Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Hepatology International 4/2017

22.06.2017 | Review Article

Current progress in host innate and adaptive immunity against hepatitis C virus infection

verfasst von: Jijing Shi, Yuanyuan Li, Wenxian Chang, Xuexiu Zhang, Fu-Sheng Wang

Erschienen in: Hepatology International | Ausgabe 4/2017

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects more than 170 million people worldwide and is the main cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the newly developed direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) have transformed the treatment of HCV infection, controlling HCV infection on a global scale remains a challenge because of the high cost, low resistance barrier of DAAs and lack of HCV vaccine. The host immune responses associated with HCV infection, especially HCV-specific T cellular immunity, determine the outcome of HCV infection: either acute or chronic infection. It is important to fully interpret the immunopathogenesis of HCV infection and consequently to exploit effective strategies to eliminate HCV. Here, we review the current progress in HCV immunology, which will deepen our understanding of the spectrum of HCV infection and immunity in humans.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Webster DP, Klenerman P, Dusheiko GM. Hepatitis C. Lancet. 2015;385:1124–1135 Webster DP, Klenerman P, Dusheiko GM. Hepatitis C. Lancet. 2015;385:1124–1135
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Rehermann B. HCV in 2015: advances in hepatitis C research and treatment. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;13:70–72 Rehermann B. HCV in 2015: advances in hepatitis C research and treatment. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;13:70–72
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Heathcote EJ. Prevention of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004;127:S294–S302 Heathcote EJ. Prevention of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2004;127:S294–S302
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, et al. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989;244:359–362 Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, et al. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989;244:359–362
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Khan AG, Whidby J, Miller MT, et al. Structure of the core ectodomain of the hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein 2. Nature 2014;509:381–384 Khan AG, Whidby J, Miller MT, et al. Structure of the core ectodomain of the hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein 2. Nature 2014;509:381–384
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang Z, Wang X, Chi X, et al. Neglected but important role of apolipoprotein E exchange in hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 2016;90:9632–9643 Yang Z, Wang X, Chi X, et al. Neglected but important role of apolipoprotein E exchange in hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 2016;90:9632–9643
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Fauvelle C, Felmlee DJ, Crochet E, et al. Apolipoprotein E mediates evasion from hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies. Gastroenterology 2016;150:206–217 Fauvelle C, Felmlee DJ, Crochet E, et al. Apolipoprotein E mediates evasion from hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies. Gastroenterology 2016;150:206–217
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Hiet MS, Bauhofer O, Zayas M, et al. Control of temporal activation of hepatitis C virus-induced interferon response by domain 2 of nonstructural protein 5A. J Hepatol 2015;63:829–837 Hiet MS, Bauhofer O, Zayas M, et al. Control of temporal activation of hepatitis C virus-induced interferon response by domain 2 of nonstructural protein 5A. J Hepatol 2015;63:829–837
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Shata MT, Anthony DD, Carlson NL, et al. Characterization of the immune response against hepatitis C infection in recovered, and chronically infected chimpanzees. J Viral Hepatol 2002;9(6):400–410 Shata MT, Anthony DD, Carlson NL, et al. Characterization of the immune response against hepatitis C infection in recovered, and chronically infected chimpanzees. J Viral Hepatol 2002;9(6):400–410
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Lechner F, Wong DK, Dunbar PR, et al. Analysis of successful immune responses in persons infected with hepatitis C virus. J Exp Med 2000;191(9):1499–1512 Lechner F, Wong DK, Dunbar PR, et al. Analysis of successful immune responses in persons infected with hepatitis C virus. J Exp Med 2000;191(9):1499–1512
