461):764–72.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Davalos A, Ricart W, Gonzalez-Huix F, Soler S, Marrugat J, Molins A, et al. Effect of malnutrition after acute stroke on clinical outcome. Stroke. 1996;27(6):1028–32.PubMed Davalos A, Ricart W, Gonzalez-Huix F, Soler S, Marrugat J, Molins A, et al. Effect of malnutrition after acute stroke on clinical outcome. Stroke. 1996;27(6):1028–32.PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Panos MZ, Reilly H, Moran A, Reilly T, Wallis PJ, Wears R, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a general hospital: prospective evaluation of indications, outcome, and randomised comparison of two tube designs. Gut. 1994;35(11):1551–6.PubMedCentralPubMed Panos MZ, Reilly H, Moran A, Reilly T, Wallis PJ, Wears R, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in a general hospital: prospective evaluation of indications, outcome, and randomised comparison of two tube designs. Gut. 1994;35(11):1551–6.PubMedCentralPubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar S, Langmore S, Goddeau RP Jr, Alhazzani A, Selim M, Caplan LR, et al. Predictors of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in patients with severe dysphagia from an acute-subacute hemispheric infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21(2):114–20.PubMedCentralPubMed Kumar S, Langmore S, Goddeau RP Jr, Alhazzani A, Selim M, Caplan LR, et al. Predictors of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in patients with severe dysphagia from an acute-subacute hemispheric infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21(2):114–20.PubMedCentralPubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Alshekhlee A, Ranawat N, Syed TU, Conway D, Ahmad SA, Zaidat OO. National Institutes of Health stroke scale assists in predicting the need for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;19(5):347–52.PubMed Alshekhlee A, Ranawat N, Syed TU, Conway D, Ahmad SA, Zaidat OO. National Institutes of Health stroke scale assists in predicting the need for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement in acute ischemic stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;19(5):347–52.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Graffagnino C, Gurram AR, Kolls B, Olson DM. Intensive insulin therapy in the neurocritical care setting is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13(3):307–12.PubMed Graffagnino C, Gurram AR, Kolls B, Olson DM. Intensive insulin therapy in the neurocritical care setting is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13(3):307–12.PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer AH, Roberts DJ, Zygun DA. Optimal glycemic control in neurocritical care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16(5):R203.PubMedCentralPubMed Kramer AH, Roberts DJ, Zygun DA. Optimal glycemic control in neurocritical care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2012;16(5):R203.PubMedCentralPubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Tanne D, Molshatzki N, Merzeliak O, Tsabari R, Toashi M, Schwammenthal Y. Anemia status, hemoglobin concentration and outcome after acute stroke: a cohort study. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:22.PubMedCentralPubMed Tanne D, Molshatzki N, Merzeliak O, Tsabari R, Toashi M, Schwammenthal Y. Anemia status, hemoglobin concentration and outcome after acute stroke: a cohort study. BMC Neurol. 2010;10:22.PubMedCentralPubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Kellert L, Martin E, Sykora M, Bauer H, Gussmann P, Diedler J, et al. Cerebral oxygen transport failure?: decreasing hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after ischemic stroke predict poor outcome and mortality: STroke: RelevAnt Impact of hemoGlobin, Hematocrit and Transfusion (STRAIGHT)—an observational study. Stroke. 2011;42(10):2832–7.PubMed Kellert L, Martin E, Sykora M, Bauer H, Gussmann P, Diedler J, et al. Cerebral oxygen transport failure?: decreasing hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after ischemic stroke predict poor outcome and mortality: STroke: RelevAnt Impact of hemoGlobin, Hematocrit and Transfusion (STRAIGHT)—an observational study. Stroke. 2011;42(10):2832–7.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Zygun DA, Nortje J, Hutchinson PJ, Timofeev I, Menon DK, Gupta AK. The effect of red blood cell transfusion on cerebral oxygenation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(3):1074–8.PubMed Zygun DA, Nortje J, Hutchinson PJ, Timofeev I, Menon DK, Gupta AK. The effect of red blood cell transfusion on cerebral oxygenation and metabolism after severe traumatic brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(3):1074–8.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith MJ, Stiefel MF, Magge S, Frangos S, Bloom S, Gracias V, et al. Packed red blood cell transfusion increases local cerebral oxygenation. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(5):1104–8.PubMed Smith MJ, Stiefel MF, Magge S, Frangos S, Bloom S, Gracias V, et al. Packed red blood cell transfusion increases local cerebral oxygenation. Crit Care Med. 2005;33(5):1104–8.PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Desjardins P, Turgeon AF, Tremblay MH, Lauzier F, Zarychanski R, Boutin A, et al. Hemoglobin levels and transfusions in neurocritically ill patients: a systematic review of comparative studies. Crit Care. 2012;16(2):R54.PubMedCentralPubMed Desjardins P, Turgeon AF, Tremblay MH, Lauzier F, Zarychanski R, Boutin A, et al. Hemoglobin levels and transfusions in neurocritically ill patients: a systematic review of comparative studies. Crit Care. 2012;16(2):R54.PubMedCentralPubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Douds GL, Hellkamp AS, Olson DM, Fonarow GC, Smith EE, Schwamm LH, et al. Venous thromboembolism in the get with the guidelines-stroke acute ischemic stroke population: incidence and patterns of prophylaxis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012. Douds GL, Hellkamp AS, Olson DM, Fonarow GC, Smith EE, Schwamm LH, et al. Venous thromboembolism in the get with the guidelines-stroke acute ischemic stroke population: incidence and patterns of prophylaxis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Dennis M, Mordi N, Graham C, Sandercock P. The timing, extent, progression and regression of deep vein thrombosis in immobile stroke patients: observational data from the CLOTS multicenter randomized trials. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9(11):2193–200.PubMed Dennis M, Mordi N, Graham C, Sandercock P. The timing, extent, progression and regression of deep vein thrombosis in immobile stroke patients: observational data from the CLOTS multicenter randomized trials. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9(11):2193–200.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Dennis M, Sandercock PA, Reid J, Graham C, Murray G, Venables G, et al. Effectiveness of thigh-length graduated compression stockings to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis after stroke (CLOTS trial 1): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9679):1958–65.PubMed Dennis M, Sandercock PA, Reid J, Graham C, Murray G, Venables G, et al. Effectiveness of thigh-length graduated compression stockings to reduce the risk of deep vein thrombosis after stroke (CLOTS trial 1): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373(9679):1958–65.