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Viruses and Multiple Sclerosis: From Mechanisms and Pathways to Translational Research Opportunities

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Abstract

Viruses are directly or indirectly implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we review the evidence on the virus-related pathophysiology of MS, introduce common experimental models, and explore the ways in which viruses cause demyelination. By emphasizing knowledge gaps, we highlight future research directions for effective MS diagnostics and therapies: (i) identifying biomarkers for at-risk individuals, (ii) searching for direct evidence of specific causative viruses, (iii) establishing the contribution of host genetic factors and viruses, and (iv) investigating the contribution of immune regulation at extra-CNS sites. Research in these areas is likely to be facilitated by the application of high-throughput technologies, the development of systems-based bioinformatic approaches, careful selection of experimental models, and the acquisition of high-quality clinical material for tissue-based research.

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Acknowledgements

A.-F.A.M. has been supported through an educational scholarship from the Onassis Public Benefit Foundation. The latter played no role in the design of the study, collection or/and interpretation of data, or writing of the review article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece

    Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis & Efthimia Petinaki

  2. The Johns Hopkins University, AAP, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis

  3. Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece

    Efthimios Dardiotis & Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou

  4. B’ Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

    Nikolaos Grigoriadis

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  1. Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis
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Mentis, AF.A., Dardiotis, E., Grigoriadis, N. et al. Viruses and Multiple Sclerosis: From Mechanisms and Pathways to Translational Research Opportunities. Mol Neurobiol 54, 3911–3923 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-017-0530-6

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