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Shin EC, Sung PS, Park SH. Immune responses and immunopathology in acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Nat Rev Immunol 2016;16:509–523 Shin EC, Sung PS, Park SH. Immune responses and immunopathology in acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Nat Rev Immunol 2016;16:509–523
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lauer GM. Immune responses to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the prospects for an effective HCV vaccine or immunotherapies. J Infect Dis 2013;207(Suppl 1):S7–S12 Lauer GM. Immune responses to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the prospects for an effective HCV vaccine or immunotherapies. J Infect Dis 2013;207(Suppl 1):S7–S12
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Takaki A, Wiese M, Maertens G, et al. Cellular immune responses persist and humoral responses decrease two decades after recovery from a single-source outbreak of hepatitis C. Nat Med 2000;6(5):578–582 Takaki A, Wiese M, Maertens G, et al. Cellular immune responses persist and humoral responses decrease two decades after recovery from a single-source outbreak of hepatitis C. Nat Med 2000;6(5):578–582
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Veerapu NS, Raghuraman S, Liang TJ, et al. Sporadic reappearance of minute amounts of hepatitis C virus RNA after successful therapy stimulates cellular immune responses. Gastroenterology 2011;140(2):676–685 Veerapu NS, Raghuraman S, Liang TJ, et al. Sporadic reappearance of minute amounts of hepatitis C virus RNA after successful therapy stimulates cellular immune responses. Gastroenterology 2011;140(2):676–685
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Penna A, Pilli M, Zerbini A, et al. Dysfunction and functional restoration of HCV-specific CD8 responses in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2007;45(3):588–601 Penna A, Pilli M, Zerbini A, et al. Dysfunction and functional restoration of HCV-specific CD8 responses in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2007;45(3):588–601
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdel-hakeem MS, Shoukry NH. Protective immunity against hepatitis C: many shades of gray. Front Immunol 2014;5:274 Abdel-hakeem MS, Shoukry NH. Protective immunity against hepatitis C: many shades of gray. Front Immunol 2014;5:274
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Wiegand J, Jäckel E, Cornberg M, et al. Long-term follow-up after successful interferon therapy of acute hepatitis C. Hepatology 2004;40(1):98–107 Wiegand J, Jäckel E, Cornberg M, et al. Long-term follow-up after successful interferon therapy of acute hepatitis C. Hepatology 2004;40(1):98–107
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Zibert A, Meisel H, Kraas W, et al. Early antibody response against hypervariable region 1 is associated with acute self-limiting infections of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 1997;25(5):1245–1249 Zibert A, Meisel H, Kraas W, et al. Early antibody response against hypervariable region 1 is associated with acute self-limiting infections of hepatitis C virus. Hepatology 1997;25(5):1245–1249
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Swann RE, Mandalou P, Robinson MW, et al. Anti-envelope antibody responses in individuals at high risk of hepatitis C virus who resist infection. J Viral Hepatol 2016;23:873–880 Swann RE, Mandalou P, Robinson MW, et al. Anti-envelope antibody responses in individuals at high risk of hepatitis C virus who resist infection. J Viral Hepatol 2016;23:873–880
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahlenstiel G, Martin MP, Gao X, et al. Distinct KIR/HLA compound genotypes affect the kinetics of human antiviral natural killer cell responses. J Clin Invest 2008;118:1017–1026 Ahlenstiel G, Martin MP, Gao X, et al. Distinct KIR/HLA compound genotypes affect the kinetics of human antiviral natural killer cell responses. J Clin Invest 2008;118:1017–1026
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Matsuura K, Tanaka Y. Host genetic variants influencing the clinical course of hepatitis C virus infection. J Med Virol 2016;88:185–195 Matsuura K, Tanaka Y. Host genetic variants influencing the clinical course of hepatitis C virus infection. J Med Virol 2016;88:185–195
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Wandrer F, Falk CS, John K, et al. Interferon-mediated cytokine induction determines sustained virus control in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis 2016;213:746–754 Wandrer F, Falk CS, John K, et al. Interferon-mediated cytokine induction determines sustained virus control in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis 2016;213:746–754
