nach oben

Pathology & Oncology Research

Erschienen in:

01.09.2011 | Review

Lymphoproliferative Disorders After Solid Organ Transplantation—Classification, Incidence, Risk Factors, Early Detection and Treatment Options

verfasst von: Gyula Végső, Melinda Hajdu, Anna Sebestyén

Erschienen in: Pathology & Oncology Research | Ausgabe 3/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a heterogeneous disease group of benign and malignant entities. The new World Health Organisation classification introduced in 2008 distinguishes early lesions, polymorphic, monomorphic and classical Hodgkin lymphoma-type PTLD. Based on the time of appearance, early and late forms can be identified.

PTLDs are the second most frequent posttransplantation tumors in adulthood, and the most frequent ones in childhood. The incidence varies with the transplanted organ—from 1%–2% following kidney transplantation to as high as 10% following thoracic organ transplantation—due to different intensities in immunosuppression. Immunocompromised state and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are the two major risk factors.

In Europe and the US approximately 85% of PTLDs are of B-cell origin, and the majority are EBV-associated. Symptoms are often unspecific; extranodal, organ manifestations and central nervous system involvement is common. Early lesions respond well to a decrease in immunosuppression. Malignant entities are treated with rituximab, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical therapy. Adoptive T-cell transfer represents a promising therapeutic approach. The prognosis is favorable in early PTLD, and poor in late PTLD. Five-year survival is 30% for high-grade lymphomas. The prognosis of EBV-negative lymphomas is worse.

Lowering the risk of PTLD may be achieved by low dose maintenance immunosuppression, immunosuppressive drugs inhibiting cell proliferation, and special immunotherapy (e.g. interleukin-2 inhibitors). Early detection is especially important for high risk—e.g. EBV-negative—patients, where the appearance of EBV-DNA and the increase in its titer may help.

Penn I (1999) Posttransplant malignancies. Transplant Proc 31:1260–1262PubMedCrossRef

Vasudev B, Hariharan S (2007) Cancer after transplantation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 16:523–528PubMedCrossRef

ANZDATA A, Zealand N (2006) Dialysis and Transplant Registry. ANZDATA Registry, Woodville

Kasiske BL, Snyder JJ, Gilbertson DT et al (2004) Cancer after kidney transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant 4:905–913PubMedCrossRef

Buell JF, Gross TG, Woodle ES (2005) Malignancy after transplantation. Transplantation 80:S254–S264PubMedCrossRef

Doak PB, Montgomerie JZ, North JD et al (1968) Reticulum cell sarcoma after renal homotransplantation and azathioprine and prednisone therapy. Br Med J 4:746–748PubMedCrossRef

Starzl TE (1968) Discussion of Murray JE, Wilson RE, Tilney NL et al Five years’ experience in renal transplantation with immunosuppressive drugs: survival, function, complications and the role of lymphocyte depletion by thoracic duct fistula. Ann Surg 168:416–435CrossRef

Penn I, Starzl TE (1972) Malignant tumors arising de novo in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. Transplantation 14:407PubMedCrossRef

Penn I (1975) The incidence of malignancies in transplant recipients. Transplant Proc 7:323–326PubMed

10.

Starzl TE, Nalesnik MA, Porter KA et al (1984) Reversibility of lymphomas and lymphoproliferative lesions developing under cyclosporin-steroid therapy. Lancet 1(8377):583–587PubMedCrossRef

11.

Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J et al (2000) The World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: Report of the Clinical Advisory Committee Meeting. Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997. Histopathology 36:69–86PubMedCrossRef

12.

Harris NL, Swerdlow SH, Frizzera G et al (2001) Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW (eds) World Health Organization classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics of tumors of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 264–269

13.

Swerdlow SH, Webber SA, Chadburn A et al (2008) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD). In: WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissue. IARC Press, Lyon, pp 343–350

14.

Mucha K, Foroncewicz B, Ziarkiewicz-Wróblewska B et al (2010) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in view of the new WHO classification: a more rational approach to a protean disease ? Nephrol Dial Transplant 25:2089–2098PubMedCrossRef

15.

Parker A, Bowles K, Bradley JA et al (2010) Diagnosis of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in solid organ transplant recipients—BCSH and BTS Guidelines. Br J Haematol 149:675–692PubMedCrossRef

16.

