Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Annals of Behavioral Medicine 1/2013

01.02.2013 | Original Article

Physical Activity and Differential Methylation of Breast Cancer Genes Assayed from Saliva: A Preliminary Investigation

verfasst von: Angela D. Bryan, Ph.D., Renee E. Magnan, Ph.D., Ann E. Caldwell Hooper, M.A., Nicole Harlaar, Ph.D., Kent E. Hutchison, Ph.D.

Erschienen in: Annals of Behavioral Medicine | Ausgabe 1/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Purpose

Individuals who exercise are at lower risk for breast cancer and have better post-diagnosis outcomes. The biological mechanisms behind this association are unclear, but DNA methylation has been suggested.

Methods

We developed a composite measure of DNA methylation across 45 CpG sites on genes selected a priori. We examined the association of this measure to self-reported physical activity and objectively measured cardiovascular fitness in a sample of healthy nonsmoking adults (n = 64) in an exercise promotion intervention.

Results

Individuals who were more physically fit and who exercised more minutes per week had lower levels of DNA methylation. Those who increased their minutes of physical activity over 12 months experienced decreases in DNA methylation.

Conclusions

DNA methylation may be a mechanism linking exercise and cancer incidence and could serve as a biomarker for behavioral intervention trials. Studies with larger samples, objectively measured exercise, and more cancer-related markers are needed.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedenreich CM, Thune I. A review of physical activity and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2001; 12: 461-475.PubMedCrossRef Friedenreich CM, Thune I. A review of physical activity and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2001; 12: 461-475.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Monninkhof EM, Elias SG, Vlems FA, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer: A systematic review. Epidemiol. 2007; 18: 137-157.CrossRef Monninkhof EM, Elias SG, Vlems FA, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer: A systematic review. Epidemiol. 2007; 18: 137-157.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Tardon A, Lee WJ, Delgado-Rodriquez M, et al. Leisure-time activity and lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2005; 16: 389-397.PubMedCrossRef Tardon A, Lee WJ, Delgado-Rodriquez M, et al. Leisure-time activity and lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control. 2005; 16: 389-397.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Dimeo FC, Stieglitz R, Novelli-Fischer U, Fetscher S, Keul J. Effects of physical activity on the fatigue and psychologic status of cancer patients during chemotherapy. Cancer. 1999; 85: 2273-2277.PubMedCrossRef Dimeo FC, Stieglitz R, Novelli-Fischer U, Fetscher S, Keul J. Effects of physical activity on the fatigue and psychologic status of cancer patients during chemotherapy. Cancer. 1999; 85: 2273-2277.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Ibrahim EM, Al-Homaidh A. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: Meta-analysis of published studies. Med Oncol. 2010; 28: 753-765 Ibrahim EM, Al-Homaidh A. Physical activity and survival after breast cancer diagnosis: Meta-analysis of published studies. Med Oncol. 2010; 28: 753-765
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeng H, Irwin ML, Lu L, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer survival: An epigenetic link through reduced methylation of a tumor suppressor gene L3MBTL1. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012; 133: 127-135.PubMedCrossRef Zeng H, Irwin ML, Lu L, et al. Physical activity and breast cancer survival: An epigenetic link through reduced methylation of a tumor suppressor gene L3MBTL1. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012; 133: 127-135.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Coyle YM. Physical activity as a negative modulator of estrogen-induced breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2008; 19: 1021-1029.PubMedCrossRef Coyle YM. Physical activity as a negative modulator of estrogen-induced breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 2008; 19: 1021-1029.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Rogers CJ, Colbert LH, Greiner JW, Perkins SN, Hursting SD. Physical activity and cancer prevention: Pathways and targets for intervention. Sports Med. 2008; 38: 271-296.PubMedCrossRef Rogers CJ, Colbert LH, Greiner JW, Perkins SN, Hursting SD. Physical activity and cancer prevention: Pathways and targets for intervention. Sports Med. 2008; 38: 271-296.