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Lau DT, Negash A, Chen J, et al. Innate immune tolerance and the role of kupffer cells in differential responses to interferon therapy among patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. Gastroenterology 2013;144(2):402–413 Lau DT, Negash A, Chen J, et al. Innate immune tolerance and the role of kupffer cells in differential responses to interferon therapy among patients with HCV genotype 1 infection. Gastroenterology 2013;144(2):402–413
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Miyagi T, Takehara T, Nishio K, et al. Altered interferon-alpha signaling in natural killer cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2010;53:424–430 Miyagi T, Takehara T, Nishio K, et al. Altered interferon-alpha signaling in natural killer cells from patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2010;53:424–430
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Mondelli MU. Direct-acting antivirals cure innate immunity in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2015;149:25–28 Mondelli MU. Direct-acting antivirals cure innate immunity in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2015;149:25–28
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Yin W, Tong S, Zhang Q, et al. Functional dichotomy of Vδ2 γδ T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infections: role in cytotoxicity but not for IFN-γ production. Sci Rep 2016;6:26296 Yin W, Tong S, Zhang Q, et al. Functional dichotomy of Vδ2 γδ T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infections: role in cytotoxicity but not for IFN-γ production. Sci Rep 2016;6:26296
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Barathan M, Mohamed R, Vadivelu J, et al. Peripheral loss of CD8(+)CD161(++)TCRVα7.2(+) mucosal-associated invariant T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2016;46:170–180 Barathan M, Mohamed R, Vadivelu J, et al. Peripheral loss of CD8(+)CD161(++)TCRVα7.2(+) mucosal-associated invariant T cells in chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2016;46:170–180
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang Y, El-Far M, Dupuy FP, et al. HCV RNA activates APCs via TLR7/TLR8 while virus selectively stimulates macrophages without inducing antiviral responses. Sci Rep 2016;6:29447 Zhang Y, El-Far M, Dupuy FP, et al. HCV RNA activates APCs via TLR7/TLR8 while virus selectively stimulates macrophages without inducing antiviral responses. Sci Rep 2016;6:29447
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Raghuraman S, Park H, Osburn WO, et al. Spontaneous clearance of chronic hepatitis C virus infection is associated with appearance of neutralizing antibodies and reversal of T cell exhaustion. J Infect Dis 2012;205:763–771 Raghuraman S, Park H, Osburn WO, et al. Spontaneous clearance of chronic hepatitis C virus infection is associated with appearance of neutralizing antibodies and reversal of T cell exhaustion. J Infect Dis 2012;205:763–771
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Claassen MA, Janssen HL, Boonstra A. Role of T cell immunity in hepatitis C virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2013;3(4):461–467 Claassen MA, Janssen HL, Boonstra A. Role of T cell immunity in hepatitis C virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2013;3(4):461–467
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Gupta PK, Godec J, Wolski D, et al. CD39 expression identifies terminally exhausted CD8+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2015;11:e1005177 Gupta PK, Godec J, Wolski D, et al. CD39 expression identifies terminally exhausted CD8+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2015;11:e1005177
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartling HJ, Ballegaard VC, Nielsen NS, et al. Immune regulation in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016;51:1387–1397 Hartling HJ, Ballegaard VC, Nielsen NS, et al. Immune regulation in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2016;51:1387–1397
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Radziewicz H, Ibegbu CC, Fernandez ML, et al. Liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in chronic human hepatitis C virus infection display an exhausted phenotype with high levels of PD-1 and low levels of CD127 expression. J Virol 2007;81(6):2545–2553 Radziewicz H, Ibegbu CC, Fernandez ML, et al. Liver-infiltrating lymphocytes in chronic human hepatitis C virus infection display an exhausted phenotype with high levels of PD-1 and low levels of CD127 expression. J Virol 2007;81(6):2545–2553
