Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Clinical and Translational Oncology 11/2016

10.03.2016 | Review Article

Survival in glioblastoma: a review on the impact of treatment modalities

verfasst von: P. D. Delgado-López, E. M. Corrales-García

Erschienen in: Clinical and Translational Oncology | Ausgabe 11/2016

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal tumor of the central nervous system. The natural history of treated GBM remains very poor with 5-year survival rates of 5 %. Survival has not significantly improved over the last decades. Currently, the best that can be offered is a modest 14-month overall median survival in patients undergoing maximum safe resection plus adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Prognostic factors involved in survival include age, performance status, grade, specific markers (MGMT methylation, mutation of IDH1, IDH2 or TERT, 1p19q codeletion, overexpression of EGFR, etc.) and, likely, the extent of resection. Certain adjuncts to surgery, especially cortical mapping and 5-ALA fluorescence, favor higher rates of gross total resection with apparent positive impact on survival. Recurrent tumors can be offered re-intervention, participation in clinical trials, anti-angiogenic agent or local electric field therapy, without an evident impact on survival. Molecular-targeted therapies, immunotherapy and gene therapy are promising tools currently under research.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohgaki H, Kleihues P. Population-based studies on incidence, survival rates, and genetic alterations in astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2005;64(6):479–89.PubMedCrossRef Ohgaki H, Kleihues P. Population-based studies on incidence, survival rates, and genetic alterations in astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2005;64(6):479–89.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Rouse C, Chen Y, Dowling J, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United Sates in 2007–2011. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16(Suppl 4):iv1–63. Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Liao P, Rouse C, Chen Y, Dowling J, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United Sates in 2007–2011. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16(Suppl 4):iv1–63.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, et al. Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(5):459–66.PubMedCrossRef Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, et al. Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(5):459–66.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott JG, Bauchet L, Fraum TJ, Nayak L, Cooper AR, Chao ST, et al. Recursive partitioning analysis of prognostic factors for glioblastoma patients aged 70 years or older. Cancer. 2012;118(22):5595–600.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Scott JG, Bauchet L, Fraum TJ, Nayak L, Cooper AR, Chao ST, et al. Recursive partitioning analysis of prognostic factors for glioblastoma patients aged 70 years or older. Cancer. 2012;118(22):5595–600.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Young RM, Jamshidi A, Davis G, Sherman JH. Current trends in the surgical management and treatment of adult glioblastoma. Ann Transl Med. 2015;3(9):121.PubMedPubMedCentral Young RM, Jamshidi A, Davis G, Sherman JH. Current trends in the surgical management and treatment of adult glioblastoma. Ann Transl Med. 2015;3(9):121.PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Wrensch M, Minn Y, Chew T, Bondy M, Berger MS. Epidemiology of primary brain tumors: current concepts and review of the literature. Neuro Oncol. 2002;4(4):278–99.PubMedPubMedCentral Wrensch M, Minn Y, Chew T, Bondy M, Berger MS. Epidemiology of primary brain tumors: current concepts and review of the literature. Neuro Oncol. 2002;4(4):278–99.PubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong ET, Lok E, Swanson KD. An evidence-based review of alternating electric fields therapy for malignant gliomas. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2015;16(8):40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wong ET, Lok E, Swanson KD. An evidence-based review of alternating electric fields therapy for malignant gliomas. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2015;16(8):40.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Krex D, Klink B, Hartmann C, von Deimling A, Pietsch T, Simon M, et al. Long-term survival with glioblastoma multiforme. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 10):2596–606.PubMedCrossRef Krex D, Klink B, Hartmann C, von Deimling A, Pietsch T, Simon M, et al. Long-term survival with glioblastoma multiforme. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 10):2596–606.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N, Weller M, et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):997–1003.PubMedCrossRef Hegi ME, Diserens AC, Gorlia T, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N, Weller M, et al. MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):997–1003.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H, et al. Glioma groups based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT promoter mutations in tumors. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(26):2499–508.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Eckel-Passow JE, Lachance DH, Molinaro AM, Walsh KM, Decker PA, Sicotte H, et al. Glioma groups based on 1p/19q, IDH, and TERT promoter mutations in tumors. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(26):2499–508.