Tsao L, Hsi ED (2007) The clinicopathologic spectrum of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Arch Pathol Lab Med 131:1209–1218PubMed

17.

Taylor AL, Marcus R, Bradley JA (2005) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) after solid organ transplantation. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 56:155–167PubMedCrossRef

18.

Hoshida Y, Li T, Dong Z et al (2001) Lymphoproliferative disorders in renal transplant patients in Japan. Int J Cancer 91:869–875PubMedCrossRef

19.

Guthery SL, Heubi JE, Bucuvalas JE et al (2003) Determination of risk factors for Epstein-Barr virus-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in pediatric liver transplant recipients using objective case ascertainment. Transplantation 75:987–993PubMedCrossRef

20.

Opelz G, Dohler B (2004) Lymphomas after solid organ transplantation: a collaborative transplant study report. Am J Transplant 4:222–230PubMedCrossRef

21.

Bakker NA, van Imhoff GW, Verschuuren EA et al (2007) Presentation and early detection of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after solid organ transplantation. Transpl Int 20:207–218PubMedCrossRef

22.

Shahinian VB, Muirhead N, Jevnikar AM et al (2003) Epstein-Barr virus seronegativity is a risk factor for late-onset posttranslant lymphoproliferative disorder in adult renal allograft recipients. Transplantation 75:851–856PubMedCrossRef

23.

Bakker NA, van Imhoff GW, Verschuuren EA et al (2005) HLA antigens and post renal transplant lymphoproliferative disease: HLA-B matching is critical. Transplantation 80:595–599PubMedCrossRef

24.

Walker RC, Paya CV, Marshall WF et al (1995) Pretransplantation seronegative Epstein-Barr virus státusz is the primary risk factor for posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in adult heart, lung, and other solid organ transplantations. J Heart Lung Transplant 14:214–221PubMed

25.

Capello D, Rossi D, Gaidano G (2005) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: molecular basis of disease histogenesis and pathogenesis. Hematol Oncol 23:61–67PubMedCrossRef

26.

Capello D, Rossi D, Gaudino G et al (2003) Simian virus 40 infection in lymphoproliferative disorders. Lancet 36:88–89CrossRef

27.

Cohen AH, Sweet SC, Mendeloff E et al (2000) High incidence of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:1252–1255PubMed

28.

Newell KA, Alonso EM, Kelly SM et al (1997) Association between liver transplantation for Langerhans cell histiocytosis, rejection, and development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in children. J Pediatr 131:98–104PubMedCrossRef

29.

Nalesnik MA, Zeevi A, Randhawa PS et al (1999) Cytokine mRNA profiles in Epstein-Barr virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Clin Transplant 13:39–44PubMedCrossRef

30.

Rossi D, Gaidano G, Gloghini A et al (2003) Frequent aberrant promoter hypermethylation of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and death-associated protein kinase genes in immunodeficiency-related lymphomas. Br J Haematol 123:475–478PubMedCrossRef

31.

Cesarman E, Chadburn A, Liu YF et al (1998) BCL-6 gene mutations in posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders predict response to therapy and clinical outcome. Blood 92:2294–2302PubMed

32.

Djokic M, Le Beau MM, Swinnen LJ et al (2006) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder subtypes correlate with different recurring chromosomal abnormalities. Genes Chromosom Cancer 45:313–318PubMedCrossRef

33.

Boubenider S, Hiesse C, Groupy C et al (1997) Incidence and consequences of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. J Nephrol 10:136–145PubMed

34.

Opelz G, Henderson R (1993) Incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in kidney and heart transplant recipients. Lancet 342(8886–8887):1514–1516PubMedCrossRef

35.

Younes BS, McDiarmid SV, Martin MG et al (2000) The effect of immunosuppression on posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplant patients. Transplantation 70:94–99PubMed

36.

Cao S, Cox KL, Berquist W et al (1999) Long-term outcomes in pediatric liver recipients: comparison between cyclospirin A and tacrolimus. Pediatr Transplant 3:22–26PubMedCrossRef

37.

