Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Neurocritical Care 1/2015

01.08.2015 | Review Article

Recommendations for the Critical Care Management of Devastating Brain Injury: Prognostication, Psychosocial, and Ethical Management

A Position Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society

verfasst von: Michael J. Souter, Patricia A. Blissitt, Sandralee Blosser, Jordan Bonomo, David Greer, Draga Jichici, Dea Mahanes, Evie G. Marcolini, Charles Miller, Kiranpal Sangha, Susan Yeager

Erschienen in: Neurocritical Care | Ausgabe 1/2015

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Devastating brain injuries (DBIs) profoundly damage cerebral function and frequently cause death. DBI survivors admitted to critical care will suffer both intracranial and extracranial effects from their brain injury. The indicators of quality care in DBI are not completely defined, and despite best efforts many patients will not survive, although others may have better outcomes than originally anticipated. Inaccuracies in prognostication can result in premature termination of life support, thereby biasing outcomes research and creating a self-fulfilling cycle where the predicted course is almost invariably dismal. Because of the potential complexities and controversies involved in the management of devastating brain injury, the Neurocritical Care Society organized a panel of expert clinicians from neurocritical care, neuroanesthesia, neurology, neurosurgery, emergency medicine, nursing, and pharmacy to develop an evidence-based guideline with practice recommendations. The panel intends for this guideline to be used by critical care physicians, neurologists, emergency physicians, and other health professionals, with specific emphasis on management during the first 72-h post-injury. Following an extensive literature review, the panel used the GRADE methodology to evaluate the robustness of the data. They made actionable recommendations based on the quality of evidence, as well as on considerations of risk: benefit ratios, cost, and user preference. The panel generated recommendations regarding prognostication, psychosocial issues, and ethical considerations.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Dixon TD, Malinoski DJ. Devastating brain injuries: assessment and management part I: overview of brain death. West J Emerg Med. 2009;10(1):11–7.PubMedCentralPubMed Dixon TD, Malinoski DJ. Devastating brain injuries: assessment and management part I: overview of brain death. West J Emerg Med. 2009;10(1):11–7.PubMedCentralPubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Schünemann HJ, Tugwell P, Knottnerus A. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):380–2.PubMedCrossRef Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Schünemann HJ, Tugwell P, Knottnerus A. GRADE guidelines: a new series of articles in the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):380–2.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Andrews JC, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Pottie K, Meerpohl JJ, Coello PA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation-determinants of a recommendation’s direction and strength. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):726–35.PubMedCrossRef Andrews JC, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Pottie K, Meerpohl JJ, Coello PA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 15. Going from evidence to recommendation-determinants of a recommendation’s direction and strength. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):726–35.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Alderson P, Dahm P, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):719–25.PubMedCrossRef Andrews J, Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Alderson P, Dahm P, Falck-Ytter Y, et al. GRADE guidelines: 14. Going from evidence to recommendations: the significance and presentation of recommendations. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66(7):719–25.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Kotwica Z, Jakubowski JK. Head-injured adult patients with GCS of 3 on admission–who have a chance to survive? Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1995;133(1–2):56–9.CrossRef Kotwica Z, Jakubowski JK. Head-injured adult patients with GCS of 3 on admission–who have a chance to survive? Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1995;133(1–2):56–9.CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Towfighi A, Tai W, Markovic D, Ovbiagele B. Sex-specific temporal trends in in-hospital mortality after stroke among middle-age individuals in the United States. Stroke. 2011;42(10):2740–5.PubMedCrossRef Towfighi A, Tai W, Markovic D, Ovbiagele B. Sex-specific temporal trends in in-hospital mortality after stroke among middle-age individuals in the United States. Stroke. 2011;42(10):2740–5.