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohgaki H, Kleihues P. The definition of primary and secondary glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(4):764–72.PubMedCrossRef Ohgaki H, Kleihues P. The definition of primary and secondary glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(4):764–72.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson TA, Karajannis MA, Harter DH. Glioblastoma multiforme: State of the art and future therapeutics. Surg Neurol Int. 2014;8(5):64. Wilson TA, Karajannis MA, Harter DH. Glioblastoma multiforme: State of the art and future therapeutics. Surg Neurol Int. 2014;8(5):64.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons DW, Jones S, Zhang X, Lin JC, Leary RJ, Angenendt P, et al. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. Science. 2008;321(5897):1807–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Parsons DW, Jones S, Zhang X, Lin JC, Leary RJ, Angenendt P, et al. An integrated genomic analysis of human glioblastoma multiforme. Science. 2008;321(5897):1807–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Nobusawa S, Watanabe T, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. IDH1 mutations as molecular signature and predictive factor of secondary glioblastomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(19):6002–7.PubMedCrossRef Nobusawa S, Watanabe T, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. IDH1 mutations as molecular signature and predictive factor of secondary glioblastomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15(19):6002–7.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Verhaak RG, Hoadley KA, Purdom E, Wang V, Qi Y, Wilkerson MD, et al. Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell. 2010;17(1):98–110.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Verhaak RG, Hoadley KA, Purdom E, Wang V, Qi Y, Wilkerson MD, et al. Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell. 2010;17(1):98–110.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Phillips HS, Kharbanda S, Chen R, Forrest WF, Soriano RH, Wu TD, et al. Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2006;9(3):157–73.PubMedCrossRef Phillips HS, Kharbanda S, Chen R, Forrest WF, Soriano RH, Wu TD, et al. Molecular subclasses of high-grade glioma predict prognosis, delineate a pattern of disease progression, and resemble stages in neurogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2006;9(3):157–73.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Farrell CJ, Plotkin SR. Genetic causes of brain tumors: neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau, and other syndromes. Neurol Clin. 2007;25(4):925–46.PubMedCrossRef Farrell CJ, Plotkin SR. Genetic causes of brain tumors: neurofibromatosis, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau, and other syndromes. Neurol Clin. 2007;25(4):925–46.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Lacroix M, Abi-Said D, Fourney DR, Gokaslan ZL, Shi W, DeMonte F, et al. A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J Neurosurg. 2001;95(2):190–8.PubMedCrossRef Lacroix M, Abi-Said D, Fourney DR, Gokaslan ZL, Shi W, DeMonte F, et al. A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J Neurosurg. 2001;95(2):190–8.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987–96.PubMedCrossRef Stupp R, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher B, Taphoorn MJ, et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(10):987–96.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Yoshida T, Kawano N, Oka H, Fujii K, Nakazato Y. Clinical cure of glioblastoma—two case reports. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2000;40(4):224–9.PubMedCrossRef Yoshida T, Kawano N, Oka H, Fujii K, Nakazato Y. Clinical cure of glioblastoma—two case reports. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2000;40(4):224–9.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamada S, Endo Y, Hirose T, Takada K, Usui M, Hara M. Autopsy findings in a long-term survivor with glioblastoma multiforme—case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1998;38(2):95–9.PubMedCrossRef Yamada S, Endo Y, Hirose T, Takada K, Usui M, Hara M. Autopsy findings in a long-term survivor with glioblastoma multiforme—case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1998;38(2):95–9.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Davis FG, Freels S, Grutsch J, Barlas S, Brem S. Survival rates in patients with primary malignant brain tumors stratified by patient age and tumor histological type: an analysis based on surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) data, 1973–1991. J Neurosurg. 1998;88(1):1–10.PubMedCrossRef Davis FG, Freels S, Grutsch J, Barlas S, Brem S. Survival rates in patients with primary malignant brain tumors stratified by patient age and tumor histological type: an analysis based on surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) data, 1973–1991. J Neurosurg. 1998;88(1):1–10.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Lamborn KR, Chang SM, Prados MD. Prognostic factors for survival of patients with glioblastoma: recursive partitioning analysis. Neuro Oncol. 2004;6(3):227–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lamborn KR, Chang SM, Prados MD. Prognostic factors for survival of patients with glioblastoma: recursive partitioning analysis. Neuro Oncol. 2004;6(3):227–35.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Stupp R, Wong ET, Kanner AA, Steinberg D, Engelhard H, Heidecke V, et al. NovoTTF-100A versus physician’s choice chemotherapy in recurrent glioblastoma: a randomised phase III trial of a novel treatment modality. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48(14):2192–202.PubMedCrossRef Stupp R, Wong ET, Kanner AA, Steinberg D, Engelhard H, Heidecke V, et al. NovoTTF-100A versus physician’s choice chemotherapy in recurrent glioblastoma: a randomised phase III trial of a novel treatment modality. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48(14):2192–202.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallner KE, Galicich JH, Krol G, Arbit E, Malkin MG. Patterns of failure following treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;16(6):1405–9.PubMedCrossRef Wallner KE, Galicich JH, Krol G, Arbit E, Malkin MG. Patterns of failure following treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989;16(6):1405–9.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Vuorinen V, Hinkka S, Färkkilä M, Jääskeläinen J. Debulking or biopsy of malignant glioma in elderly people—a randomised study. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145(1):5–10.CrossRef Vuorinen V, Hinkka S, Färkkilä M, Jääskeläinen J. Debulking or biopsy of malignant glioma in elderly people—a randomised study. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2003;145(1):5–10.CrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Stummer W, Pichlmeier U, Meinel T, Wiestler OD, Zanella F, Reulen HJ, et al. Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(5):392–401.PubMedCrossRef Stummer W, Pichlmeier U, Meinel T, Wiestler OD, Zanella F, Reulen HJ, et al. Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomised controlled multicentre phase III trial. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(5):392–401.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanai N, Polley MY, McDermott MW, Parsa AT, Berger MS. An extent of resection threshold for newly diagnosed glioblastomas. J Neurosurg. 2011;115(1):3–8.PubMedCrossRef Sanai N, Polley MY, McDermott MW, Parsa AT, Berger MS. An extent of resection threshold for newly diagnosed glioblastomas. J Neurosurg. 2011;115(1):3–8.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Chaichana KL, Jusue-Torres I, Navarro-Ramirez R, Raza SM, Pascual-Gallego M, Ibrahim A, et al. Establishing percent resection and residual volume thresholds affecting survival and recurrence for patients with newly diagnosed intracranial glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16(1):113–22.PubMedCrossRef Chaichana KL, Jusue-Torres I, Navarro-Ramirez R, Raza SM, Pascual-Gallego M, Ibrahim A, et al. Establishing percent resection and residual volume thresholds affecting survival and recurrence for patients with newly diagnosed intracranial glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2014;16(1):113–22.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Orringer D, Lau D, Khatri S, Zamora-Berridi GJ, Zhang K, Wu C, et al. Extent of resection in patients with glioblastoma: limiting factors, perception of resectability, and effect on survival. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(5):851–9.PubMedCrossRef Orringer D, Lau D, Khatri S, Zamora-Berridi GJ, Zhang K, Wu C, et al. Extent of resection in patients with glioblastoma: limiting factors, perception of resectability, and effect on survival. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(5):851–9.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Grabowski MM, Recinos PF, Nowacki AS, Schroeder JL, Angelov L, Barnett GH, et al. Residual tumor volume versus extent of resection: predictors of survival after surgery for glioblastoma. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(5):1115–23.PubMedCrossRef Grabowski MM, Recinos PF, Nowacki AS, Schroeder JL, Angelov L, Barnett GH, et al. Residual tumor volume versus extent of resection: predictors of survival after surgery for glioblastoma. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(5):1115–23.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Bloch O, Han SJ, Cha S, Sun MZ, Aghi MK, McDermott MW, et al. Impact of extent of resection for recurrent glioblastoma on overall survival: clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(6):1032–8.PubMedCrossRef Bloch O, Han SJ, Cha S, Sun MZ, Aghi MK, McDermott MW, et al. Impact of extent of resection for recurrent glioblastoma on overall survival: clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(6):1032–8.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Gállego Pérez-Larraya J, Delattre JY. Management of elderly patients with gliomas. Oncologist. 2014;19(12):1258–67. Gállego Pérez-Larraya J, Delattre JY. Management of elderly patients with gliomas. Oncologist. 2014;19(12):1258–67.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Oppenlander ME, Wolf AB, Snyder LA, Bina R, Wilson JR, Coons SW, et al. An extent of resection threshold for recurrent glioblastoma and its risk for neurological morbidity. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(4):846–53.PubMedCrossRef Oppenlander ME, Wolf AB, Snyder LA, Bina R, Wilson JR, Coons SW, et al. An extent of resection threshold for recurrent glioblastoma and its risk for neurological morbidity. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(4):846–53.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Brem H, Piantadosi S, Burger PC, Walker M, Selker R, Vick NA, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of intraoperative controlled delivery by biodegradable polymers of chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. The Polymer-brain Tumor Treatment Group. Lancet. 1995;345(8956):1008–12.PubMedCrossRef Brem H, Piantadosi S, Burger PC, Walker M, Selker R, Vick NA, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of safety and efficacy of intraoperative controlled delivery by biodegradable polymers of chemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. The Polymer-brain Tumor Treatment Group. Lancet. 1995;345(8956):1008–12.