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat CLOTS. Thigh-length versus below-knee stockings for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis after stroke: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(9):553–62. CLOTS. Thigh-length versus below-knee stockings for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis after stroke: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153(9):553–62.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Collaboration CT, Dennis M, Sandercock P, Reid J, Graham C, Forbes J, et al. Effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression in reduction of risk of deep vein thrombosis in patients who have had a stroke (CLOTS 3): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9891):516–24. Collaboration CT, Dennis M, Sandercock P, Reid J, Graham C, Forbes J, et al. Effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression in reduction of risk of deep vein thrombosis in patients who have had a stroke (CLOTS 3): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9891):516–24.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandercock PA, van den Belt AG, Lindley RI, Slattery J. Antithrombotic therapy in acute ischaemic stroke: an overview of the completed randomised trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56(1):17–25.PubMedCentralPubMed Sandercock PA, van den Belt AG, Lindley RI, Slattery J. Antithrombotic therapy in acute ischaemic stroke: an overview of the completed randomised trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56(1):17–25.PubMedCentralPubMed
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Hillbom M, Erila T, Sotaniemi K, Tatlisumak T, Sarna S, Kaste M. Enoxaparin vs heparin for prevention of deep-vein thrombosis in acute ischaemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;106(2):84–92.PubMed Hillbom M, Erila T, Sotaniemi K, Tatlisumak T, Sarna S, Kaste M. Enoxaparin vs heparin for prevention of deep-vein thrombosis in acute ischaemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind study. Acta Neurol Scand. 2002;106(2):84–92.PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Diener HC, Ringelstein EB, von Kummer R, Landgraf H, Koppenhagen K, Harenberg J, et al. Prophylaxis of thrombotic and embolic events in acute ischemic stroke with the low-molecular-weight heparin certoparin: results of the PROTECT Trial. Stroke. 2006;37(1):139–44.PubMed Diener HC, Ringelstein EB, von Kummer R, Landgraf H, Koppenhagen K, Harenberg J, et al. Prophylaxis of thrombotic and embolic events in acute ischemic stroke with the low-molecular-weight heparin certoparin: results of the PROTECT Trial. Stroke. 2006;37(1):139–44.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Tseng MC. Low-molecular-weight heparins or heparinoids versus standard unfractionated heparin for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(3):CD000119. Sandercock PA, Counsell C, Tseng MC. Low-molecular-weight heparins or heparinoids versus standard unfractionated heparin for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008(3):CD000119.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Boeer A, Voth E, Henze T, Prange HW. Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54(5):466–7.PubMedCentralPubMed Boeer A, Voth E, Henze T, Prange HW. Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991;54(5):466–7.PubMedCentralPubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Berge E, Abdelnoor M, Nakstad PH, Sandset PM. Low molecular-weight heparin versus aspirin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: a double-blind randomised study. HAEST Study Group. Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9211):1205–10.PubMed Berge E, Abdelnoor M, Nakstad PH, Sandset PM. Low molecular-weight heparin versus aspirin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: a double-blind randomised study. HAEST Study Group. Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9211):1205–10.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack. 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25(5):457–507. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack. 2008. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25(5):457–507.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Brass L, Furlan A, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke. 2007;38(5):1655–711.PubMed Adams HP Jr, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, Bhatt DL, Brass L, Furlan A, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke. 2007;38(5):1655–711.PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Phan TG, Koh M, Wijdicks EF. Safety of discontinuation of anticoagulation in patients with intracranial hemorrhage at high thromboembolic risk. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(12):1710–3.PubMed Phan TG, Koh M, Wijdicks EF. Safety of discontinuation of anticoagulation in patients with intracranial hemorrhage at high thromboembolic risk. Arch Neurol. 2000;57(12):1710–3.PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Ananthasubramaniam K, Beattie JN, Rosman HS, Jayam V, Borzak S. How safely and for how long can warfarin therapy be withheld in prosthetic heart valve patients hospitalized with a major hemorrhage? Chest. 2001;119(2):478–84.PubMed Ananthasubramaniam K, Beattie JN, Rosman HS, Jayam V, Borzak S. How safely and for how long can warfarin therapy be withheld in prosthetic heart valve patients hospitalized with a major hemorrhage? Chest. 2001;119(2):478–84.PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Segal JB, McNamara RL, Miller MR, Kim N, Goodman SN, Powe NR, et al. Prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. A meta-analysis of trials of anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(1):56–67.PubMedCentralPubMed Segal JB, McNamara RL, Miller MR, Kim N, Goodman SN, Powe NR, et al. Prevention of thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. A meta-analysis of trials of anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. J Gen Intern Med. 2000;15(1):56–67.PubMedCentralPubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Stead LG, Gilmore RM, Vedula KC, Weaver AL, Decker WW, Brown RD Jr. Impact of acute blood pressure variability on ischemic stroke outcome. Neurology. 2006;66(12):1878–81.PubMed Stead LG, Gilmore RM, Vedula KC, Weaver AL, Decker WW, Brown RD Jr. Impact of acute blood pressure variability on ischemic stroke outcome. Neurology. 2006;66(12):1878–81.PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Delgado-Mederos R, Ribo M, Rovira A, Rubiera M, Munuera J, Santamarina E, et al. Prognostic significance of blood pressure variability after thrombolysis in acute stroke. Neurology. 2008;71(8):552–8.PubMed Delgado-Mederos R, Ribo M, Rovira A, Rubiera M, Munuera J, Santamarina E, et al. Prognostic significance of blood pressure variability after thrombolysis in acute stroke. Neurology. 2008;71(8):552–8.PubMed
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandercock PA, Soane T. Corticosteroids for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(9):CD000064. Sandercock PA, Soane T. Corticosteroids for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011(9):CD000064.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Norris JW, Hachinski VC. High dose steroid treatment in cerebral infarction. Brit Med J. 1986;292(6512):21–3. Norris JW, Hachinski VC. High dose steroid treatment in cerebral infarction. Brit Med J. 1986;292(6512):21–3.
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab S, Spranger M, Schwarz S, Hacke W. Barbiturate coma in severe hemispheric stroke: useful or obsolete? Neurology. 1997;48(6):1608–13.PubMed Schwab S, Spranger M, Schwarz S, Hacke W. Barbiturate coma in severe hemispheric stroke: useful or obsolete? Neurology. 1997;48(6):1608–13.PubMed
79.