Cockfield SM, Preiksaitis J, Harvey E et al (1991) Is sequential use of ALG and OKT3 in renal transplants associated with an increased incidence of fulminant posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder? Transplant Proc 23:1106–1107PubMed

38.

Caillard S, Dharnidharka V, Agodoa L et al (2005) Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders after renal transplantation in the United States in era of modern immunosuppression. Transplantation 80:1233–1243PubMedCrossRef

39.

Kirk AD, Cherikh WS, Ring M et al (2007) Dissociation of depletional induction and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in kidney recipients treated with alemtuzumab. Am J Transplant 7:2619–2625PubMedCrossRef

40.

Kahan BD, Yakupoglu YK, Schoenberg L et al (2005) Low incidence of malignancy among sirolimus/cyclosporine-treated renal transplant recipients. Transplantation 80:749–758PubMedCrossRef

41.

Kahan BD, Knight R, Schoenberg L et al (2003) Ten years of sirolimus therapy for human renal transplantation: the University of Texas at Houston experience. Transplant Proc 35:25S–34SPubMedCrossRef

42.

Yakupoglu YK, Buell JF, Woodle S et al (2006) Individualization of immunosuppressive therapy. III. Sirolimus associated with a reduced incidence of malignancy. Transplant Proc 38:358–361PubMedCrossRef

43.

DiNardo CD, Tsai DE (2010) Treatment advances in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Curr Opin Hematol 17:368–374PubMedCrossRef

44.

O’Neill JO, Edwards LB, Taylor DO (2006) Mycophenolate mofetil and risk of developing malignancy after orthotopic heart transplantation: analysis of the transplant registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 25:1186–1191PubMedCrossRef

45.

Robson R, Cecka JM, Opelz G et al (2005) Prospective registry-based observational cohort study of the long-term risk of malignancies in renal transplant patients treated with mycophenolate mofetil. Am J Transplant 5:2954–2960PubMedCrossRef

46.

Funch DP, Ko HH, Travasso J et al (2005) Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder among renal transplant patients in relation to the use of mycophenolate mofetil. Transplantation 80:1174–1180PubMedCrossRef

47.

Durrbach A, Pestana JM, Pearson T et al (2010) A phase III study of belatacept versus cyclosporine in kidney transplants from extended criteria donors (BENEFIT-EXT study). Am J Transplant 10:547–557PubMedCrossRef

48.

Pascual J (2007) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder—the potential of proliferation signal inhibitors. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:27–35CrossRef

49.

Dolcetti R (2007) B lymphocytes and Epstein-Barr virus: the lesson of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Autoimmun Rev 7:96–101PubMedCrossRef

50.

Carbone A, Gloghini A, Dotti G (2008) EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders: classification and treatment. Oncologist 13:577–585PubMedCrossRef

51.

Snow AL, Martinez OM (2007) Epstein-Barr virus: evasive maneuvers in the development of PTLD. Am J Transplant 7:271–277PubMedCrossRef

52.

Weiss LM, Movahed LA, Warnke RA et al (1989) Detection of Epstein-Barr viral genomes in Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin^’s disease. N Engl J Med 320:502–506PubMedCrossRef

53.

Raab-Traub N (2002) Epstein-Barr virus in the pathogenesis of NPC. Semin Cancer Biol 12:431–441PubMedCrossRef

54.

Dolcetti R, Masucci MG (2003) Epstein-Barr virus: induction and control of cell transformation. J Cell Physiol 196:207–218PubMedCrossRef

55.

Pattle SB, Farrel PJ (2006) The role of Epstein-Barr virus in cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 6:1193–1205PubMedCrossRef

56.

Capello D, Cerri M, Muti G et al (2003) Molecular histogenesis of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 102:3775–3785PubMedCrossRef

57.

Davis JE, Sherritt MA, Bharadwaj M et al (2004) Determining virological, serological and immunological parameters of EBV infection in the development of PTLD. Int Immunol 16:983–989PubMedCrossRef

58.

Nelson BP, Nalesnik MA, Bahler DW et al (2000) Epstein-Barr virus-negative posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders: a distinct entity ? Am J Surg Pathol 24:375–385PubMedCrossRef

59.

Penn I, Porat G (1995) Central nervous system lymphomas in organ allograft recipients. Transplantation 59:240–244PubMed

60.