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Wangaryattawanich P, Hatami M, Wang J, Thomas G, Flanders A, Kirby J, et al. Multicenter imaging outcomes study of The Cancer Genome Atlas glioblastoma patient cohort: imaging predictors of overall and progression-free survival. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(11):1525–37.PubMedCrossRef Wangaryattawanich P, Hatami M, Wang J, Thomas G, Flanders A, Kirby J, et al. Multicenter imaging outcomes study of The Cancer Genome Atlas glioblastoma patient cohort: imaging predictors of overall and progression-free survival. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17(11):1525–37.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanai N, Berger MS. Intraoperative stimulation techniques for functional pathway preservation and glioma resection. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;28(2):E1.PubMedCrossRef Sanai N, Berger MS. Intraoperative stimulation techniques for functional pathway preservation and glioma resection. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;28(2):E1.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Krieg SM, Sollmann N, Obermueller T, Sabih J, Bulubas L, Negwer C, et al. Changing the clinical course of glioma patients by preoperative motor mapping with navigated transcranial magnetic brain stimulation. BMC Cancer. 2015;8(15):231.CrossRef Krieg SM, Sollmann N, Obermueller T, Sabih J, Bulubas L, Negwer C, et al. Changing the clinical course of glioma patients by preoperative motor mapping with navigated transcranial magnetic brain stimulation. BMC Cancer. 2015;8(15):231.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Romano A, D’Andrea G, Minniti G, Mastronardi L, Ferrante L, Fantozzi LM, et al. Pre-surgical planning and MR-tractography utility in brain tumour resection. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(12):2798–808.PubMedCrossRef Romano A, D’Andrea G, Minniti G, Mastronardi L, Ferrante L, Fantozzi LM, et al. Pre-surgical planning and MR-tractography utility in brain tumour resection. Eur Radiol. 2009;19(12):2798–808.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdullah KG, Lubelski D, Nucifora PG, Brem S. Use of diffusion tensor imaging in glioma resection. Neurosurg Focus. 2013;34(4):E1.PubMedCrossRef Abdullah KG, Lubelski D, Nucifora PG, Brem S. Use of diffusion tensor imaging in glioma resection. Neurosurg Focus. 2013;34(4):E1.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat González-Darder JM, González-López P, Talamantes F, Quilis V, Cortés V, García-March G, et al. Multimodal navigation in the functional microsurgical resection of intrinsic brain tumors located in eloquent motor areas: role of tractography. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;28(2):E5.PubMedCrossRef González-Darder JM, González-López P, Talamantes F, Quilis V, Cortés V, García-March G, et al. Multimodal navigation in the functional microsurgical resection of intrinsic brain tumors located in eloquent motor areas: role of tractography. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;28(2):E5.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Senft C, Bink A, Franz K, Vatter H, Gasser T, Seifert V. Intraoperative MRI guidance and extent of resection in glioma surgery: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(11):997–1003.PubMedCrossRef Senft C, Bink A, Franz K, Vatter H, Gasser T, Seifert V. Intraoperative MRI guidance and extent of resection in glioma surgery: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(11):997–1003.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Kubben PL, ter Meulen KJ, Schijns OE, ter Laak-Poort MP, van Overbeeke JJ, van Santbrink H. Intraoperative MRI-guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(11):1062–70.PubMedCrossRef Kubben PL, ter Meulen KJ, Schijns OE, ter Laak-Poort MP, van Overbeeke JJ, van Santbrink H. Intraoperative MRI-guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(11):1062–70.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Wu JS, Gong X, Song YY, Zhuang DX, Yao CJ, Qiu TM, et al. 3.0-T intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging-guided resection in cerebral glioma surgery: interim analysis of a prospective, randomized, triple-blind, parallel-controlled trial. Neurosurgery. 2014;61(Suppl 1):145–54.PubMedCrossRef Wu JS, Gong X, Song YY, Zhuang DX, Yao CJ, Qiu TM, et al. 3.0-T intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging-guided resection in cerebral glioma surgery: interim analysis of a prospective, randomized, triple-blind, parallel-controlled trial. Neurosurgery. 2014;61(Suppl 1):145–54.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Brell M, Roldán P, González E, Llinàs P, Ibáñez J. Implantación de la primera resonancia intraoperatoria en un hospital de la red sanitaria pública española: experiencia inicial, viabilidad y dificultades en nuestro entorno. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2013;24(1):11–21. Brell M, Roldán P, González E, Llinàs P, Ibáñez J. Implantación de la primera resonancia intraoperatoria en un hospital de la red sanitaria pública española: experiencia inicial, viabilidad y dificultades en nuestro entorno. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2013;24(1):11–21.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Senft C, Seifert V, Hermann E, Franz K, Gasser T. Usefulness of intraoperative ultra low-field magnetic resonance imaging in glioma surgery. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(4 Suppl 2):257–66 (discussion 266–7). Senft C, Seifert V, Hermann E, Franz K, Gasser T. Usefulness of intraoperative ultra low-field magnetic resonance imaging in glioma surgery. Neurosurgery. 2008;63(4 Suppl 2):257–66 (discussion 266–7).