Zurück zum Zitat De Georgia MA, Krieger DW, Abou-Chebl A, Devlin TG, Jauss M, Davis SM, et al. Cooling for acute ischemic brain damage (COOL AID): a feasibility trial of endovascular cooling. Neurology. 2004;63(2):312–7.PubMed De Georgia MA, Krieger DW, Abou-Chebl A, Devlin TG, Jauss M, Davis SM, et al. Cooling for acute ischemic brain damage (COOL AID): a feasibility trial of endovascular cooling. Neurology. 2004;63(2):312–7.PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Kollmar R, Schwab S. Endovascular cooling for moderate hypothermia in patients with acute stroke: first results of a novel approach. Stroke. 2001;32(11):2550–3.PubMed Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Kollmar R, Schwab S. Endovascular cooling for moderate hypothermia in patients with acute stroke: first results of a novel approach. Stroke. 2001;32(11):2550–3.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Su J, Qiu YM, Chen ZH, Tang YY, Chen Y. Clinical analysis of massive hemispheric infarction treated with moderate hypothermia. Chin J Traumatol. 2003;6(5):318–20.PubMed Su J, Qiu YM, Chen ZH, Tang YY, Chen Y. Clinical analysis of massive hemispheric infarction treated with moderate hypothermia. Chin J Traumatol. 2003;6(5):318–20.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Krieger DW, De Georgia MA, Abou-Chebl A, Andrefsky JC, Sila CA, Katzan IL, et al. Cooling for acute ischemic brain damage (cool aid): an open pilot study of induced hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(8):1847–54.PubMed Krieger DW, De Georgia MA, Abou-Chebl A, Andrefsky JC, Sila CA, Katzan IL, et al. Cooling for acute ischemic brain damage (cool aid): an open pilot study of induced hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(8):1847–54.PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Els T, Oehm E, Voigt S, Klisch J, Hetzel A, Kassubek J. Safety and therapeutical benefit of hemicraniectomy combined with mild hypothermia in comparison with hemicraniectomy alone in patients with malignant ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;21(1–2):79–85.PubMed Els T, Oehm E, Voigt S, Klisch J, Hetzel A, Kassubek J. Safety and therapeutical benefit of hemicraniectomy combined with mild hypothermia in comparison with hemicraniectomy alone in patients with malignant ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2006;21(1–2):79–85.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Milhaud D, Thouvenot E, Heroum C, Escuret E. Prolonged moderate hypothermia in massive hemispheric infarction: clinical experience. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2005;17(1):49–53.PubMed Milhaud D, Thouvenot E, Heroum C, Escuret E. Prolonged moderate hypothermia in massive hemispheric infarction: clinical experience. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2005;17(1):49–53.PubMed
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab S, Schwarz S, Aschoff A, Keller E, Hacke W. Moderate hypothermia and brain temperature in patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1998;71:131–4.PubMed Schwab S, Schwarz S, Aschoff A, Keller E, Hacke W. Moderate hypothermia and brain temperature in patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1998;71:131–4.PubMed
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Steiner T, Friede T, Aschoff A, Schellinger PD, Schwab S, Hacke W. Effect and feasibility of controlled rewarming after moderate hypothermia in stroke patients with malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery. Stroke. 2001;32(12):2833–5.PubMed Steiner T, Friede T, Aschoff A, Schellinger PD, Schwab S, Hacke W. Effect and feasibility of controlled rewarming after moderate hypothermia in stroke patients with malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery. Stroke. 2001;32(12):2833–5.PubMed
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Keller E, Steiner T, Fandino J, Schwab S, Hacke W. Changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during moderate hypothermia in patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Neurosurg Focus. 2000;8(5):e4.PubMed Keller E, Steiner T, Fandino J, Schwab S, Hacke W. Changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during moderate hypothermia in patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Neurosurg Focus. 2000;8(5):e4.PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Hemicraniectomy and moderate hypothermia in patients with severe ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2002;33(6):1584–8.PubMed Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Hemicraniectomy and moderate hypothermia in patients with severe ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2002;33(6):1584–8.PubMed
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosner MJ, Coley IB. Cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure, and head elevation. J Neurosurg. 1986;65(5):636–41.PubMed Rosner MJ, Coley IB. Cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure, and head elevation. J Neurosurg. 1986;65(5):636–41.PubMed
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Meixensberger J, Baunach S, Amschler J, Dings J, Roosen K. Influence of body position on tissue-pO2, cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure in patients with acute brain injury. Neurol Res. 1997;19(3):249–53.PubMed Meixensberger J, Baunach S, Amschler J, Dings J, Roosen K. Influence of body position on tissue-pO2, cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure in patients with acute brain injury. Neurol Res. 1997;19(3):249–53.PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz S, Georgiadis D, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Effects of body position on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion in patients with large hemispheric stroke. Stroke. 2002;33(2):497–501.PubMed Schwarz S, Georgiadis D, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Effects of body position on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion in patients with large hemispheric stroke. Stroke. 2002;33(2):497–501.PubMed
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Berger C, Sakowitz OW, Kiening KL, Schwab S. Neurochemical monitoring of glycerol therapy in patients with ischemic brain edema. Stroke. 2005;36(2):e4–6.PubMed Berger C, Sakowitz OW, Kiening KL, Schwab S. Neurochemical monitoring of glycerol therapy in patients with ischemic brain edema. Stroke. 2005;36(2):e4–6.PubMed
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakamaki M, Igarashi H, Nishiyama Y, Hagiwara H, Ando J, Chishiki T, et al. Effect of glycerol on ischemic cerebral edema assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Sci. 2003;209(1–2):69–74.PubMed Sakamaki M, Igarashi H, Nishiyama Y, Hagiwara H, Ando J, Chishiki T, et al. Effect of glycerol on ischemic cerebral edema assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Sci. 2003;209(1–2):69–74.PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Hauer EM, Stark D, Staykov D, Steigleder T, Schwab S, Bardutzky J. Early continuous hypertonic saline infusion in patients with severe cerebrovascular disease. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(7):1766–72.PubMed Hauer EM, Stark D, Staykov D, Steigleder T, Schwab S, Bardutzky J. Early continuous hypertonic saline infusion in patients with severe cerebrovascular disease. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(7):1766–72.PubMed
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Koenig MA, Bryan M, Lewin JL, Mirski MA, Geocadin RG, Stevens RD. Reversal of transtentorial herniation with hypertonic saline. Neurology. 2008;70(13):1023–9.PubMed Koenig MA, Bryan M, Lewin JL, Mirski MA, Geocadin RG, Stevens RD. Reversal of transtentorial herniation with hypertonic saline. Neurology. 2008;70(13):1023–9.PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Manno EM, Adams RE, Derdeyn CP, Powers WJ, Diringer MN. The effects of mannitol on cerebral edema after large hemispheric cerebral infarct. Neurology. 1999;52(3):583–7.PubMed Manno EM, Adams RE, Derdeyn CP, Powers WJ, Diringer MN. The effects of mannitol on cerebral edema after large hemispheric cerebral infarct. Neurology. 1999;52(3):583–7.PubMed
97.