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Burke Schinkel SC, Carrasco-Medina L, Cooper CL, et al. Generalized liver- and blood-derived CD8+ T-cell impairment in response to cytokines in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One 2016;11:e0157055 Burke Schinkel SC, Carrasco-Medina L, Cooper CL, et al. Generalized liver- and blood-derived CD8+ T-cell impairment in response to cytokines in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. PLoS One 2016;11:e0157055
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Bhattarai N, McLinden JH, Xiang J, et al. Conserved motifs within hepatitis C virus envelope (E2) RNA and protein independently inhibit T cell activation. PLoS Pathog 2015;11:e1005183 Bhattarai N, McLinden JH, Xiang J, et al. Conserved motifs within hepatitis C virus envelope (E2) RNA and protein independently inhibit T cell activation. PLoS Pathog 2015;11:e1005183
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen JH, Perry CJ, Tsui YC, et al. Prostaglandin E2 and programmed cell death 1 signaling coordinately impair CTL function and survival during chronic viral infection. Nat Med 2015;21:327–334 Chen JH, Perry CJ, Tsui YC, et al. Prostaglandin E2 and programmed cell death 1 signaling coordinately impair CTL function and survival during chronic viral infection. Nat Med 2015;21:327–334
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Pelletier S, Bedard N, Said E, et al. Sustained hyperresponsiveness of dendritic cells is associated with spontaneous resolution of acute hepatitis C. J Virol 2013;87(12):6769–6781 Pelletier S, Bedard N, Said E, et al. Sustained hyperresponsiveness of dendritic cells is associated with spontaneous resolution of acute hepatitis C. J Virol 2013;87(12):6769–6781
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Zabaleta A, Riezu-Boj JI, Larrea E, et al. Gene expression analysis during acute hepatitis C virus infection associates dendritic cell activation with viral clearance. J Med Virol 2016;88(5):843–851 Zabaleta A, Riezu-Boj JI, Larrea E, et al. Gene expression analysis during acute hepatitis C virus infection associates dendritic cell activation with viral clearance. J Med Virol 2016;88(5):843–851
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Liang CC, Liu CH, Lin YL, et al. Functional impairment of dendritic cells in patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 who failed peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy. J Med Virol 2011;83(7):1212–1220 Liang CC, Liu CH, Lin YL, et al. Functional impairment of dendritic cells in patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 who failed peginterferon plus ribavirin therapy. J Med Virol 2011;83(7):1212–1220
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Rana D, Chawla YK, Duseja A, et al. Functional reconstitution of defective myeloid dendritic cells in chronic hepatitis C infection on successful antiviral treatment. Liver Int 2012;32(7):1128–1137 Rana D, Chawla YK, Duseja A, et al. Functional reconstitution of defective myeloid dendritic cells in chronic hepatitis C infection on successful antiviral treatment. Liver Int 2012;32(7):1128–1137
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodrigue-Gervais IG, Rigsby H, Jouan L, et al. Intact dendritic cell pathogen-recognition receptor functions associate with chronic hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. PLoS One 2014;9(7):e102605 Rodrigue-Gervais IG, Rigsby H, Jouan L, et al. Intact dendritic cell pathogen-recognition receptor functions associate with chronic hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance. PLoS One 2014;9(7):e102605
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Crosignani A, Riva A, Della BS. Analysis of peripheral blood dendritic cells as a non-invasive tool in the follow-up of patients with chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22(4):1393–1404 Crosignani A, Riva A, Della BS. Analysis of peripheral blood dendritic cells as a non-invasive tool in the follow-up of patients with chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22(4):1393–1404
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Tu Z, Zhang P, Li H, et al. Cross-linking of CD81 by HCV-E2 protein inhibits human intrahepatic plasmacytoid dendritic cells response to CpG-ODN. Cell Immunol 2013;284(1–2):98–103 Tu Z, Zhang P, Li H, et al. Cross-linking of CD81 by HCV-E2 protein inhibits human intrahepatic plasmacytoid dendritic cells response to CpG-ODN. Cell Immunol 2013;284(1–2):98–103