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Díez Valle R, Slof J, Galván J, Arza C, Romariz C, Vidal C, et al. Estudio observacional retrospectivo sobre la efectividad del ácido 5-aminolevulínico en la cirugíaa de los gliomas malignos en España (Estudio VISIONA). Neurologia. 2014;29(3):131–8. Díez Valle R, Slof J, Galván J, Arza C, Romariz C, Vidal C, et al. Estudio observacional retrospectivo sobre la efectividad del ácido 5-aminolevulínico en la cirugíaa de los gliomas malignos en España (Estudio VISIONA). Neurologia. 2014;29(3):131–8.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Gil-Salú JL, Arraez MÁ, Barcia JA, Piquer J, Rodríguez de Lope A, Villalba Martínez G, et al. Recomendaciones sobre el uso de ácido 5-aminolevulínico en la cirugíaa de os gliomas malignos. Documento de consenso. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2013;24(4):163–9. Gil-Salú JL, Arraez MÁ, Barcia JA, Piquer J, Rodríguez de Lope A, Villalba Martínez G, et al. Recomendaciones sobre el uso de ácido 5-aminolevulínico en la cirugíaa de os gliomas malignos. Documento de consenso. Neurocirugia (Astur). 2013;24(4):163–9.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Slof J, Díez Valle R, Galván J. Análisis coste-efectividad de la cirugía del glioma maligno guiada por fluorescencia con ácido 5-aminolevulínico. Neurologia. 2015;30(3):163–8.PubMedCrossRef Slof J, Díez Valle R, Galván J. Análisis coste-efectividad de la cirugía del glioma maligno guiada por fluorescencia con ácido 5-aminolevulínico. Neurologia. 2015;30(3):163–8.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Eljamel S. 5-ALA fluorescence image guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme: a meta-analysis of the literature. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(5):10443–56.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Eljamel S. 5-ALA fluorescence image guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme: a meta-analysis of the literature. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(5):10443–56.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Coburger J, Hagel V, Wirtz CR, König R. Surgery for glioblastoma: impact of the combined use of 5-aminolevulinic acid and intraoperative MRI on extent of resection and survival. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0131872.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Coburger J, Hagel V, Wirtz CR, König R. Surgery for glioblastoma: impact of the combined use of 5-aminolevulinic acid and intraoperative MRI on extent of resection and survival. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0131872.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer FB, Bates LM, Goerss SJ, Friedman JA, Windschitl WL, Duffy JR, et al. Awake craniotomy for aggressive resection of primary gliomas located in eloquent brain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76(7):677–87.PubMedCrossRef Meyer FB, Bates LM, Goerss SJ, Friedman JA, Windschitl WL, Duffy JR, et al. Awake craniotomy for aggressive resection of primary gliomas located in eloquent brain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76(7):677–87.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang YD, Dai RY, Chen Z, Zhang YH, He XZ, Zhou J. Efficacy and safety of carmustine wafers in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: a systematic review. Turk Neurosurg. 2014;24(5):639–45.PubMed Zhang YD, Dai RY, Chen Z, Zhang YH, He XZ, Zhou J. Efficacy and safety of carmustine wafers in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: a systematic review. Turk Neurosurg. 2014;24(5):639–45.PubMed
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Bregy A, Shah AH, Diaz MV, Pierce HE, Ames PL, Diaz D, et al. The role of Gliadel wafers in the treatment of high-grade gliomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2013;13(12):1453–61.PubMedCrossRef Bregy A, Shah AH, Diaz MV, Pierce HE, Ames PL, Diaz D, et al. The role of Gliadel wafers in the treatment of high-grade gliomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2013;13(12):1453–61.PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong ET, Lok E, Gautam S, Swanson KD. Dexamethasone exerts profound immunologic interference on treatment efficacy for recurrent glioblastoma. Br J Cancer. 2015;113(2):232–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wong ET, Lok E, Gautam S, Swanson KD. Dexamethasone exerts profound immunologic interference on treatment efficacy for recurrent glioblastoma. Br J Cancer. 2015;113(2):232–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong ET, Lok E, Swanson KD. Clinical benefit in recurrent glioblastoma from adjuvant NovoTTF-100A and TCCC after temozolomide and bevacizumab failure: a preliminary observation. Cancer Med. 2015;4(3):383–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Wong ET, Lok E, Swanson KD. Clinical benefit in recurrent glioblastoma from adjuvant NovoTTF-100A and TCCC after temozolomide and bevacizumab failure: a preliminary observation. Cancer Med. 2015;4(3):383–91.