Zurück zum Zitat von Kummer R, Meyding-Lamade U, Forsting M, Rosin L, Rieke K, Hacke W, et al. Sensitivity and prognostic value of early CT in occlusion of the middle cerebral artery trunk. Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(1):9–15 discussion 6-8. von Kummer R, Meyding-Lamade U, Forsting M, Rosin L, Rieke K, Hacke W, et al. Sensitivity and prognostic value of early CT in occlusion of the middle cerebral artery trunk. Am J Neuroradiol. 1994;15(1):9–15 discussion 6-8.
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Krieger DW, Demchuk AM, Kasner SE, Jauss M, Hantson L. Early clinical and radiological predictors of fatal brain swelling in ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999;30(2):287–92.PubMed Krieger DW, Demchuk AM, Kasner SE, Jauss M, Hantson L. Early clinical and radiological predictors of fatal brain swelling in ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999;30(2):287–92.PubMed
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Kasner SE, Demchuk AM, Berrouschot J, Schmutzhard E, Harms L, Verro P, et al. Predictors of fatal brain edema in massive hemispheric ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(9):2117–23.PubMed Kasner SE, Demchuk AM, Berrouschot J, Schmutzhard E, Harms L, Verro P, et al. Predictors of fatal brain edema in massive hemispheric ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(9):2117–23.PubMed
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Manno EM, Nichols DA, Fulgham JR, Wijdicks EF. Computed tomographic determinants of neurologic deterioration in patients with large middle cerebral artery infarctions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78(2):156–60.PubMed Manno EM, Nichols DA, Fulgham JR, Wijdicks EF. Computed tomographic determinants of neurologic deterioration in patients with large middle cerebral artery infarctions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78(2):156–60.PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Ryoo JW, Na DG, Kim SS, Lee KH, Lee SJ, Chung CS, et al. Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction in hyperacute ischemic stroke: evaluation with multiphasic perfusion computed tomography maps. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2004;28(1):55–62.PubMed Ryoo JW, Na DG, Kim SS, Lee KH, Lee SJ, Chung CS, et al. Malignant middle cerebral artery infarction in hyperacute ischemic stroke: evaluation with multiphasic perfusion computed tomography maps. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2004;28(1):55–62.PubMed
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Kucinski T, Koch C, Grzyska U, Freitag HJ, Kromer H, Zeumer H. The predictive value of early CT and angiography for fatal hemispheric swelling in acute stroke. Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(5):839–46.PubMed Kucinski T, Koch C, Grzyska U, Freitag HJ, Kromer H, Zeumer H. The predictive value of early CT and angiography for fatal hemispheric swelling in acute stroke. Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19(5):839–46.PubMed
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Maramattom BV, Bahn MM, Wijdicks EF. Which patient fares worse after early deterioration due to swelling from hemispheric stroke? Neurology. 2004;63(11):2142–5.PubMed Maramattom BV, Bahn MM, Wijdicks EF. Which patient fares worse after early deterioration due to swelling from hemispheric stroke? Neurology. 2004;63(11):2142–5.PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee SJ, Lee KH, Na DG, Byun HS, Kim YB, Shon YM, et al. Multiphasic helical computed tomography predicts subsequent development of severe brain edema in acute ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(4):505–9.PubMed Lee SJ, Lee KH, Na DG, Byun HS, Kim YB, Shon YM, et al. Multiphasic helical computed tomography predicts subsequent development of severe brain edema in acute ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(4):505–9.PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Mori K, Aoki A, Yamamoto T, Horinaka N, Maeda M. Aggressive decompressive surgery in patients with massive hemispheric embolic cerebral infarction associated with severe brain swelling. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2001;143(5):483–91 discussion 91–2. Mori K, Aoki A, Yamamoto T, Horinaka N, Maeda M. Aggressive decompressive surgery in patients with massive hemispheric embolic cerebral infarction associated with severe brain swelling. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2001;143(5):483–91 discussion 91–2.
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Park J, Goh DH, Sung JK, Hwang YH, Kang DH, Kim Y. Timely assessment of infarct volume and brain atrophy in acute hemispheric infarction for early surgical decompression: strict cutoff criteria with high specificity. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012;154(1):79–85. Park J, Goh DH, Sung JK, Hwang YH, Kang DH, Kim Y. Timely assessment of infarct volume and brain atrophy in acute hemispheric infarction for early surgical decompression: strict cutoff criteria with high specificity. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012;154(1):79–85.
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Zhang J, Kasner SE, Hill MD, Berrouschot J, et al. Computed tomographic parameters predicting fatal outcome in large middle cerebral artery infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16(3):230–5.PubMed Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Zhang J, Kasner SE, Hill MD, Berrouschot J, et al. Computed tomographic parameters predicting fatal outcome in large middle cerebral artery infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16(3):230–5.PubMed
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomalla GJ, Kucinski T, Schoder V, Fiehler J, Knab R, Zeumer H, et al. Prediction of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction by early perfusion- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke. 2003;34(8):1892–9.PubMed Thomalla GJ, Kucinski T, Schoder V, Fiehler J, Knab R, Zeumer H, et al. Prediction of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction by early perfusion- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke. 2003;34(8):1892–9.PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomalla G, Hartmann F, Juettler E, Singer OC, Lehnhardt FG, Kohrmann M, et al. Prediction of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction by magnetic resonance imaging within 6 hours of symptom onset: a prospective multicenter observational study. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(4):435–45.PubMed Thomalla G, Hartmann F, Juettler E, Singer OC, Lehnhardt FG, Kohrmann M, et al. Prediction of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction by magnetic resonance imaging within 6 hours of symptom onset: a prospective multicenter observational study. Ann Neurol. 2010;68(4):435–45.PubMed
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Oppenheim C, Samson Y, Manai R, Lalam T, Vandamme X, Crozier S, et al. Prediction of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction by diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke. 2000;31(9):2175–81.PubMed Oppenheim C, Samson Y, Manai R, Lalam T, Vandamme X, Crozier S, et al. Prediction of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction by diffusion-weighted imaging. Stroke. 2000;31(9):2175–81.PubMed
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Foerch C, Lang JM, Krause J, Raabe A, Sitzer M, Seifert V, et al. Functional impairment, disability, and quality of life outcome after decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(2):248–54.PubMed Foerch C, Lang JM, Krause J, Raabe A, Sitzer M, Seifert V, et al. Functional impairment, disability, and quality of life outcome after decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(2):248–54.PubMed