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Antequera F, Bird A. Number of CpG islands and genes in human and mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90: 11995-11999.PubMedCrossRef Antequera F, Bird A. Number of CpG islands and genes in human and mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90: 11995-11999.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Jones PA. Functions of DNA methylation: Islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond. Nat Genet. 2012; 13: 484-492.CrossRef Jones PA. Functions of DNA methylation: Islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond. Nat Genet. 2012; 13: 484-492.CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Esteller M. Cancer epigenomics: DNA methylomes and histone-modification maps. Nat Rev Genet. 2007; 8: 286-298.PubMedCrossRef Esteller M. Cancer epigenomics: DNA methylomes and histone-modification maps. Nat Rev Genet. 2007; 8: 286-298.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Rodriguez-Parades M, Esteller M. Cancer epigenetics reaches mainstream oncology. Nat Med. 2011; 17: 330-339.CrossRef Rodriguez-Parades M, Esteller M. Cancer epigenetics reaches mainstream oncology. Nat Med. 2011; 17: 330-339.CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Hill VK, Hesson LB, Dansranjavin T, et al. Identification of 5 novel genes methylated in breast and other epithelial cancers. Mol Cancer. 2010; 9: 51.PubMedCrossRef Hill VK, Hesson LB, Dansranjavin T, et al. Identification of 5 novel genes methylated in breast and other epithelial cancers. Mol Cancer. 2010; 9: 51.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Coyle YM, Xie XJ, Lewis CM, Bu D, Milchgrub S, Euhus DM. Role of physical activity in modulating breast cancer risk as defined by APC and RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation in nonmalignant breast tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007; 16: 192-196.PubMedCrossRef Coyle YM, Xie XJ, Lewis CM, Bu D, Milchgrub S, Euhus DM. Role of physical activity in modulating breast cancer risk as defined by APC and RASSF1A promoter hypermethylation in nonmalignant breast tissue. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007; 16: 192-196.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Veeck J, Esteller M. Breast cancer epigenetics: From DNA methylation to microRNAs. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2010; 15: 5-17.PubMedCrossRef Veeck J, Esteller M. Breast cancer epigenetics: From DNA methylation to microRNAs. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia. 2010; 15: 5-17.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Gu YM, Tan JX, Lu XW, Ding Y, Han X, Sun YJ. BCSG1 methylation status and BCSG1 expression in breast tissues derived from Chinese women with breast cancer. Oncology. 2008; 74: 61-68.PubMedCrossRef Gu YM, Tan JX, Lu XW, Ding Y, Han X, Sun YJ. BCSG1 methylation status and BCSG1 expression in breast tissues derived from Chinese women with breast cancer. Oncology. 2008; 74: 61-68.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Slattery ML, Curtin K, Sweeney C, et al. Diet and lifestyle factor associations with CpG island methylator phenotype and BRAF mutations in colon cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006; 120: 656-663.CrossRef Slattery ML, Curtin K, Sweeney C, et al. Diet and lifestyle factor associations with CpG island methylator phenotype and BRAF mutations in colon cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006; 120: 656-663.CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Go VL, Wong DA, Butrum R. Diet, nutrition and cancer prevention: Where are we going from here? J Nutr. 2001; 131(11 Suppl): 3121S-3126S.PubMed Go VL, Wong DA, Butrum R. Diet, nutrition and cancer prevention: Where are we going from here? J Nutr. 2001; 131(11 Suppl): 3121S-3126S.PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Shames DS, Minna JD, Gazdar AF. DNA methylation in health, disease, and cancer. Curr Mol Med. 2007; 7: 85-102.PubMedCrossRef Shames DS, Minna JD, Gazdar AF. DNA methylation in health, disease, and cancer. Curr Mol Med. 2007; 7: 85-102.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Brait M, Ford JG, Papaiahgari S, et al. Association between lifestyle factors and CpG island methylation in a cancer-free population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18: 2984-2991.PubMedCrossRef Brait M, Ford JG, Papaiahgari S, et al. Association between lifestyle factors and CpG island methylation in a cancer-free population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18: 2984-2991.