Bakker NA, van Imhoff GW, Verschuuren EA et al (2005) Early onset post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease is associated with allograft localization. Clin Transplant 19:327–334PubMedCrossRef

61.

Paranjothi S, Yusen RD, Kraus MD et al (2001) Lymphoproliferative disease after lung transplantation: comparison of presentation and outcome of early and late cases. J Heart Lung Transplant 20:1054–1063PubMedCrossRef

62.

Savoie A, Perpete C, Carpentier L et al (1994) Direct correlation between the load of Epstein-Barr virus-infected lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of pediatric transplant patients and risk of lymphoproliferative disease. Blood 83:2715–2722PubMed

63.

Riddler SA, Breinig MC, McKnight JL (1994) Increased levels of circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected lymphocytes and decreased EBV nuclear antigen antibody responses are associated with the development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in solid-organ transplant recipients. Blood 84:972–984PubMed

64.

Humar A, Michaels M (2006) AST ID Working Group on Infectious Disease Monitoring. American Society of Transplantation recommendations for screening, monitoring and reporting of infectious complications in immunosuppression trials in recipients of organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 6:262–274PubMedCrossRef

65.

Patel S, Zuckerman M, Smith M (2003) Real-time quantitative PCR of Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 DNA using the LightCycler. J Virol Meth 109:227–233CrossRef

66.

Fafi-Kremer S, Brengel-Pesce K, Bargues G et al (2004) Assessment of automated DNA extraction coupled with real-time PCR for measuring Epstein-Barr virus load in whole blood, peripheral mononuclear cells and plasma. J Clin Virol 30:157–164PubMedCrossRef

67.

Wagner HJ, Wessel M, Jabs W et al (2001) Patients at risk for development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: plasma versus peripheral blood mononuclear cells as material for quantification of Epstein-Barr viral load by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Transplantation 72:1012–1019PubMedCrossRef

68.

Tsai DE, Douglas L, Andreadis C et al (2008) EBV PCR in the diagnosis and monitoring of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: results of a two-arm prospective trial. Am J Transplant 8:1016–1024PubMedCrossRef

69.

Jang JY, Kim KM, Lee YJ et al (2008) Quantitative Epstein- Barr virus viral load monitoring in pediatric liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 40:2546–2548PubMedCrossRef

70.

Omar H, Hägglund H, Gustafsson-Jernberg Å et al (2009) Target monitoring of patients at high risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease by quantitative Epstein-Barr virus polymerase chain reaction. Transpl Infect Dis 11:393–399PubMedCrossRef

71.

Smets F, Latinne D, Bazin H et al (2002) Ratio between Epstein-Barr viral load and anti-Epstein-Barr virus specific T-cell response as a predictive marker of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Transplantation 73:1603–1610PubMedCrossRef

72.

Bianchi E, Pascual M, Nicod M et al (2008) Clinical usefulness of FDG-PET/CT scan imaging in the management of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Transplantation 85:707–712PubMedCrossRef

73.

Parker A, Bowles K, Bradley JA et al (2010) Management of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in adult solid organ transplant recipients—BCSH and BTS Guidelines. Br J Haematol 149:693–705PubMedCrossRef

74.

Paya CV, Fung JJ, Nalesnik MA et al (1999) Epstein-Barr virus-induced posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. ASTS/ASTP EBV-PTLD Task Force and The Mayo Clinic Organized International Consensus Development Meeting. Transplantation 68:1517–1525PubMedCrossRef

75.

Green M, Michaels MG, Webber SA et al (1999) The management of Epstein-Barr virus associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders in pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplant 3:271–281PubMedCrossRef

76.

Gottschalk S, Rooney CM, Heslop HE (2005) Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Annu Rev Med 56:29–44PubMedCrossRef

77.

Muti G, Cantoni S, Oreste P et al (2002) Cooperative Study Group on PTLDs. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: improved outcome after clinico-pathologically tailored treatment. Haematologica 87:67–77PubMed

78.

Elstrom RL, Andreadis C, Aqui NA et al (2006) Treatment of PTLD with rituximab or chemotherapy. Am J Transplant 6:569–576PubMedCrossRef

79.