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Sachdeva M, Chawla YK, Arora SK. Dendritic cells: the warriors upfront-turned defunct in chronic hepatitis C infection. World J Hepatol 2015;7(19):2202–2208 Sachdeva M, Chawla YK, Arora SK. Dendritic cells: the warriors upfront-turned defunct in chronic hepatitis C infection. World J Hepatol 2015;7(19):2202–2208
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Losikoff PT, Self AA, Gregory SH. Dendritic cells, regulatory T cells and the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. Virulence 2012;3(7):610–620 Losikoff PT, Self AA, Gregory SH. Dendritic cells, regulatory T cells and the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C. Virulence 2012;3(7):610–620
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodrigue-Gervais IG, Rigsby H, Jouan L, et al. Dendritic cell inhibition is connected to exhaustion of CD8+ T cell polyfunctionality during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Immunol 2010;184(6):3134–3144 Rodrigue-Gervais IG, Rigsby H, Jouan L, et al. Dendritic cell inhibition is connected to exhaustion of CD8+ T cell polyfunctionality during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. J Immunol 2010;184(6):3134–3144
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Ryan EJ, Stevenson NJ, Hegarty JE, et al. Chronic hepatitis C infection blocks the ability of dendritic cells to secrete IFN-alpha and stimulate T-cell proliferation. J Viral Hepatol 2011;18(12):840–851 Ryan EJ, Stevenson NJ, Hegarty JE, et al. Chronic hepatitis C infection blocks the ability of dendritic cells to secrete IFN-alpha and stimulate T-cell proliferation. J Viral Hepatol 2011;18(12):840–851
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao L, Tyrrell DL. Myeloid dendritic cells can kill T cells during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Viral Immunol 2013;26(1):25–39 Zhao L, Tyrrell DL. Myeloid dendritic cells can kill T cells during chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Viral Immunol 2013;26(1):25–39
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeng QL, Yang B, Sun HQ, et al. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are associated with viral persistence and downregulation of TCR ζ chain expression on CD8+ T cells in chronic hepatitis C patients. Mol Cells 2014;37(1):66–73 Zeng QL, Yang B, Sun HQ, et al. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells are associated with viral persistence and downregulation of TCR ζ chain expression on CD8+ T cells in chronic hepatitis C patients. Mol Cells 2014;37(1):66–73
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Ren JP, Zhao J, Dai J, et al. Hepatitis C virus-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate T cell differentiation and function via the STAT3 pathway. Immunology 2016;148:377–386 Ren JP, Zhao J, Dai J, et al. Hepatitis C virus-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cells regulate T cell differentiation and function via the STAT3 pathway. Immunology 2016;148:377–386
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Grakoui A, Shoukry NH, Woollard DJ, et al. HCV persistence and immune evasion in the absence of memory T cell help. Science 2003;302(5645):659–662 Grakoui A, Shoukry NH, Woollard DJ, et al. HCV persistence and immune evasion in the absence of memory T cell help. Science 2003;302(5645):659–662
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Raziorrouh B, Ulsenheimer A, Schraut W, et al. Inhibitory molecules that regulate expansion and restoration of HCV-specific CD4+ T cells in patients with chronic infection. Gastroenterology 2011;141(4):1422–1431 Raziorrouh B, Ulsenheimer A, Schraut W, et al. Inhibitory molecules that regulate expansion and restoration of HCV-specific CD4+ T cells in patients with chronic infection. Gastroenterology 2011;141(4):1422–1431
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Kared H, Fabre T, Bedard N, et al. Galectin-9 and IL-21 mediate cross-regulation between Th17 and Treg cells during acute hepatitis C. PLoS Pathog 2013;9:e1003422 Kared H, Fabre T, Bedard N, et al. Galectin-9 and IL-21 mediate cross-regulation between Th17 and Treg cells during acute hepatitis C. PLoS Pathog 2013;9:e1003422
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Mele D, Mantovani S, Oliviero B, et al. Hepatitis C virus inhibits CD4 T cell function via binding to Toll-like receptor 7. Antiviral Res 2017;137:108–111 Mele D, Mantovani S, Oliviero B, et al. Hepatitis C virus inhibits CD4 T cell function via binding to Toll-like receptor 7. Antiviral Res 2017;137:108–111