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Nakajima K, Takeoka M, Mori M, et al. Exercise effects on methylation of ASC gene. Int J Sports Med. 2010; 31: 671-675.PubMedCrossRef Nakajima K, Takeoka M, Mori M, et al. Exercise effects on methylation of ASC gene. Int J Sports Med. 2010; 31: 671-675.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Stehlik C, Lee SH, Dorfleutner A, Stassinopoulos A, Sagara J, Reed JC. Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain is a regulator of procaspase-1 activation. J Immunol. 2003; 171: 6145-6163. Stehlik C, Lee SH, Dorfleutner A, Stassinopoulos A, Sagara J, Reed JC. Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain is a regulator of procaspase-1 activation. J Immunol. 2003; 171: 6145-6163.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang FF, Cardarelli R, Carroll J, et al. Physical activity and global genomic DNA methylation in a cancer-free population. Epigenetics. 2011; 6: 293-299.PubMedCrossRef Zhang FF, Cardarelli R, Carroll J, et al. Physical activity and global genomic DNA methylation in a cancer-free population. Epigenetics. 2011; 6: 293-299.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat McBride CM, Koehly LM, Sanderson SC, Kaphingst KA. The behavioral response to personalized genetic information: Will genetic risk profiles motivate individuals and families to choose more healthful behaviors? Annu Rev Public Health. 2010; 31: 89-103.PubMedCrossRef McBride CM, Koehly LM, Sanderson SC, Kaphingst KA. The behavioral response to personalized genetic information: Will genetic risk profiles motivate individuals and families to choose more healthful behaviors? Annu Rev Public Health. 2010; 31: 89-103.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Blair SN, Haskell WL, Ho P, et al. Assessment of habitual physical activity by a 7-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments. Am J Epidemiol. 1985; 122: 794-804.PubMed Blair SN, Haskell WL, Ho P, et al. Assessment of habitual physical activity by a 7-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments. Am J Epidemiol. 1985; 122: 794-804.PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Bock BC, Marcus BH, Pinto BM, Forsyth LH. Maintenance of physical activity following an individualized motivationally tailored intervention. Ann Behav Med. 2001; 23(2): 79-87.PubMedCrossRef Bock BC, Marcus BH, Pinto BM, Forsyth LH. Maintenance of physical activity following an individualized motivationally tailored intervention. Ann Behav Med. 2001; 23(2): 79-87.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Bryan AD, Magnan RE, Caldwell Hooper AE, Ciccolo JT, Marcus B, Hutchison KE. Colorado STRIDE (COSTRIDE): Testing genetic and physiological moderators of response to an intervention to increase physical activity. Under Review. Bryan AD, Magnan RE, Caldwell Hooper AE, Ciccolo JT, Marcus B, Hutchison KE. Colorado STRIDE (COSTRIDE): Testing genetic and physiological moderators of response to an intervention to increase physical activity. Under Review.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Dishman RK, Washburn RA, Schoeller DA. Measurement of physical activity. Quest. 2001; 53: 295-309.CrossRef Dishman RK, Washburn RA, Schoeller DA. Measurement of physical activity. Quest. 2001; 53: 295-309.CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Pereira MA, FitzerGerald SJ, Gregg EW, et al. A collection of physical activity questionnaires for health-related research. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997; 29(6 Suppl): S1-S205.PubMed Pereira MA, FitzerGerald SJ, Gregg EW, et al. A collection of physical activity questionnaires for health-related research. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1997; 29(6 Suppl): S1-S205.PubMed
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Christou DD, Gentile CL, DeSouza CA, Seals DR, Gates PE. Fatness is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factor profile than aerobic fitness in healthy men. Circulation. 2005; 111: 1904-1914.PubMedCrossRef Christou DD, Gentile CL, DeSouza CA, Seals DR, Gates PE. Fatness is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease risk factor profile than aerobic fitness in healthy men. Circulation. 2005; 111: 1904-1914.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Talens RP, Boomsma DI, Tobi EW, et al. Variation, patterns, and temporal stability of DNA methylation: Considerations for epigenetic epidemiology. FASEB J. 2010; 24: 3135-3144.PubMedCrossRef Talens RP, Boomsma DI, Tobi EW, et al. Variation, patterns, and temporal stability of DNA methylation: Considerations for epigenetic epidemiology. FASEB J. 2010; 24: 3135-3144.