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Ovbiagele B. Nationwide trends in in-hospital mortality among patients with stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(8):1748–54.PubMedCrossRef Ovbiagele B. Nationwide trends in in-hospital mortality among patients with stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(8):1748–54.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Arabi YM, Haddad S, Tamim HM, Al-Dawood A, Al-Qahtani S, Ferayan A, et al. Mortality reduction after implementing a clinical practice guidelines-based management protocol for severe traumatic brain injury. J Crit Care. 2010;25(2):190–5.PubMedCrossRef Arabi YM, Haddad S, Tamim HM, Al-Dawood A, Al-Qahtani S, Ferayan A, et al. Mortality reduction after implementing a clinical practice guidelines-based management protocol for severe traumatic brain injury. J Crit Care. 2010;25(2):190–5.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Sturgeon JD, Folsom AR. Trends in hospitalization rate, hospital case fatality, and mortality rate of stroke by subtype in Minneapolis-St. Paul, 1980-2002. Neuroepidemiology. 2007;28(1):39–45.PubMedCrossRef Sturgeon JD, Folsom AR. Trends in hospitalization rate, hospital case fatality, and mortality rate of stroke by subtype in Minneapolis-St. Paul, 1980-2002. Neuroepidemiology. 2007;28(1):39–45.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Andaluz N, Zuccarello M. Recent trends in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms: analysis of a nationwide inpatient database. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(6):1163–9.PubMedCrossRef Andaluz N, Zuccarello M. Recent trends in the treatment of cerebral aneurysms: analysis of a nationwide inpatient database. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(6):1163–9.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Parry-Jones AR, Abid KA, Di Napoli M, Smith CJ, Vail A, Patel HC, et al. Accuracy and clinical usefulness of intracerebral hemorrhage grading scores: a direct comparison in a UK population. Stroke. 2013;44(7):1840–5.PubMedCrossRef Parry-Jones AR, Abid KA, Di Napoli M, Smith CJ, Vail A, Patel HC, et al. Accuracy and clinical usefulness of intracerebral hemorrhage grading scores: a direct comparison in a UK population. Stroke. 2013;44(7):1840–5.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lu J, Marmarou A, Choi S, Maas A, Murray G, Steyerberg EW. Mortality from traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2005;95:281–5.PubMedCrossRef Lu J, Marmarou A, Choi S, Maas A, Murray G, Steyerberg EW. Mortality from traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2005;95:281–5.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Hemphill JC III, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, Manley GT, Johnston SC. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001;32(4):891–7.PubMedCrossRef Hemphill JC III, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, Manley GT, Johnston SC. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001;32(4):891–7.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Hemphill JC III, Newman J, Zhao S, Johnston SC. Hospital usage of early do-not-resuscitate orders and outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35(5):1130–4.PubMedCrossRef Hemphill JC III, Newman J, Zhao S, Johnston SC. Hospital usage of early do-not-resuscitate orders and outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35(5):1130–4.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang W, Lu J, Wang C, Wang Y, Li H, Zhao X. Prognostic value of ICH score and ICH-GS score in Chinese intracerebral hemorrhage patients: analysis from the China National Stroke Registry (CNSR). PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e77421.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Wang W, Lu J, Wang C, Wang Y, Li H, Zhao X. Prognostic value of ICH score and ICH-GS score in Chinese intracerebral hemorrhage patients: analysis from the China National Stroke Registry (CNSR). PLoS ONE. 2013;8(10):e77421.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery. 1980;6(1):1–9.PubMedCrossRef Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM. Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery. 1980;6(1):1–9.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, Mayer SA, Molyneux A, Raabe A, et al. Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(7):618–25.PubMedCrossRef Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, Mayer SA, Molyneux A, Raabe A, et al. Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(7):618–25.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Report of World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Committee on a Universal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Grading Scale. J Neurosurg. 1988;68(6):985–6. Report of World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Committee on a Universal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Grading Scale. J Neurosurg. 1988;68(6):985–6.