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Walker MD, Green SB, Byar DP, Alexander E Jr, Batzdorf U, Brooks WH, et al. Randomized comparisons of radiotherapy and nitrosoureas for the treatment of malignant glioma after surgery. N Engl J Med. 1980;303(23):1323–9.PubMedCrossRef Walker MD, Green SB, Byar DP, Alexander E Jr, Batzdorf U, Brooks WH, et al. Randomized comparisons of radiotherapy and nitrosoureas for the treatment of malignant glioma after surgery. N Engl J Med. 1980;303(23):1323–9.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Coffey RJ, Lunsford LD, Taylor FH. Survival after stereotactic biopsy of malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery. 1988;22(3):465–73.PubMedCrossRef Coffey RJ, Lunsford LD, Taylor FH. Survival after stereotactic biopsy of malignant gliomas. Neurosurgery. 1988;22(3):465–73.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson DF, Diener-West M, Horton J, Chang CH, Schoenfeld D, Nelson JS. Combined modality approach to treatment of malignant gliomas–re-evaluation of RTOG 7401/ECOG 1374 with long-term follow-up: a joint study of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. NCI Monogr. 1988;6:279–84.PubMed Nelson DF, Diener-West M, Horton J, Chang CH, Schoenfeld D, Nelson JS. Combined modality approach to treatment of malignant gliomas–re-evaluation of RTOG 7401/ECOG 1374 with long-term follow-up: a joint study of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. NCI Monogr. 1988;6:279–84.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan JL, Lee SW, Fraass BA, Normolle DP, Greenberg HS, Junck LR, et al. Survival and failure patterns of high-grade gliomas after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(6):1635–42.PubMedCrossRef Chan JL, Lee SW, Fraass BA, Normolle DP, Greenberg HS, Junck LR, et al. Survival and failure patterns of high-grade gliomas after three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(6):1635–42.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Narayana A, Yamada J, Berry S, Shah P, Hunt M, Gutin PH, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in high-grade gliomas: clinical and dosimetric results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64(3):892–7.PubMedCrossRef Narayana A, Yamada J, Berry S, Shah P, Hunt M, Gutin PH, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in high-grade gliomas: clinical and dosimetric results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64(3):892–7.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Keime-Guibert F, Chinot O, Taillandier L, Cartalat-Carel S, Frenay M, Kantor G, et al. Radiotherapy for glioblastoma in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(15):1527–35.PubMedCrossRef Keime-Guibert F, Chinot O, Taillandier L, Cartalat-Carel S, Frenay M, Kantor G, et al. Radiotherapy for glioblastoma in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(15):1527–35.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Paulino AC, Mai WY, Chintagumpala M, Taher A, Teh BS. Radiation-induced malignant gliomas: is there a role for reirradiation? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;71(5):1381–7.PubMedCrossRef Paulino AC, Mai WY, Chintagumpala M, Taher A, Teh BS. Radiation-induced malignant gliomas: is there a role for reirradiation? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;71(5):1381–7.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Souhami L, Seiferheld W, Brachman D, Podgorsak EB, Werner-Wasik M, Lustig R, et al. Randomized comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery followed by conventional radiotherapy with carmustine to conventional radiotherapy with carmustine for patients with glioblastoma multiforme: report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 93-05 protocol. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60(3):853–60.PubMedCrossRef Souhami L, Seiferheld W, Brachman D, Podgorsak EB, Werner-Wasik M, Lustig R, et al. Randomized comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery followed by conventional radiotherapy with carmustine to conventional radiotherapy with carmustine for patients with glioblastoma multiforme: report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 93-05 protocol. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60(3):853–60.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Selker RG, Shapiro WR, Burger P, Blackwood MS, Arena VC, Gilder JC, et al. The Brain Tumor Cooperative Group NIH Trial 87-01: a randomized comparison of surgery, external radiotherapy, and carmustine versus surgery, interstitial radiotherapy boost, external radiation therapy, and carmustine. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(2):343–55 (discussion 355–7). Selker RG, Shapiro WR, Burger P, Blackwood MS, Arena VC, Gilder JC, et al. The Brain Tumor Cooperative Group NIH Trial 87-01: a randomized comparison of surgery, external radiotherapy, and carmustine versus surgery, interstitial radiotherapy boost, external radiation therapy, and carmustine. Neurosurgery. 2002;51(2):343–55 (discussion 355–7).