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Barnes E, Gelderblom HC, Humphreys I, et al. Cellular immune responses during high-dose interferon-alpha induction therapy for hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis 2009;199(6):819–828 Barnes E, Gelderblom HC, Humphreys I, et al. Cellular immune responses during high-dose interferon-alpha induction therapy for hepatitis C virus infection. J Infect Dis 2009;199(6):819–828
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanto T, Hayashi N. Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection: multifaceted strategies subverting innate and adaptive immunity. Intern Med 2006;45:183–191 Kanto T, Hayashi N. Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis C virus infection: multifaceted strategies subverting innate and adaptive immunity. Intern Med 2006;45:183–191
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang Q, Wang YK, Zhao Q, et al. Th17 cells are increased with severity of liver inflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:273–278 Chang Q, Wang YK, Zhao Q, et al. Th17 cells are increased with severity of liver inflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:273–278
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Neuman MG, Sha K, Esquerra R, et al. Inflammation and repair in viral hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:1468–1487 Neuman MG, Sha K, Esquerra R, et al. Inflammation and repair in viral hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci 2008;53:1468–1487
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Pembroke T, Christian A, Jones E, et al. The paradox of NKp46+ natural killer cells: drivers of severe hepatitis C virus-induced pathology but in vivo resistance to interferon α treatment. Gut 2014;63(3):515–524 Pembroke T, Christian A, Jones E, et al. The paradox of NKp46+ natural killer cells: drivers of severe hepatitis C virus-induced pathology but in vivo resistance to interferon α treatment. Gut 2014;63(3):515–524
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Kang W, Shin EC. Clinical implications of chemokines in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Yonsei Med J 2011;52:871–878 Kang W, Shin EC. Clinical implications of chemokines in acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Yonsei Med J 2011;52:871–878
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Szabo G, Petrasek J. Inflammasome activation and function in liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12:387–400 Szabo G, Petrasek J. Inflammasome activation and function in liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;12:387–400
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Ren JP, Ying RS, Cheng YQ, et al. HCV-induced miR146a controls SOCS1/STAT3 and cytokine expression in monocytes to promote regulatory T-cell development. J Viral Hepatol 2016;23:755–766 Ren JP, Ying RS, Cheng YQ, et al. HCV-induced miR146a controls SOCS1/STAT3 and cytokine expression in monocytes to promote regulatory T-cell development. J Viral Hepatol 2016;23:755–766
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Veerapu NS, Park SH, Tully DC, et al. Trace amounts of sporadically reappearing HCV RNA can cause infection. J Clin Invest 2014;124(8):3469–3478 Veerapu NS, Park SH, Tully DC, et al. Trace amounts of sporadically reappearing HCV RNA can cause infection. J Clin Invest 2014;124(8):3469–3478
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Dessouki O, Kamiya Y, Nagahama H, et al. Chronic hepatitis C viral infection reduces NK cell frequency and suppresses cytokine secretion: reversion by anti-viral treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010;393(2):331–337 Dessouki O, Kamiya Y, Nagahama H, et al. Chronic hepatitis C viral infection reduces NK cell frequency and suppresses cytokine secretion: reversion by anti-viral treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010;393(2):331–337
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahlenstiel G, Edlich B, Hogdal LJ, et al. Early changes in natural killer cell function indicate virologic response to interferon therapy for hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011;141(4):1231–1239 Ahlenstiel G, Edlich B, Hogdal LJ, et al. Early changes in natural killer cell function indicate virologic response to interferon therapy for hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2011;141(4):1231–1239
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Larrubia JR, Moreno-Cubero E, Miquel J, et al. Hepatitis C virus-specific cytotoxic T cell response restoration after treatment-induced hepatitis C virus control. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:3480–3491 Larrubia JR, Moreno-Cubero E, Miquel J, et al. Hepatitis C virus-specific cytotoxic T cell response restoration after treatment-induced hepatitis C virus control. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:3480–3491