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Gotoh O, Tamura A, Yasui N, Suzuki A, Hadeishi H, Sano K. Glasgow Coma Scale in the prediction of outcome after early aneurysm surgery. Neurosurgery 1996;39(1):19–24; discussion-5. Gotoh O, Tamura A, Yasui N, Suzuki A, Hadeishi H, Sano K. Glasgow Coma Scale in the prediction of outcome after early aneurysm surgery. Neurosurgery 1996;39(1):19–24; discussion-5.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirai S, Ono J, Yamaura A (1996) Clinical grading and outcome after early surgery in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1996;39(3):441–446; discussion 6–7. Hirai S, Ono J, Yamaura A (1996) Clinical grading and outcome after early surgery in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1996;39(3):441–446; discussion 6–7.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Lagares A, Gomez PA, Lobato RD, Alen JF, Alday R, Campollo J. Prognostic factors on hospital admission after spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2001;143(7):665–72.CrossRef Lagares A, Gomez PA, Lobato RD, Alen JF, Alday R, Campollo J. Prognostic factors on hospital admission after spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2001;143(7):665–72.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosen DS, Macdonald RL. Subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales: a systematic review. Neurocrit Care. 2005;2(2):110–8.PubMedCrossRef Rosen DS, Macdonald RL. Subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales: a systematic review. Neurocrit Care. 2005;2(2):110–8.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Aulmann C, Steudl WI, Feldmann U. Validation of the prognostic accuracy of neurosurgical admission scales after rupture of cerebral aneurysms. Zentralbl Neurochir. 1998;59(3):171–80.PubMed Aulmann C, Steudl WI, Feldmann U. Validation of the prognostic accuracy of neurosurgical admission scales after rupture of cerebral aneurysms. Zentralbl Neurochir. 1998;59(3):171–80.PubMed
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Massagli TL, Michaud LJ, Rivara FP. Association between injury indices and outcome after severe traumatic brain injury in children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(2):125–32.PubMedCrossRef Massagli TL, Michaud LJ, Rivara FP. Association between injury indices and outcome after severe traumatic brain injury in children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(2):125–32.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Gatson JW, Warren V, Abdelfattah K, Wolf S, Hynan LS, Moore C, et al. Detection of beta-amyloid oligomers as a predictor of neurological outcome after brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(6):1336–42.PubMedCrossRef Gatson JW, Warren V, Abdelfattah K, Wolf S, Hynan LS, Moore C, et al. Detection of beta-amyloid oligomers as a predictor of neurological outcome after brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(6):1336–42.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Chabok SY, Moghadam AD, Saneei Z, Amlashi FG, Leili EK, Amiri ZM. Neuron-specific enolase and S100BB as outcome predictors in severe diffuse axonal injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(6):1654–7.PubMedCrossRef Chabok SY, Moghadam AD, Saneei Z, Amlashi FG, Leili EK, Amiri ZM. Neuron-specific enolase and S100BB as outcome predictors in severe diffuse axonal injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(6):1654–7.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Settervall CH, de Sousa RM. Furbringer e Silva SC. In-hospital mortality and the Glasgow Coma Scale in the first 72 hours after traumatic brain injury. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2011;19(6):1337–43.PubMed Settervall CH, de Sousa RM. Furbringer e Silva SC. In-hospital mortality and the Glasgow Coma Scale in the first 72 hours after traumatic brain injury. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2011;19(6):1337–43.PubMed
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Eriksson EA, Barletta JF, Figueroa BE, Bonnell BW, Sloffer CA, Vanderkolk WE, et al. The first 72 hours of brain tissue oxygenation predicts patient survival with traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(5):1345–9.PubMed Eriksson EA, Barletta JF, Figueroa BE, Bonnell BW, Sloffer CA, Vanderkolk WE, et al. The first 72 hours of brain tissue oxygenation predicts patient survival with traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(5):1345–9.PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Kahraman S, Dutton RP, Hu P, Xiao Y, Aarabi B, Stein DM, et al. Automated measurement of “pressure times time dose” of intracranial hypertension best predicts outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2010;69(1):110–8.PubMedCrossRef Kahraman S, Dutton RP, Hu P, Xiao Y, Aarabi B, Stein DM, et al. Automated measurement of “pressure times time dose” of intracranial hypertension best predicts outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma. 2010;69(1):110–8.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat van Santbrink H, Schouten JW, Steyerberg EW, Avezaat CJ, Maas AI. Serial transcranial Doppler measurements in traumatic brain injury with special focus on the early posttraumatic period. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2002;144(11):1141–9.CrossRef van Santbrink H, Schouten JW, Steyerberg EW, Avezaat CJ, Maas AI. Serial transcranial Doppler measurements in traumatic brain injury with special focus on the early posttraumatic period. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2002;144(11):1141–9.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Wolach B, Sazbon L, Gavrieli R, Broda A, Schlesinger M. Early immunological defects in comatose patients after acute brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2001;94(5):706–11.PubMedCrossRef Wolach B, Sazbon L, Gavrieli R, Broda A, Schlesinger M. Early immunological defects in comatose patients after acute brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2001;94(5):706–11.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Togha M, Bakhtavar K. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality following intracerebral hemorrhage: a three-year study in Tehran. Iran BMC Neurol. 2004;4:9.PubMedCrossRef Togha M, Bakhtavar K. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality following intracerebral hemorrhage: a three-year study in Tehran. Iran BMC Neurol. 2004;4:9.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Becker KJ, Baxter AB, Cohen WA, Bybee HM, Tirschwell DL, Newell DW, et al. Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Neurology. 2001;56(6):766–72.PubMedCrossRef Becker KJ, Baxter AB, Cohen WA, Bybee HM, Tirschwell DL, Newell DW, et al. Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies. Neurology. 2001;56(6):766–72.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Callahan JG, Fink C, Pitts LH, Luce JM. Withholding and withdrawing of life support from patients with severe head injury. Crit Care Med. 1995;23(9):1567–75.PubMedCrossRef O’Callahan JG, Fink C, Pitts LH, Luce JM. Withholding and withdrawing of life support from patients with severe head injury. Crit Care Med. 1995;23(9):1567–75.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Tien HC, Cunha JR, Wu SN, Chughtai T, Tremblay LN, Brenneman FD, et al. Do trauma patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 and bilateral fixed and dilated pupils have any chance of survival? J Trauma. 2006;60(2):274–8.PubMedCrossRef Tien HC, Cunha JR, Wu SN, Chughtai T, Tremblay LN, Brenneman FD, et al. Do trauma patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 and bilateral fixed and dilated pupils have any chance of survival? J Trauma. 2006;60(2):274–8.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Brody A, Kashuk JL, Moore EE, Beauchamp K, Barnett C, Biffl WL, et al. (2010) Fatal gunshot wounds to the head: a critical appraisal of organ donation rates. Am J Surg. 2010;200(6):728–733; discussion 33. Brody A, Kashuk JL, Moore EE, Beauchamp K, Barnett C, Biffl WL, et al. (2010) Fatal gunshot wounds to the head: a critical appraisal of organ donation rates. Am J Surg. 2010;200(6):728–733; discussion 33.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Combes P, Fauvage B, Colonna M, Passagia JG, Chirossel JP, Jacquot C. Severe head injuries: an outcome prediction and survival analysis. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22(12):1391–5.PubMedCrossRef Combes P, Fauvage B, Colonna M, Passagia JG, Chirossel JP, Jacquot C. Severe head injuries: an outcome prediction and survival analysis. Intensive Care Med. 1996;22(12):1391–5.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Murano T, Mohr AM, Lavery RF, Lynch C, Homnick AT, Livingston DH. Civilian craniocerebral gunshot wounds: an update in predicting outcomes. Am Surg. 2005;71(12):1009–14.PubMed Murano T, Mohr AM, Lavery RF, Lynch C, Homnick AT, Livingston DH. Civilian craniocerebral gunshot wounds: an update in predicting outcomes. Am Surg. 2005;71(12):1009–14.PubMed
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Bershad EM, Farhadi S, Suri MF, Feen ES, Hernandez OH, Selman WR, et al. Coagulopathy and inhospital deaths in patients with acute subdural hematoma. J Neurosurg. 2008;109(4):664–9.PubMedCrossRef Bershad EM, Farhadi S, Suri MF, Feen ES, Hernandez OH, Selman WR, et al. Coagulopathy and inhospital deaths in patients with acute subdural hematoma. J Neurosurg. 2008;109(4):664–9.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Park SK, Chun HJ, Kim DW, Im TH, Hong HJ, Yi HJ. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II and simplified acute physiology score II in predicting hospital mortality of neurosurgical intensive care unit patients. J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24(3):420–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Park SK, Chun HJ, Kim DW, Im TH, Hong HJ, Yi HJ. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II and simplified acute physiology score II in predicting hospital mortality of neurosurgical intensive care unit patients. J Korean Med Sci. 2009;24(3):420–6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Labib N, Nouh T, Winocour S, Deckelbaum D, Banici L, Fata P, et al. Severely injured geriatric population: morbidity, mortality, and risk factors. J Trauma. 