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Castro JR, Phillips TL, Prados M, Gutin P, Larson DA, Petti PL, et al. Neon heavy charged particle radiotherapy of glioblastoma of the brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;38(2):257–61.PubMedCrossRef Castro JR, Phillips TL, Prados M, Gutin P, Larson DA, Petti PL, et al. Neon heavy charged particle radiotherapy of glioblastoma of the brain. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;38(2):257–61.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Fitzek MM, Thornton AF, Rabinov JD, Lev MH, Pardo FS, Munzenrider JE, et al. Accelerated fractionated proton/photon irradiation to 90 cobalt gray equivalent for glioblastoma multiforme: results of a phase II prospective trial. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(2):251–60.PubMedCrossRef Fitzek MM, Thornton AF, Rabinov JD, Lev MH, Pardo FS, Munzenrider JE, et al. Accelerated fractionated proton/photon irradiation to 90 cobalt gray equivalent for glioblastoma multiforme: results of a phase II prospective trial. J Neurosurg. 1999;91(2):251–60.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Athanassiou H, Synodinou M, Maragoudakis E, Paraskevaidis M, Verigos C, Misailidou D, et al. Randomized phase II study of temozolomide and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(10):2372–7.PubMedCrossRef Athanassiou H, Synodinou M, Maragoudakis E, Paraskevaidis M, Verigos C, Misailidou D, et al. Randomized phase II study of temozolomide and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(10):2372–7.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerber DE, Grossman SA, Zeltzman M, Parisi MA, Kleinberg L. The impact of thrombocytopenia from temozolomide and radiation in newly diagnosed adults with high-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2007;9(1):47–52 (Epub 2006 Nov 15).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Gerber DE, Grossman SA, Zeltzman M, Parisi MA, Kleinberg L. The impact of thrombocytopenia from temozolomide and radiation in newly diagnosed adults with high-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2007;9(1):47–52 (Epub 2006 Nov 15).PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Armstrong TS, Wefel JS, Wang M, Gilbert MR, Won M, Bottomley A, et al. Net clinical benefit analysis of radiation therapy oncology group 0525: a phase III trial comparing conventional adjuvant temozolomide with dose-intensive temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(32):4076–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Armstrong TS, Wefel JS, Wang M, Gilbert MR, Won M, Bottomley A, et al. Net clinical benefit analysis of radiation therapy oncology group 0525: a phase III trial comparing conventional adjuvant temozolomide with dose-intensive temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(32):4076–84.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Poulsen HS, Urup T, Michaelsen SR, Staberg M, Villingshøj M, Lassen U. The impact of bevacizumab treatment on survival and quality of life in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. Cancer Manag Res. 2014;26(6):373–87.CrossRef Poulsen HS, Urup T, Michaelsen SR, Staberg M, Villingshøj M, Lassen U. The impact of bevacizumab treatment on survival and quality of life in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. Cancer Manag Res. 2014;26(6):373–87.CrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedman HS, Prados MD, Wen PY, Mikkelsen T, Schiff D, Abrey LE, et al. Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(28):4733–40.PubMedCrossRef Friedman HS, Prados MD, Wen PY, Mikkelsen T, Schiff D, Abrey LE, et al. Bevacizumab alone and in combination with irinotecan in recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(28):4733–40.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Kreisl TN, Kim L, Moore K, Duic P, Royce C, Stroud I, et al. Phase II trial of single-agent bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab plus irinotecan at tumor progression in recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(5):740–5. Kreisl TN, Kim L, Moore K, Duic P, Royce C, Stroud I, et al. Phase II trial of single-agent bevacizumab followed by bevacizumab plus irinotecan at tumor progression in recurrent glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(5):740–5.
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Iwamoto FM, Abrey LE, Beal K, Gutin PH, Rosenblum MK, Reuter VE, et al. Patterns of relapse and prognosis after bevacizumab failure in recurrent glioblastoma. Neurology. 2009;73(15):1200–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Iwamoto FM, Abrey LE, Beal K, Gutin PH, Rosenblum MK, Reuter VE, et al. Patterns of relapse and prognosis after bevacizumab failure in recurrent glioblastoma. Neurology. 2009;73(15):1200–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Miranda PC, Mekonnen A, Salvador R, Basser PJ. Predicting the electric field distribution in the brain for the treatment of glioblastoma. Phys Med Biol. 2014;59(15):4137–47.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Miranda PC, Mekonnen A, Salvador R, Basser PJ. Predicting the electric field distribution in the brain for the treatment of glioblastoma. Phys Med Biol. 2014;59(15):4137–47.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Turner SG, Gergel T, Wu H, Lacroix M, Toms SA. The effect of field strength on glioblastoma multiforme response in patients treated with the NovoTTF™-100A system. World J Surg Oncol. 2014;22(12):162.CrossRef Turner SG, Gergel T, Wu H, Lacroix M, Toms SA. The effect of field strength on glioblastoma multiforme response in patients treated with the NovoTTF™-100A system. World J Surg Oncol. 2014;22(12):162.CrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Lacouture ME, Davis ME, Elzinga G, Butowski N, Tran D, Villano JL, et al. Characterization and management of dermatologic adverse events with the NovoTTF-100A System, a novel anti-mitotic electric field device for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. Semin Oncol. 2014;41(Suppl 4):S1–14.PubMedCrossRef Lacouture ME, Davis ME, Elzinga G, Butowski N, Tran D, Villano JL, et al. Characterization and management of dermatologic adverse events with the NovoTTF-100A System, a novel anti-mitotic electric field device for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. Semin Oncol. 