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Bektas H, Wu TC, Kasam M, Harun N, Sitton CW, Grotta JC, et al. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability on perfusion CT might predict malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 2010;41(11):2539–44.PubMedCentralPubMed Bektas H, Wu TC, Kasam M, Harun N, Sitton CW, Grotta JC, et al. Increased blood-brain barrier permeability on perfusion CT might predict malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 2010;41(11):2539–44.PubMedCentralPubMed
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerriets T, Stolz E, Konig S, Babacan S, Fiss I, Jauss M, et al. Sonographic monitoring of midline shift in space-occupying stroke: an early outcome predictor. Stroke. 2001;32(2):442–7.PubMed Gerriets T, Stolz E, Konig S, Babacan S, Fiss I, Jauss M, et al. Sonographic monitoring of midline shift in space-occupying stroke: an early outcome predictor. Stroke. 2001;32(2):442–7.PubMed
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerriets T, Stolz E, Modrau B, Fiss I, Seidel G, Kaps M. Sonographic monitoring of midline shift in hemispheric infarctions. Neurology. 1999;52(1):45–9.PubMed Gerriets T, Stolz E, Modrau B, Fiss I, Seidel G, Kaps M. Sonographic monitoring of midline shift in hemispheric infarctions. Neurology. 1999;52(1):45–9.PubMed
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Horstmann S, Koziol JA, Martinez-Torres F, Nagel S, Gardner H, Wagner S. Sonographic monitoring of mass effect in stroke patients treated with hypothermia. Correlation with intracranial pressure and matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 expression. J Neurol Sci. 2009;276(1–2):75–8.PubMed Horstmann S, Koziol JA, Martinez-Torres F, Nagel S, Gardner H, Wagner S. Sonographic monitoring of mass effect in stroke patients treated with hypothermia. Correlation with intracranial pressure and matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 expression. J Neurol Sci. 2009;276(1–2):75–8.PubMed
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertram M, Khoja W, Ringleb P, Schwab S. Transcranial colour-coded sonography for the bedside evaluation of mass effect after stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2000;7(6):639–46.PubMed Bertram M, Khoja W, Ringleb P, Schwab S. Transcranial colour-coded sonography for the bedside evaluation of mass effect after stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2000;7(6):639–46.PubMed
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Burghaus L, Liu WC, Dohmen C, Bosche B, Haupt WF. Evoked potentials in acute ischemic stroke within the first 24 h: possible predictor of a malignant course. Neurocrit Care. 2008;9(1):13–6.PubMed Burghaus L, Liu WC, Dohmen C, Bosche B, Haupt WF. Evoked potentials in acute ischemic stroke within the first 24 h: possible predictor of a malignant course. Neurocrit Care. 2008;9(1):13–6.PubMed
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Burghaus L, Hilker R, Dohmen C, Bosche B, Winhuisen L, Galldiks N, et al. Early electroencephalography in acute ischemic stroke: prediction of a malignant course? Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2007;109(1):45–9.PubMed Burghaus L, Hilker R, Dohmen C, Bosche B, Winhuisen L, Galldiks N, et al. Early electroencephalography in acute ischemic stroke: prediction of a malignant course? Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2007;109(1):45–9.PubMed
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Diedler J, Sykora M, Bast T, Poli S, Veltkamp R, Mellado P, et al. Quantitative EEG correlates of low cerebral perfusion in severe stroke. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):210–6.PubMed Diedler J, Sykora M, Bast T, Poli S, Veltkamp R, Mellado P, et al. Quantitative EEG correlates of low cerebral perfusion in severe stroke. Neurocrit Care. 2009;11(2):210–6.PubMed
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Diedler J, Sykora M, Juttler E, Veltkamp R, Steiner T, Rupp A. EEG power spectrum to predict prognosis after hemicraniectomy for space-occupying middle cerebral artery infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;29(2):162–9.PubMed Diedler J, Sykora M, Juttler E, Veltkamp R, Steiner T, Rupp A. EEG power spectrum to predict prognosis after hemicraniectomy for space-occupying middle cerebral artery infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;29(2):162–9.PubMed
121.
Zurück zum Zitat van Putten MJ, Tavy DL. Continuous quantitative EEG monitoring in hemispheric stroke patients using the brain symmetry index. Stroke. 2004;35(11):2489–92.PubMed van Putten MJ, Tavy DL. Continuous quantitative EEG monitoring in hemispheric stroke patients using the brain symmetry index. Stroke. 2004;35(11):2489–92.PubMed
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Dohmen C, Bosche B, Graf R, Reithmeier T, Ernestus RI, Brinker G, et al. Identification and clinical impact of impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 2007;38(1):56–61.PubMed Dohmen C, Bosche B, Graf R, Reithmeier T, Ernestus RI, Brinker G, et al. Identification and clinical impact of impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 2007;38(1):56–61.PubMed
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Dohmen C, Bosche B, Graf R, Staub F, Kracht L, Sobesky J, et al. Prediction of malignant course in MCA infarction by PET and microdialysis. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2152–8.PubMed Dohmen C, Bosche B, Graf R, Staub F, Kracht L, Sobesky J, et al. Prediction of malignant course in MCA infarction by PET and microdialysis. Stroke. 2003;34(9):2152–8.PubMed
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Berger C, Kiening K, Schwab S. Neurochemical monitoring of therapeutic effects in large human MCA infarction. Neurocrit Care. 2008;9(3):352–6.PubMed Berger C, Kiening K, Schwab S. Neurochemical monitoring of therapeutic effects in large human MCA infarction. Neurocrit Care. 2008;9(3):352–6.PubMed
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Berger C, Schabitz WR, Georgiadis D, Steiner T, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Effects of hypothermia on excitatory amino acids and metabolism in stroke patients: a microdialysis study. Stroke. 2002;33(2):519–24.PubMed Berger C, Schabitz WR, Georgiadis D, Steiner T, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Effects of hypothermia on excitatory amino acids and metabolism in stroke patients: a microdialysis study. Stroke. 2002;33(2):519–24.PubMed
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Frank JI. Large hemispheric infarction, deterioration, and intracranial pressure. Neurology. 1995;45(7):1286–90.PubMed Frank JI. Large hemispheric infarction, deterioration, and intracranial pressure. Neurology. 1995;45(7):1286–90.PubMed
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Poca MA, Benejam B, Sahuquillo J, Riveiro M, Frascheri L, Merino MA, et al. Monitoring intracranial pressure in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: is it useful? J Neurosurg. 2010;112(3):648–57.PubMed Poca MA, Benejam B, Sahuquillo J, Riveiro M, Frascheri L, Merino MA, et al. Monitoring intracranial pressure in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: is it useful? J Neurosurg. 2010;112(3):648–57.PubMed
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Schneweis S, Grond M, Staub F, Brinker G, Neveling M, Dohmen C, et al. Predictive value of neurochemical monitoring in large middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 2001;32(8):1863–7.PubMed Schneweis S, Grond M, Staub F, Brinker G, Neveling M, Dohmen C, et al. Predictive value of neurochemical monitoring in large middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 2001;32(8):1863–7.PubMed
129.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarz S, Georgiadis D, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Effects of induced hypertension on intracranial pressure and flow velocities of the middle cerebral arteries in patients with large hemispheric stroke. Stroke. 2002;33(4):998–1004.PubMed Schwarz S, Georgiadis D, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Effects of induced hypertension on intracranial pressure and flow velocities of the middle cerebral arteries in patients with large hemispheric stroke. Stroke. 2002;33(4):998–1004.PubMed
130.