2011;71(6):1908–14.PubMedCrossRef Labib N, Nouh T, Winocour S, Deckelbaum D, Banici L, Fata P, et al. Severely injured geriatric population: morbidity, mortality, and risk factors. J Trauma. 2011;71(6):1908–14.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Cho DY, Wang YC. Comparison of the APACHE III, APACHE II and Glasgow Coma Scale in acute head injury for prediction of mortality and functional outcome. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23(1):77–84.PubMedCrossRef Cho DY, Wang YC. Comparison of the APACHE III, APACHE II and Glasgow Coma Scale in acute head injury for prediction of mortality and functional outcome. Intensive Care Med. 1997;23(1):77–84.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Alvarez M, Nava JM, Rue M, Quintana S. Mortality prediction in head trauma patients: performance of Glasgow Coma Score and general severity systems. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(1):142–8.PubMedCrossRef Alvarez M, Nava JM, Rue M, Quintana S. Mortality prediction in head trauma patients: performance of Glasgow Coma Score and general severity systems. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(1):142–8.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Hyam JA, Welch CA, Harrison DA, Menon DK. Case mix, outcomes and comparison of risk prediction models for admissions to adult, general and specialist critical care units for head injury: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care. 2006;10(Suppl 2):S2.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Hyam JA, Welch CA, Harrison DA, Menon DK. Case mix, outcomes and comparison of risk prediction models for admissions to adult, general and specialist critical care units for head injury: a secondary analysis of the ICNARC Case Mix Programme Database. Crit Care. 2006;10(Suppl 2):S2.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Dalgic A, Ergungor FM, Becan T, Elhan A, Okay O, Yuksel BC. The revised Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation System (APACHE II) is more effective than the Glasgow Coma Scale for prediction of mortality in head-injured patients with systemic trauma. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2009;15(5):453–8.PubMed Dalgic A, Ergungor FM, Becan T, Elhan A, Okay O, Yuksel BC. The revised Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation System (APACHE II) is more effective than the Glasgow Coma Scale for prediction of mortality in head-injured patients with systemic trauma. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2009;15(5):453–8.PubMed
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Ivascu FA, Howells GA, Junn FS, Bair HA, Bendick PJ, Janczyk RJ. Predictors of mortality in trauma patients with intracranial hemorrhage on preinjury aspirin or clopidogrel. J Trauma. 2008;65(4):785–8.PubMedCrossRef Ivascu FA, Howells GA, Junn FS, Bair HA, Bendick PJ, Janczyk RJ. Predictors of mortality in trauma patients with intracranial hemorrhage on preinjury aspirin or clopidogrel. J Trauma. 2008;65(4):785–8.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Zafonte RD, Wood DL, Harrison-Felix CL, Millis SR, Valena NV. Severe penetrating head injury: a study of outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(3):306–10.PubMedCrossRef Zafonte RD, Wood DL, Harrison-Felix CL, Millis SR, Valena NV. Severe penetrating head injury: a study of outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001;82(3):306–10.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Arboix A, Marti-Vilalta JL. Predictive clinical factors of very early in-hospital mortality in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1999;101(2):100–5.PubMedCrossRef Arboix A, Marti-Vilalta JL. Predictive clinical factors of very early in-hospital mortality in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1999;101(2):100–5.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang G, Zhang JH, Qin X. Fever increased in-hospital mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2011;110(Pt 1):239–43. Zhang G, Zhang JH, Qin X. Fever increased in-hospital mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2011;110(Pt 1):239–43.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Arboix A, Massons J, Garcia-Eroles L, Oliveres M, Targa C. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality from acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(10):1527–32.PubMedCrossRef Arboix A, Massons J, Garcia-Eroles L, Oliveres M, Targa C. Diabetes is an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality from acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(10):1527–32.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Fanshawe M, Venkatesh B, Boots RJ. Outcome of stroke patients admitted to intensive care: experience from an Australian teaching hospital. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2002;30(5):628–32.PubMed Fanshawe M, Venkatesh B, Boots RJ. Outcome of stroke patients admitted to intensive care: experience from an Australian teaching hospital. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2002;30(5):628–32.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Cucchiara BL, Kasner SE, Wolk DA, Lyden PD, Knappertz VA, Ashwood T, et al. Early impairment in consciousness predicts mortality after hemispheric ischemic stroke. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(1):241–5.PubMedCrossRef Cucchiara BL, Kasner SE, Wolk DA, Lyden PD, Knappertz VA, Ashwood T, et al. Early impairment in consciousness predicts mortality after hemispheric ischemic stroke. Crit Care Med. 2004;32(1):241–5.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith EE, Shobha N, Dai D, Olson DM, Reeves MJ, Saver JL, et al. Risk score for in-hospital ischemic stroke mortality derived and validated within the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke Program. Circulation. 2010;122(15):1496–504.PubMedCrossRef Smith EE, Shobha N, Dai D, Olson DM, Reeves MJ, Saver JL, et al. Risk score for in-hospital ischemic stroke mortality derived and validated within the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke Program. Circulation. 2010;122(15):1496–504.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Savadi-Oskouei D, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Hashemilar M, DeAngelis T. Symptomatologic versus neuroimaging predictors of in-hospital survival after intracerebral haemorrhage. Pak J Biol Sci. 2010;13(9):443–7.PubMedCrossRef Savadi-Oskouei D, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Hashemilar M, DeAngelis T. Symptomatologic versus neuroimaging predictors of in-hospital survival after intracerebral haemorrhage. Pak J Biol Sci. 2010;13(9):443–7.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Rordorf G, Koroshetz W, Efird JT, Cramer SC. Predictors of mortality in stroke patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(5):1301–5.PubMedCrossRef Rordorf G, Koroshetz W, Efird JT, Cramer SC. Predictors of mortality in stroke patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2000;28(5):1301–5.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Bond AE, Draeger CR, Mandleco B, Donnelly M. Needs of family members of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Implications for evidence-based practice. Crit Care Nurse. 2003;23(4):63–72.PubMed Bond AE, Draeger CR, Mandleco B, Donnelly M. Needs of family members of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Implications for evidence-based practice. Crit Care Nurse. 2003;23(4):63–72.PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Frid I, Bergbom I, Haljamae H. No going back: narratives by close relatives of the braindead patient. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2001;17(5):263–78.PubMedCrossRef Frid I, Bergbom I, Haljamae H. No going back: narratives by close relatives of the braindead patient. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2001;17(5):263–78.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Keenan A, Joseph L. The needs of family members of severe traumatic brain injured patients during critical and acute care: a qualitative study. Can J Neurosci Nurs. 2010;32(3):25–35.PubMed Keenan A, Joseph L. The needs of family members of severe traumatic brain injured patients during critical and acute care: a qualitative study. Can J Neurosci Nurs. 2010;32(3):25–35.PubMed
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Lam P, Beaulieu M. Experiences of families in the neurological ICU: a “bedside phenomenon”. J Neurosci Nurs. 2004;36(3):142–146, 51–55. Lam P, Beaulieu M. Experiences of families in the neurological ICU: a “bedside phenomenon”. J Neurosci Nurs. 2004;36(3):142–146, 51–55.
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Payne S, Burton C, Addington-Hall J, Jones A. End-of-life issues in acute stroke care: a qualitative study of the experiences and preferences of patients and families. Palliat Med. 2010;24(2):146–53.PubMedCrossRef Payne S, Burton C, Addington-Hall J, Jones A. End-of-life issues in acute stroke care: a qualitative study of the experiences and preferences of patients and families. Palliat Med. 2010;24(2):146–53.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathis M. Personal needs of family members of critically ill patients with and without acute brain injury. J Neurosurg Nurs. 1984;16(1):36–44.PubMedCrossRef Mathis M. Personal needs of family members of critically ill patients with and without acute brain injury. J Neurosurg Nurs. 1984;16(1):36–44.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Prachar TL, Mahanes D, Arceneaux A, Moss BL, Jones S, Conaway M, et al. Recognizing the needs of family members of neuroscience patients in an intensive care setting. J Neurosci Nurs. 2010;42(5):274–9.PubMedCrossRef Prachar TL, Mahanes D, Arceneaux A, Moss BL, Jones S, Conaway M, et al. Recognizing the needs of family members of neuroscience patients in an intensive care setting. J Neurosci Nurs. 2010;42(5):274–9.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Tin MK, French P, Leung KK. The needs of the family of critically ill neurosurgical patients: a comparison of nurses’ and family members’ perceptions. J Neurosci Nurs. 1999;31(6):348–56.PubMedCrossRef Tin MK, French P, Leung KK. The needs of the family of critically ill neurosurgical patients: a comparison of nurses’ and family members’ perceptions. J Neurosci Nurs. 1999;31(6):348–56.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Forrester DA, Murphy PA, Price DM, Monaghan JF. Critical care family needs: nurse-family member confederate pairs. Heart Lung. 1990;19(6):655–61.PubMed Forrester DA, Murphy PA, Price DM, Monaghan JF. Critical care family needs: nurse-family member confederate pairs. Heart Lung. 1990;19(6):655–61.PubMed