2014;41(Suppl 4):S1–14.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Omar AI. Tumor treating field therapy in combination with bevacizumab for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. J Vis Exp. 2014;92:e51638.PubMed Omar AI. Tumor treating field therapy in combination with bevacizumab for the treatment of recurrent glioblastoma. J Vis Exp. 2014;92:e51638.PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Laws ER, Parney IF, Huang W, Anderson F, Morris AM, Asher A, et al. Survival following surgery and prognostic factors for recently diagnosed malignant glioma: data from the Glioma Outcomes Project. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(3):467–73.PubMedCrossRef Laws ER, Parney IF, Huang W, Anderson F, Morris AM, Asher A, et al. Survival following surgery and prognostic factors for recently diagnosed malignant glioma: data from the Glioma Outcomes Project. J Neurosurg. 2003;99(3):467–73.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Hegi ME, Liu L, Herman JG, Stupp R, Wick W, Weller M, et al. Correlation of O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation with clinical outcomes in glioblastoma and clinical strategies to modulate MGMT activity. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(25):4189–99.PubMedCrossRef Hegi ME, Liu L, Herman JG, Stupp R, Wick W, Weller M, et al. Correlation of O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation with clinical outcomes in glioblastoma and clinical strategies to modulate MGMT activity. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(25):4189–99.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Reifenberger G, Hentschel B, Felsberg J, Schackert G, Simon M, Schnell O, et al. Predictive impact of MGMT promoter methylation in glioblastoma of the elderly. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(6):1342–50.PubMedCrossRef Reifenberger G, Hentschel B, Felsberg J, Schackert G, Simon M, Schnell O, et al. Predictive impact of MGMT promoter methylation in glioblastoma of the elderly. Int J Cancer. 2012;131(6):1342–50.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Sanson M, Marie Y, Paris S, Idbaih A, Laffaire J, Ducray F, et al. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 codon 132 mutation is an important prognostic biomarker in gliomas. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(25):4150–4.PubMedCrossRef Sanson M, Marie Y, Paris S, Idbaih A, Laffaire J, Ducray F, et al. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 codon 132 mutation is an important prognostic biomarker in gliomas. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(25):4150–4.PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Hartmann C, Hentschel B, Simon M, Westphal M, Schackert G, Tonn JC, et al. Long-term survival in primary glioblastoma with versus without isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(18):5146–57.PubMedCrossRef Hartmann C, Hentschel B, Simon M, Westphal M, Schackert G, Tonn JC, et al. Long-term survival in primary glioblastoma with versus without isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(18):5146–57.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Labussière M, Boisselier B, Mokhtari K, Di Stefano AL, Rahimian A, Rossetto M, et al. Combined analysis of TERT, EGFR, and IDH status defines distinct prognostic glioblastoma classes. Neurology. 2014;83(13):1200–6.PubMedCrossRef Labussière M, Boisselier B, Mokhtari K, Di Stefano AL, Rahimian A, Rossetto M, et al. Combined analysis of TERT, EGFR, and IDH status defines distinct prognostic glioblastoma classes. Neurology. 2014;83(13):1200–6.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Heimberger AB, Hlatky R, Suki D, Yang D, Weinberg J, Gilbert M, et al. Prognostic effect of epidermal growth factor receptor and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(4):1462–6.PubMedCrossRef Heimberger AB, Hlatky R, Suki D, Yang D, Weinberg J, Gilbert M, et al. Prognostic effect of epidermal growth factor receptor and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma multiforme patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(4):1462–6.PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Shinojima N, Tada K, Shiraishi S, Kamiryo T, Kochi M, Nakamura H, et al. Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res. 2003;63(20):6962–70.PubMed Shinojima N, Tada K, Shiraishi S, Kamiryo T, Kochi M, Nakamura H, et al. Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res. 2003;63(20):6962–70.PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Rahmathulla G, Hovey EJ, Hashemi-Sadraei N, Ahluwalia MS. Bevacizumab in high-grade gliomas: a review of its uses, toxicity assessment, and future treatment challenges. Onco Targets Ther. 2013;15(6):371–89.CrossRef Rahmathulla G, Hovey EJ, Hashemi-Sadraei N, Ahluwalia MS. Bevacizumab in high-grade gliomas: a review of its uses, toxicity assessment, and future treatment challenges. Onco Targets Ther. 2013;15(6):371–89.CrossRef
89.
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Hernández-Pedro NY, Rangel-López E, Magaña-Maldonado R, de la Cruz VP, del Angel AS, Pineda B, et al. Application of nanoparticles on diagnosis and therapy in gliomas. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:351031.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hernández-Pedro NY, Rangel-López E, Magaña-Maldonado R, de la Cruz VP, del Angel AS, Pineda B, et al. Application of nanoparticles on diagnosis and therapy in gliomas. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:351031.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Survival in glioblastoma: a review on the impact of treatment modalities
verfasst von
P. D. Delgado-López
E. M. Corrales-García
Publikationsdatum
10.03.2016
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Clinical and Translational Oncology / Ausgabe 11/2016
Print ISSN: 1699-048X
Elektronische ISSN: 1699-3055
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-016-1497-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2016

Clinical and Translational Oncology 11/2016 Zur Ausgabe

Update Onkologie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.