Zurück zum Zitat Steiner T, Pilz J, Schellinger P, Wirtz R, Friederichs V, Aschoff A, et al. Multimodal online monitoring in middle cerebral artery territory stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(11):2500–6.PubMed Steiner T, Pilz J, Schellinger P, Wirtz R, Friederichs V, Aschoff A, et al. Multimodal online monitoring in middle cerebral artery territory stroke. Stroke. 2001;32(11):2500–6.PubMed
131.
Zurück zum Zitat Bosche B, Dohmen C, Graf R, Neveling M, Staub F, Kracht L, et al. Extracellular concentrations of non-transmitter amino acids in peri-infarct tissue of patients predict malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 2003;34(12):2908–13.PubMed Bosche B, Dohmen C, Graf R, Neveling M, Staub F, Kracht L, et al. Extracellular concentrations of non-transmitter amino acids in peri-infarct tissue of patients predict malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 2003;34(12):2908–13.PubMed
132.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab S, Spranger M, Aschoff A, Steiner T, Hacke W. Brain temperature monitoring and modulation in patients with severe MCA infarction. Neurology. 1997;48(3):762–7.PubMed Schwab S, Spranger M, Aschoff A, Steiner T, Hacke W. Brain temperature monitoring and modulation in patients with severe MCA infarction. Neurology. 1997;48(3):762–7.PubMed
133.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab S, Aschoff A, Spranger M, Albert F, Hacke W. The value of intracranial pressure monitoring in acute hemispheric stroke. Neurology. 1996;47(2):393–8.PubMed Schwab S, Aschoff A, Spranger M, Albert F, Hacke W. The value of intracranial pressure monitoring in acute hemispheric stroke. Neurology. 1996;47(2):393–8.PubMed
134.
Zurück zum Zitat Scarcella G. Encephalomalacia simulating the clinical and radiological aspects of brain tumor; a report of 6 cases. J Neurosurg. 1956;13(4):278–92.PubMed Scarcella G. Encephalomalacia simulating the clinical and radiological aspects of brain tumor; a report of 6 cases. J Neurosurg. 1956;13(4):278–92.PubMed
135.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen CC, Cho DY, Tsai SC. Outcome and prognostic factors of decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Chin Med Assoc. 2007;70(2):56–60.PubMed Chen CC, Cho DY, Tsai SC. Outcome and prognostic factors of decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Chin Med Assoc. 2007;70(2):56–60.PubMed
136.
Zurück zum Zitat Curry WT Jr, Sethi MK, Ogilvy CS, Carter BS. Factors associated with outcome after hemicraniectomy for large middle cerebral artery territory infarction. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(4):681–92 discussion 92.PubMed Curry WT Jr, Sethi MK, Ogilvy CS, Carter BS. Factors associated with outcome after hemicraniectomy for large middle cerebral artery territory infarction. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(4):681–92 discussion 92.PubMed
137.
Zurück zum Zitat Harscher S, Reichart R, Terborg C, Hagemann G, Kalff R, Witte OW. Outcome after decompressive craniectomy in patients with severe ischemic stroke. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2006;148(1):31–7 discussion 7. Harscher S, Reichart R, Terborg C, Hagemann G, Kalff R, Witte OW. Outcome after decompressive craniectomy in patients with severe ischemic stroke. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2006;148(1):31–7 discussion 7.
138.
Zurück zum Zitat Holtkamp M, Buchheim K, Unterberg A, Hoffmann O, Schielke E, Weber JR, et al. Hemicraniectomy in elderly patients with space occupying media infarction: improved survival but poor functional outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(2):226–8.PubMedCentralPubMed Holtkamp M, Buchheim K, Unterberg A, Hoffmann O, Schielke E, Weber JR, et al. Hemicraniectomy in elderly patients with space occupying media infarction: improved survival but poor functional outcome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(2):226–8.PubMedCentralPubMed
139.
Zurück zum Zitat Leonhardt G, Wilhelm H, Doerfler A, Ehrenfeld CE, Schoch B, Rauhut F, et al. Clinical outcome and neuropsychological deficits after right decompressive hemicraniectomy in MCA infarction. J Neurol. 2002;249(10):1433–40.PubMed Leonhardt G, Wilhelm H, Doerfler A, Ehrenfeld CE, Schoch B, Rauhut F, et al. Clinical outcome and neuropsychological deficits after right decompressive hemicraniectomy in MCA infarction. J Neurol. 2002;249(10):1433–40.PubMed
140.
Zurück zum Zitat Malm J, Bergenheim AT, Enblad P, Hardemark HG, Koskinen LO, Naredi S, et al. The Swedish Malignant Middle cerebral artery Infarction Study: long-term results from a prospective study of hemicraniectomy combined with standardized neurointensive care. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;113(1):25–30.PubMed Malm J, Bergenheim AT, Enblad P, Hardemark HG, Koskinen LO, Naredi S, et al. The Swedish Malignant Middle cerebral artery Infarction Study: long-term results from a prospective study of hemicraniectomy combined with standardized neurointensive care. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;113(1):25–30.PubMed
141.
Zurück zum Zitat Pillai A, Menon SK, Kumar S, Rajeev K, Kumar A, Panikar D. Decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: an analysis of long-term outcome and factors in patient selection. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(1):59–65.PubMed Pillai A, Menon SK, Kumar S, Rajeev K, Kumar A, Panikar D. Decompressive hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: an analysis of long-term outcome and factors in patient selection. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(1):59–65.PubMed
142.
Zurück zum Zitat Walz B, Zimmermann C, Bottger S, Haberl RL. Prognosis of patients after hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurol. 2002;249(9):1183–90.PubMed Walz B, Zimmermann C, Bottger S, Haberl RL. Prognosis of patients after hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurol. 2002;249(9):1183–90.PubMed
143.
Zurück zum Zitat Yao Y, Liu W, Yang X, Hu W, Li G. Is decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery territory infarction of any benefit for elderly patients? Surg Neurol. 2005;64(2):165–9 discussion 9.PubMed Yao Y, Liu W, Yang X, Hu W, Li G. Is decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery territory infarction of any benefit for elderly patients? Surg Neurol. 2005;64(2):165–9 discussion 9.PubMed
144.