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Ally SM, Al-Ghnaniem R, Pufulete M. The relationship between gene-specific DNA methylation in leukocytes and normal colorectal mucosa in subjects with and without colorectal tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18: 922-928.PubMedCrossRef Ally SM, Al-Ghnaniem R, Pufulete M. The relationship between gene-specific DNA methylation in leukocytes and normal colorectal mucosa in subjects with and without colorectal tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009; 18: 922-928.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Byun HM, Siegmund KD, Pan F, Berman BP, Laird PW. Epigenetic profiling of somatic tissues from human autopsy specimens identifies tissue- and individual-specific DNA methylation patterns. Hum Mol Genet. 2009; 18: 4808-4817.PubMedCrossRef Byun HM, Siegmund KD, Pan F, Berman BP, Laird PW. Epigenetic profiling of somatic tissues from human autopsy specimens identifies tissue- and individual-specific DNA methylation patterns. Hum Mol Genet. 2009; 18: 4808-4817.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Al-Moghrabi N, Al-Qasem AJ, Aboussekhra A. Methylation-related mutations in the BRCA1 promoter in peripheral blood cells from cancer-free women. Int J Oncol. 2011; 39: 129-135.PubMed Al-Moghrabi N, Al-Qasem AJ, Aboussekhra A. Methylation-related mutations in the BRCA1 promoter in peripheral blood cells from cancer-free women. Int J Oncol. 2011; 39: 129-135.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Brennan K, Garcia-Closas M, Orr N, et al. Intragenic ATM methylation in peripheral blood DNA as a biomarker of breast cancer risk. Cancer Res. 2012; 72: 2304-2313.PubMedCrossRef Brennan K, Garcia-Closas M, Orr N, et al. Intragenic ATM methylation in peripheral blood DNA as a biomarker of breast cancer risk. Cancer Res. 2012; 72: 2304-2313.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Snell C, Krypuy M, Wong EM, Loughrey MB, Dobrovic A. BRCA1 promoter methylation in peripheral blood DNA of mutation negative familial breast cancer patients with a BRCA1 tumour phenotype. Breast Cancer Res. 2008; 10: R12.PubMedCrossRef Snell C, Krypuy M, Wong EM, Loughrey MB, Dobrovic A. BRCA1 promoter methylation in peripheral blood DNA of mutation negative familial breast cancer patients with a BRCA1 tumour phenotype. Breast Cancer Res. 2008; 10: R12.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Galetzka D, Hansmann T, El Hajj N, et al. Monozygotic twins discordant for constitutive BRCA1 promoter methylation, childhood cancer and secondary cancer. Epigenetics. 2012; 7: 47-54.PubMedCrossRef Galetzka D, Hansmann T, El Hajj N, et al. Monozygotic twins discordant for constitutive BRCA1 promoter methylation, childhood cancer and secondary cancer. Epigenetics. 2012; 7: 47-54.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Weisenberger DJ, den Berg DV, Pan F, Berman BP, Laird PW. Comprehensive DNA methylation analysis on the Illumina Infinium assay platform. Technical report. San Diego: Illumina, Inc; 2008. Weisenberger DJ, den Berg DV, Pan F, Berman BP, Laird PW. Comprehensive DNA methylation analysis on the Illumina Infinium assay platform. Technical report. San Diego: Illumina, Inc; 2008.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Westfall PH, Young SS. Resampling-based multiple testing: Examples and methods for p-value adjustment. New York: Wiley; 1993. Westfall PH, Young SS. Resampling-based multiple testing: Examples and methods for p-value adjustment. New York: Wiley; 1993.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Wray NR, Goddard ME, Visscher PM. Prediction of individual genetic risk to disease from genome-wide association studies. Genome Res. 2007; 17: 1520-1528.PubMedCrossRef Wray NR, Goddard ME, Visscher PM. Prediction of individual genetic risk to disease from genome-wide association studies. Genome Res. 2007; 17: 1520-1528.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Cassinotti E, Melson J, Liggett T, et al. DNA methylation patterns in blood of patients with colorectal cancer and adenomatous colorectal polyps. Int J Cancer. 2012; 131: 1153-1157.PubMedCrossRef Cassinotti E, Melson J, Liggett T, et al. DNA methylation patterns in blood of patients with colorectal cancer and adenomatous colorectal polyps. Int J Cancer. 2012; 131: 1153-1157.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Viet CT, Schmidt BL. Methylation array analysis of preoperative and postoperative saliva DNA in oral cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008; 17: 3603-3611.PubMedCrossRef Viet CT, Schmidt BL. Methylation array analysis of preoperative and postoperative saliva DNA in oral cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008; 17: 3603-3611.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee DC, Artero EG, Sui X, Blair SN. Mortality trends in the general population: The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf). 