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Price DM, Forrester DA, Murphy PA, Monaghan JF. Critical care family needs in an urban teaching medical center. Heart Lung. 1991;20(2):183–8.PubMed Price DM, Forrester DA, Murphy PA, Monaghan JF. Critical care family needs in an urban teaching medical center. Heart Lung. 1991;20(2):183–8.PubMed
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Engli M, Kirsivali-Farmer K. Needs of family members of critically ill patients with and without acute brain injury. J Neurosci Nurs. 1993;25(2):78–85.PubMedCrossRef Engli M, Kirsivali-Farmer K. Needs of family members of critically ill patients with and without acute brain injury. J Neurosci Nurs. 1993;25(2):78–85.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Duff D. Family concerns and responses following a severe traumatic brain injury: a grounded theory study. Axone. 2002;24(2):14–22.PubMed Duff D. Family concerns and responses following a severe traumatic brain injury: a grounded theory study. Axone. 2002;24(2):14–22.PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Merritt KL, Evans RL. Family satisfaction with medical care after traumatic brain injury. Psychol Rep. 1990;67(1):129–30.PubMedCrossRef Merritt KL, Evans RL. Family satisfaction with medical care after traumatic brain injury. Psychol Rep. 1990;67(1):129–30.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Lefebvre H, Pelchat D, Swaine B, Gelinas I, Levert MJ. The experiences of individuals with a traumatic brain injury, families, physicians and health professionals regarding care provided throughout the continuum. Brain Inj. 2005;19(8):585–97.PubMedCrossRef Lefebvre H, Pelchat D, Swaine B, Gelinas I, Levert MJ. The experiences of individuals with a traumatic brain injury, families, physicians and health professionals regarding care provided throughout the continuum. Brain Inj. 2005;19(8):585–97.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Long B, Clark L, Cook P. Surrogate decision making for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Nurs. 2011;18(4):204–12.PubMedCrossRef Long B, Clark L, Cook P. Surrogate decision making for patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Nurs. 2011;18(4):204–12.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Wellwood I, Dennis M, Warlow C. Patients’ and carers’ satisfaction with acute stroke management. Age Ageing. 1995;24(6):519–24.PubMedCrossRef Wellwood I, Dennis M, Warlow C. Patients’ and carers’ satisfaction with acute stroke management. Age Ageing. 1995;24(6):519–24.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Lefebvre H, Levert MJ. Breaking the news of traumatic brain injury and incapacities. Brain Inj. 2006;20(7):711–8.PubMedCrossRef Lefebvre H, Levert MJ. Breaking the news of traumatic brain injury and incapacities. Brain Inj. 2006;20(7):711–8.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Kesselring A, Kainz M, Kiss A. Traumatic memories of relatives regarding brain death, request for organ donation and interactions with professionals in the ICU. Am J Transpl. 2007;7(1):211–7.CrossRef Kesselring A, Kainz M, Kiss A. Traumatic memories of relatives regarding brain death, request for organ donation and interactions with professionals in the ICU. Am J Transpl. 2007;7(1):211–7.CrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Schats R, Brilstra EH, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Van Gijn J. Informed consent in trials for neurological emergencies: the example of subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(7):988–91.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Schats R, Brilstra EH, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, Van Gijn J. Informed consent in trials for neurological emergencies: the example of subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74(7):988–91.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Fox S, Jeffrey J. The role of the nurse with families of patients in ICU: the nurses’ perspective. Can J Cardiovasc Nurs = Journal canadien en soins infirmiers cardio-vasculaires. 1997;8(1):17–23. Fox S, Jeffrey J. The role of the nurse with families of patients in ICU: the nurses’ perspective. Can J Cardiovasc Nurs = Journal canadien en soins infirmiers cardio-vasculaires. 1997;8(1):17–23.