Zurück zum Zitat Gupta R, Connolly ES, Mayer S, Elkind MS. Hemicraniectomy for massive middle cerebral artery territory infarction: a systematic review. Stroke. 2004;35(2):539–43.PubMed Gupta R, Connolly ES, Mayer S, Elkind MS. Hemicraniectomy for massive middle cerebral artery territory infarction: a systematic review. Stroke. 2004;35(2):539–43.PubMed
145.
Zurück zum Zitat Arac A, Blanchard V, Lee M, Steinberg GK. Assessment of outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction in patients older than 60 years of age. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;26(6):E3.PubMed Arac A, Blanchard V, Lee M, Steinberg GK. Assessment of outcome following decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction in patients older than 60 years of age. Neurosurg Focus. 2009;26(6):E3.PubMed
146.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofmeijer J, Kappelle LJ, Algra A, Amelink GJ, van Gijn J, van der Worp HB. Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction [the hemicraniectomy after middle cerebral artery infarction with life-threatening edema trial (HAMLET)]: a multicentre, open, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(4):326–33.PubMed Hofmeijer J, Kappelle LJ, Algra A, Amelink GJ, van Gijn J, van der Worp HB. Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction [the hemicraniectomy after middle cerebral artery infarction with life-threatening edema trial (HAMLET)]: a multicentre, open, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(4):326–33.PubMed
147.
Zurück zum Zitat Juttler E, Schwab S, Schmiedek P, Unterberg A, Hennerici M, Woitzik J, et al. Decompressive surgery for the treatment of malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery (DESTINY): a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke. 2007;38(9):2518–25.PubMed Juttler E, Schwab S, Schmiedek P, Unterberg A, Hennerici M, Woitzik J, et al. Decompressive surgery for the treatment of malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery (DESTINY): a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke. 2007;38(9):2518–25.PubMed
148.
Zurück zum Zitat Vahedi K, Vicaut E, Mateo J, Kurtz A, Orabi M, Guichard JP, et al. Sequential-design, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of early decompressive craniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (DECIMAL Trial). Stroke. 2007;38(9):2506–17.PubMed Vahedi K, Vicaut E, Mateo J, Kurtz A, Orabi M, Guichard JP, et al. Sequential-design, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of early decompressive craniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (DECIMAL Trial). Stroke. 2007;38(9):2506–17.PubMed
149.
Zurück zum Zitat Juttler E, Unterberg A, Woitzik J, Bosel J, Amiri H, Sakowitz OW, et al. Hemicraniectomy in older patients with extensive middle-cerebral-artery stroke. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(12):1091–100.PubMed Juttler E, Unterberg A, Woitzik J, Bosel J, Amiri H, Sakowitz OW, et al. Hemicraniectomy in older patients with extensive middle-cerebral-artery stroke. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(12):1091–100.PubMed
150.
Zurück zum Zitat Frank JI. Hemicraniectomy and durotomy upon deterioration from infarction related swelling trial (HeADDFIRST): first public presentation of the primary study findings. [abstract]. In: Presentations at the 55th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; 3 April 2003; Honolulu. American Academy of Neurology; 2003. Neurology. 2003;60(Suppl 1):S52.004. Frank JI. Hemicraniectomy and durotomy upon deterioration from infarction related swelling trial (HeADDFIRST): first public presentation of the primary study findings. [abstract]. In: Presentations at the 55th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology; 3 April 2003; Honolulu. American Academy of Neurology; 2003. Neurology. 2003;60(Suppl 1):S52.004.
151.
Zurück zum Zitat Vahedi K, Hofmeijer J, Juettler E, Vicaut E, George B, Algra A, et al. Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(3):215–22.PubMed Vahedi K, Hofmeijer J, Juettler E, Vicaut E, George B, Algra A, et al. Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6(3):215–22.PubMed
152.
Zurück zum Zitat Rincon F, Mayer SA. Decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2007;7(6):511–2.PubMed Rincon F, Mayer SA. Decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2007;7(6):511–2.PubMed
153.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwab S, Steiner T, Aschoff A, Schwarz S, Steiner HH, Jansen O, et al. Early hemicraniectomy in patients with complete middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 1998;29(9):1888–93.PubMed Schwab S, Steiner T, Aschoff A, Schwarz S, Steiner HH, Jansen O, et al. Early hemicraniectomy in patients with complete middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 1998;29(9):1888–93.PubMed
154.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang KW, Chang WN, Ho JT, Chang HW, Lui CC, Cheng MH, et al. Factors predictive of fatality in massive middle cerebral artery territory infarction and clinical experience of decompressive hemicraniectomy. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(7):765–71.PubMed Wang KW, Chang WN, Ho JT, Chang HW, Lui CC, Cheng MH, et al. Factors predictive of fatality in massive middle cerebral artery territory infarction and clinical experience of decompressive hemicraniectomy. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(7):765–71.PubMed
155.
Zurück zum Zitat Skoglund TS, Eriksson-Ritzen C, Sorbo A, Jensen C, Rydenhag B. Health status and life satisfaction after decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008;117(5):305–10.PubMed Skoglund TS, Eriksson-Ritzen C, Sorbo A, Jensen C, Rydenhag B. Health status and life satisfaction after decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008;117(5):305–10.PubMed
156.
Zurück zum Zitat Wagner S, Schnippering H, Aschoff A, Koziol JA, Schwab S, Steiner T. Suboptimum hemicraniectomy as a cause of additional cerebral lesions in patients with malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery. J Neurosurg. 2001;94(5):693–6.PubMed Wagner S, Schnippering H, Aschoff A, Koziol JA, Schwab S, Steiner T. Suboptimum hemicraniectomy as a cause of additional cerebral lesions in patients with malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery. J Neurosurg. 2001;94(5):693–6.PubMed
157.
Zurück zum Zitat Park J, Kim E, Kim GJ, Hur YK, Guthikonda M. External decompressive craniectomy including resection of temporal muscle and fascia in malignant hemispheric infarction. J Neurosurg. 2009;110(1):101–5.PubMed Park J, Kim E, Kim GJ, Hur YK, Guthikonda M. External decompressive craniectomy including resection of temporal muscle and fascia in malignant hemispheric infarction. J Neurosurg. 2009;110(1):101–5.PubMed
158.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofmeijer J, Kappelle LJ, Algra A, Amelink GJ, van Gijn J, van der Worp HB, et al. Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction (the hemicraniectomy after middle cerebral artery infarction with life-threatening edema trial [HAMLET]): a multicentre, open, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(4):326–33.PubMed Hofmeijer J, Kappelle LJ, Algra A, Amelink GJ, van Gijn J, van der Worp HB, et al. Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction (the hemicraniectomy after middle cerebral artery infarction with life-threatening edema trial [HAMLET]): a multicentre, open, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(4):326–33.PubMed
159.