2010; 24(4 Suppl): 27-35.CrossRef Lee DC, Artero EG, Sui X, Blair SN. Mortality trends in the general population: The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf). 2010; 24(4 Suppl): 27-35.CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 97: 141-147.PubMedCrossRef Swain DP, Franklin BA. Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol. 2006; 97: 141-147.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Prior SJ, Hagberg JM, Paton CM, et al. DNA sequence variation in the promoter region of the VEGF gene impacts VEGF gene expression and maximal oxygen consumption. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006; 290: H1848-H1855.PubMedCrossRef Prior SJ, Hagberg JM, Paton CM, et al. DNA sequence variation in the promoter region of the VEGF gene impacts VEGF gene expression and maximal oxygen consumption. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006; 290: H1848-H1855.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat McBride CM, Bryan AD, Bray MS, Swan GE, Green ED. Health behavior change: Can genomics improve behavioral adherence? Am J Public Health. 2012; 102: 401-405.PubMedCrossRef McBride CM, Bryan AD, Bray MS, Swan GE, Green ED. Health behavior change: Can genomics improve behavioral adherence? Am J Public Health. 2012; 102: 401-405.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Heijmans BT, Mill J. Commentary: The seven plagues of epigenetic epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol. 2012; 41: 74-78.PubMedCrossRef Heijmans BT, Mill J. Commentary: The seven plagues of epigenetic epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol. 2012; 41: 74-78.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Faulk C, Dolinoy DC. Timing is everything: The when and how of environmentally induced changes in the epigenome of animals. Epigenetics. 2011; 6: 791-797.PubMedCrossRef Faulk C, Dolinoy DC. Timing is everything: The when and how of environmentally induced changes in the epigenome of animals. Epigenetics. 2011; 6: 791-797.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Milagro FI, Campion J, Cordero P, et al. A dual epigenomic approach for the search of obesity biomarkers: DNA methylation in relation to diet-induced weight loss. FASEB J. 2011; 25: 1378-1389.PubMedCrossRef Milagro FI, Campion J, Cordero P, et al. A dual epigenomic approach for the search of obesity biomarkers: DNA methylation in relation to diet-induced weight loss. FASEB J. 2011; 25: 1378-1389.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and cancer prevention: From observational to intervention research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 10: 287-301.PubMed Friedenreich CM. Physical activity and cancer prevention: From observational to intervention research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001; 10: 287-301.PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Gomez-Pinilla F, Zhuang Y, Feng J, Ying Z, Fan G. Exercise impacts brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasticity by engaging mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. Eur J Neurosci. 2011; 33: 383-390.PubMedCrossRef Gomez-Pinilla F, Zhuang Y, Feng J, Ying Z, Fan G. Exercise impacts brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasticity by engaging mechanisms of epigenetic regulation. Eur J Neurosci. 2011; 33: 383-390.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Ordovas JM, Smith CE. Epigenetics and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010; 7: 510-519.PubMedCrossRef Ordovas JM, Smith CE. Epigenetics and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2010; 7: 510-519.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Jurkowska RZ, Jorkowski TP, Jeltsch A. Structure and function of mammalian DNA methyltransferases. ChemBioChem. 2011; 24: 206-222.CrossRef Jurkowska RZ, Jorkowski TP, Jeltsch A. Structure and function of mammalian DNA methyltransferases. ChemBioChem. 2011; 24: 206-222.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Physical Activity and Differential Methylation of Breast Cancer Genes Assayed from Saliva: A Preliminary Investigation
verfasst von
Angela D. Bryan, Ph.D.
Renee E. Magnan, Ph.D.
Ann E. Caldwell Hooper, M.A.
Nicole Harlaar, Ph.D.
Kent E. Hutchison, Ph.D.
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2013
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Annals of Behavioral Medicine / Ausgabe 1/2013
Print ISSN: 0883-6612
Elektronische ISSN: 1532-4796
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-012-9411-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2013

Annals of Behavioral Medicine 1/2013 Zur Ausgabe