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang C, Hua R, Cui Y, et al. Comprehensive mapping of antigen specific T cell responses in hepatitis C virus infected patients with or without spontaneous viral clearance. PLoS One 2017;12(2):e0171217 Zhang C, Hua R, Cui Y, et al. Comprehensive mapping of antigen specific T cell responses in hepatitis C virus infected patients with or without spontaneous viral clearance. PLoS One 2017;12(2):e0171217
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Serti E, Chepa-Lotrea X, Kim YJ, et al. Successful interferon-free therapy of chronic hepatitis C virus infection normalizes natural killer cell function. Gastroenterology 2015;149:190–200.e2 Serti E, Chepa-Lotrea X, Kim YJ, et al. Successful interferon-free therapy of chronic hepatitis C virus infection normalizes natural killer cell function. Gastroenterology 2015;149:190–200.e2
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Meissner EG, Wu D, Osinusi A, et al. Endogenous intrahepatic IFNs and association with IFN-free HCV treatment outcome. J Clin Invest 2014;124:3352–3363 Meissner EG, Wu D, Osinusi A, et al. Endogenous intrahepatic IFNs and association with IFN-free HCV treatment outcome. J Clin Invest 2014;124:3352–3363
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Martin B, Hennecke N, Lohmann V, et al. Restoration of HCV-specific CD8+ T cell function by interferon-free therapy. J Hepatol 2014;61:538–543 Martin B, Hennecke N, Lohmann V, et al. Restoration of HCV-specific CD8+ T cell function by interferon-free therapy. J Hepatol 2014;61:538–543
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Burchill MA, Golden-Mason L, Wind-Rotolo M, et al. Memory re-differentiation and reduced lymphocyte activation in chronic HCV-infected patients receiving direct-acting antivirals. J Viral Hepatol 2015;22(12):983–991 Burchill MA, Golden-Mason L, Wind-Rotolo M, et al. Memory re-differentiation and reduced lymphocyte activation in chronic HCV-infected patients receiving direct-acting antivirals. J Viral Hepatol 2015;22(12):983–991
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofmann M, Thimme R. MAIT be different-persisting dysfunction after DAA-mediated clearance of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2016;46(9):2099–2102 Hofmann M, Thimme R. MAIT be different-persisting dysfunction after DAA-mediated clearance of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Eur J Immunol 2016;46(9):2099–2102
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Hengst J, Falk CS, Schlaphoff V, et al. DAA-induced HCV clearance does not completely restore the altered cytokine and chemokine milieu in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Infect Dis 2016;214(12):1965–1974 Hengst J, Falk CS, Schlaphoff V, et al. DAA-induced HCV clearance does not completely restore the altered cytokine and chemokine milieu in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Infect Dis 2016;214(12):1965–1974
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Callendret B, Eccleston HB, Satterfield W, et al. Persistent hepatitis C viral replication despite priming of functional CD8+ T cells by combined therapy with a vaccine and a direct-acting antiviral. Hepatology 2016;63:1442–1454 Callendret B, Eccleston HB, Satterfield W, et al. Persistent hepatitis C viral replication despite priming of functional CD8+ T cells by combined therapy with a vaccine and a direct-acting antiviral. Hepatology 2016;63:1442–1454
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Shrivastava S, Wilson E, Poonia B, et al. Augmentation of HCV specific immunity and sustained virological response (SVR). J Viral Hepatol 2017. doi:10.1111/jvh.12702 Shrivastava S, Wilson E, Poonia B, et al. Augmentation of HCV specific immunity and sustained virological response (SVR). J Viral Hepatol 2017. doi:10.​1111/​jvh.​12702
Metadaten
Titel
Current progress in host innate and adaptive immunity against hepatitis C virus infection
verfasst von
Jijing Shi
Yuanyuan Li
Wenxian Chang
Xuexiu Zhang
Fu-Sheng Wang
Publikationsdatum
22.06.2017
Verlag
Springer India
Erschienen in
Hepatology International / Ausgabe 4/2017
Print ISSN: 1936-0533
Elektronische ISSN: 1936-0541
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072-017-9805-2

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2017

Hepatology International 4/2017 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.