Zurück zum Zitat Juttler E, Bosel J, Amiri H, Schiller P, Limprecht R, Hacke W, et al. DESTINY II: decompressive surgery for the treatment of malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery II. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society. 2011;6(1):79–86. Juttler E, Bosel J, Amiri H, Schiller P, Limprecht R, Hacke W, et al. DESTINY II: decompressive surgery for the treatment of malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery II. International journal of stroke : official journal of the International Stroke Society. 2011;6(1):79–86.
160.
Zurück zum Zitat Weil AG, Rahme R, Moumdjian R, Bouthillier A, Bojanowski MW. Quality of life following hemicraniectomy for malignant MCA territory infarction. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011;38(3):434–8.PubMed Weil AG, Rahme R, Moumdjian R, Bouthillier A, Bojanowski MW. Quality of life following hemicraniectomy for malignant MCA territory infarction. Can J Neurol Sci. 2011;38(3):434–8.PubMed
161.
Zurück zum Zitat Robertson SC, Lennarson P, Hasan DM, Traynelis VC. Clinical course and surgical management of massive cerebral infarction. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(1):55–61.PubMed Robertson SC, Lennarson P, Hasan DM, Traynelis VC. Clinical course and surgical management of massive cerebral infarction. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(1):55–61.PubMed
162.
Zurück zum Zitat Guresir E, Vatter H, Schuss P, Oszvald A, Raabe A, Seifert V, et al. Rapid closure technique in decompressive craniectomy. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(4):954–60.PubMed Guresir E, Vatter H, Schuss P, Oszvald A, Raabe A, Seifert V, et al. Rapid closure technique in decompressive craniectomy. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(4):954–60.PubMed
163.
Zurück zum Zitat Kiphuth IC, Kohrmann M, Lichy C, Schwab S, Huttner HB. Hemicraniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: retrospective consent to decompressive surgery depends on functional long-term outcome. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13(3):380–4.PubMed Kiphuth IC, Kohrmann M, Lichy C, Schwab S, Huttner HB. Hemicraniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction: retrospective consent to decompressive surgery depends on functional long-term outcome. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13(3):380–4.PubMed
164.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell P, Gregson BA, Crossman J, Gerber C, Jenkins A, Nicholson C, et al. Reassessment of the HAMLET study. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(7):602–3 author reply 3-4.PubMed Mitchell P, Gregson BA, Crossman J, Gerber C, Jenkins A, Nicholson C, et al. Reassessment of the HAMLET study. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(7):602–3 author reply 3-4.PubMed
165.
Zurück zum Zitat Benejam B, Sahuquillo J, Poca MA, Frascheri L, Solana E, Delgado P, et al. Quality of life and neurobehavioral changes in survivors of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurol. 2009;256(7):1126–33.PubMed Benejam B, Sahuquillo J, Poca MA, Frascheri L, Solana E, Delgado P, et al. Quality of life and neurobehavioral changes in survivors of malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurol. 2009;256(7):1126–33.PubMed
166.
Zurück zum Zitat Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36 ItemShort Form Health Survey (SF-36). 1. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30:473–83.PubMed Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36 ItemShort Form Health Survey (SF-36). 1. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30:473–83.PubMed
167.
Zurück zum Zitat Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl SA, Rokseth R, Haheim LL. Stroke unit treatment improves long-term quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 1998;29(5):895–9.PubMed Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl SA, Rokseth R, Haheim LL. Stroke unit treatment improves long-term quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 1998;29(5):895–9.PubMed
168.
Zurück zum Zitat Duncan PW, Wallace D, Lai SM, Johnson D, Embretson S, Laster LJ. The stroke impact scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Stroke. 1999;30(10):2131–40.PubMed Duncan PW, Wallace D, Lai SM, Johnson D, Embretson S, Laster LJ. The stroke impact scale version 2.0. Evaluation of reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change. Stroke. 1999;30(10):2131–40.PubMed
169.
Zurück zum Zitat Vahedi K, Benoist L, Kurtz A, Mateo J, Blanquet A, Rossignol M, et al. Quality of life after decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(8):1181–2.PubMedCentralPubMed Vahedi K, Benoist L, Kurtz A, Mateo J, Blanquet A, Rossignol M, et al. Quality of life after decompressive craniectomy for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(8):1181–2.PubMedCentralPubMed
170.
Zurück zum Zitat Woertgen C, Erban P, Rothoerl RD, Bein T, Horn M, Brawanski A. Quality of life after decompressive craniectomy in patients suffering from supratentorial brain ischemia. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004;146(7):691–5. Woertgen C, Erban P, Rothoerl RD, Bein T, Horn M, Brawanski A. Quality of life after decompressive craniectomy in patients suffering from supratentorial brain ischemia. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004;146(7):691–5.
171.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilson BS, Gilson JS, Bergner M, Bobbit RA, Kressel S, Pollard WE, et al. The sickness impact profile. Development of an outcome measure of health care. Am J Public Health. 1975;65(12):1304–10.PubMedCentralPubMed Gilson BS, Gilson JS, Bergner M, Bobbit RA, Kressel S, Pollard WE, et al. The sickness impact profile. Development of an outcome measure of health care. Am J Public Health. 1975;65(12):1304–10.PubMedCentralPubMed
172.
Zurück zum Zitat Dorman PJ, Waddell F, Slattery J, Dennis M, Sandercock P. Is the EuroQol a valid measure of health-related quality of life after stroke? Stroke. 1997;28(10):1876–82.PubMed Dorman PJ, Waddell F, Slattery J, Dennis M, Sandercock P. Is the EuroQol a valid measure of health-related quality of life after stroke? Stroke. 1997;28(10):1876–82.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Management of Large Hemispheric Infarction
A Statement for Health Care Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and the German Society for Neuro-Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine
verfasst von
Michel T. Torbey
Julian Bösel
Denise H. Rhoney
Fred Rincon
Dimitre Staykov
Arun P. Amar
Panayiotis N. Varelas
Eric Jüttler
DaiWai Olson
Hagen B. Huttner
Klaus Zweckberger
Kevin N. Sheth
Christian Dohmen
Ansgar M. Brambrink
Stephan A. Mayer
Osama O. Zaidat
Werner Hacke
Stefan Schwab
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Neurocritical Care / Ausgabe 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1541-6933
Elektronische ISSN: 1556-0961
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-014-0085-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2015

Neurocritical Care 1/2015 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.