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Mirr MP. Factors affecting decisions made by family members of patients with severe head injury. Heart Lung. 1991;20(3):228–35.PubMed Mirr MP. Factors affecting decisions made by family members of patients with severe head injury. Heart Lung. 1991;20(3):228–35.PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat White DB, Cua SM, Walk R, Pollice L, Weissfeld L, Hong S, et al. Nurse-led intervention to improve surrogate decision making for patients with advanced critical illness. Am J Crit Care. 2012;21(6):396–409.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef White DB, Cua SM, Walk R, Pollice L, Weissfeld L, Hong S, et al. Nurse-led intervention to improve surrogate decision making for patients with advanced critical illness. Am J Crit Care. 2012;21(6):396–409.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernstein LP. Family-centered care of the critically III neurologic patient. Crit Care Nurs Clinics North Am. 1990;2(1):41–50. Bernstein LP. Family-centered care of the critically III neurologic patient. Crit Care Nurs Clinics North Am. 1990;2(1):41–50.
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Mirr MP. Decisions made by family members of patients with severe head injury. AACN Clin Issues Crit Care Nurs. 1991;2(2):242–51.PubMed Mirr MP. Decisions made by family members of patients with severe head injury. AACN Clin Issues Crit Care Nurs. 1991;2(2):242–51.PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. I. Blood pressure and oxygenation. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(Suppl 1):S7–13.PubMed Bratton SL, Chestnut RM, Ghajar J, McConnell Hammond FF, Harris OA, Hartl R, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. I. Blood pressure and oxygenation. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(Suppl 1):S7–13.PubMed
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Toms SA. Outcome predictors in the early withdrawal of life support: issues of justice and allocation for the severely brain injured. J Clin Ethics. 1993;4(3):206–11.PubMed Toms SA. Outcome predictors in the early withdrawal of life support: issues of justice and allocation for the severely brain injured. J Clin Ethics. 1993;4(3):206–11.PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Chamoun RB, Robertson CS, Gopinath SP. Outcome in patients with blunt head trauma and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 at presentation. J Neurosurg. 2009;111(4):683–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Chamoun RB, Robertson CS, Gopinath SP. Outcome in patients with blunt head trauma and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3 at presentation. J Neurosurg. 2009;111(4):683–7.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs AMA. Decisions near the end of life. JAMA. 1992;267(16):2229–33.CrossRef Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs AMA. Decisions near the end of life. JAMA. 1992;267(16):2229–33.CrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept. of Health: Hearing before the United States Reports, United States Reports, 497 Sess. (1990, 1990). Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept. of Health: Hearing before the United States Reports, United States Reports, 497 Sess. (1990, 1990).
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Gillett GR, Honeybul S, Ho KM, Lind CR. Neurotrauma and the RUB: where tragedy meets ethics and science. J Med Ethics. 2010;36(12):727–30.PubMedCrossRef Gillett GR, Honeybul S, Ho KM, Lind CR. Neurotrauma and the RUB: where tragedy meets ethics and science. J Med Ethics. 2010;36(12):727–30.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Sander SL, Miller BK. Public knowledge and attitudes regarding organ and tissue donation: an analysis of the northwest Ohio community. Patient Educ Couns. 2005;58(2):154–63.PubMedCrossRef Sander SL, Miller BK. Public knowledge and attitudes regarding organ and tissue donation: an analysis of the northwest Ohio community. Patient Educ Couns. 2005;58(2):154–63.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Baumann A, Claudot F, Audibert G, Mertes PM, Puybasset L. The ethical and legal aspects of palliative sedation in severely brain-injured patients: a French perspective. Philos Ethics Hum Med. 2011;6:4.CrossRef Baumann A, Claudot F, Audibert G, Mertes PM, Puybasset L. The ethical and legal aspects of palliative sedation in severely brain-injured patients: a French perspective. Philos Ethics Hum Med. 2011;6:4.CrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Dyer C. Appeal Court supports doctors’ decision not to treat. BMJ. 1992;304(6841):1527–8.PubMed Dyer C. Appeal Court supports doctors’ decision not to treat. BMJ. 1992;304(6841):1527–8.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Recommendations for the Critical Care Management of Devastating Brain Injury: Prognostication, Psychosocial, and Ethical Management
A Position Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society
verfasst von
Michael J. Souter
Patricia A. Blissitt
Sandralee Blosser
Jordan Bonomo
David Greer
Draga Jichici
Dea Mahanes
Evie G. Marcolini
Charles Miller
Kiranpal Sangha
Susan Yeager
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2015
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Neurocritical Care / Ausgabe 1/2015
Print ISSN: 1541-6933
Elektronische ISSN: 1556-0961
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-015-0137-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2015

Neurocritical Care 1/2015 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Neurologie

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Neu im Fachgebiet Neurologie

Update Neurologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.