Gross TG, Bucuvalas JC, Park JR et al (2005) Low-dose chemotherapy for Epstein-Barr virus-positive post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease in children after solid organ transplantation. J Clin Oncol 23:6481–6488PubMedCrossRef

80.

Ohta H, Fukushima N, Ozono K (2009) Pediatric post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after cardiac transplantation. Int J Hematol 90:127–136PubMedCrossRef

81.

Milpied N, Vasseur B, Parquet N et al (2000) Humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) in post transplant B-lymphoproliferative disorder: a retrospective analysis on 32 patients. Ann Oncol 11:113–116PubMedCrossRef

82.

Ganne V, Siddiqi N, Kamaplath B et al (2003) Humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) treatment for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Clin Transplant 17:417–422PubMedCrossRef

83.

Trappe R, Hinrichs C, Appel U et al (2009) Treatment of PTLD with rituximab and CHOP reduces the risk of renal graft impairment after reduction of immunosuppression. Am J Transplant 9:2331–2337PubMedCrossRef

84.

Ganne V, Siddiqi N, Kamplath B et al (2003) Humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (Rituximab) treatment for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Clin Transplant 17:417–422PubMedCrossRef

85.

Heslop HE, Savoldo B, Rooney CM (2004) Cellular therapy of Epstein-Barr-virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 17:401–413PubMedCrossRef

86.

Savoldo B, Rooney CM, Quiros-Tejeira RE et al (2005) Cellular immunity to Epstein-Barr virus in liver transplant recipients treated with rituximab for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Am J Transplant 5:566–572PubMedCrossRef

87.

Kinoshita T, Nagai H, Murate T et al (1998) CD-20-negative relapse in B-cell lymphoma after treatment with Rituximab. J Clin Oncol 16:3916PubMed

88.

Choquet S, Leblond V, Herbrecht R et al (2006) Efficacy and safety of rituximab in B-cell post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders: results of a prospective multicenter phase 2 study. Blood 107:3053–3057PubMedCrossRef

89.

Rooney CM, Smith CA, Ng CY et al (1995) Use of gene-modified virus specific T lymphocytes to control Epstein-Barr virus-related lymphoproliferation. Lancet 345:9–13PubMedCrossRef

90.

Rooney CM, Smith CA, Ng CY et al (1998) Infusion of cytotoxic T cells for the prevention and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoma in allogeneic transplant recipients. Blood 92:1549–1555PubMed

91.

Feng S, Buell JF, Chari RS et al (2003) Tumors and transplantation: the 2003 third annual ASTS state-of-the-art winter symposium. Am J Transplant 3:1481–1487PubMedCrossRef

92.

Haque T, Wilkie GM, Taylor C et al (2002) Treatment of Epstein-Barr-virus-positive post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease with partly HLA-matched allogeneic cytotoxic T cells. Lancet 360(9331):436–442PubMedCrossRef

93.

Haque T, Wilkie GM, Jones MM et al (2007) Allogeneic cytotoxic T-cell therapy for EBV-positive posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disease: results of a phase 2 multicenter clinical trial. Blood 110:1123–1131PubMedCrossRef

94.

Zhan X, Brown B, Slobod KS et al (2003) Inhibition of ex vivo-expanded cytotoxic T-lymphocyte function by high-dose cyclosporine. Transplantation 76:739–740PubMedCrossRef

95.

Brewin J, Mancao C, Straathof K et al (2009) Generation of EBV-specific cytotoxic T-cells that are resistant to calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Blood 114:4792–4803PubMedCrossRef

96.

Davis CL, Wood BL, Sabath DE et al (1998) Interferon-alpha treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in recipients of solid organ transplants. Transplantation 66:1770–1779PubMedCrossRef

97.

Davis JE, Moss DJ (2004) Treatment options for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and other Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies. Tissue Antigens 63:285–292PubMedCrossRef

98.

Haddad E, Paczesny S, Leblond V et al (2001) Treatment of B-lymphoproliferative disorder with a monoclonal anti-interleukin-6 antibody in 12 patients: a multicenter phase 1–2 clinical trial. Blood 97:1590–1597PubMedCrossRef

99.

Perrine SP, Hermine O, Small T et al (2007) A phase 1/2 trial of arginine butyrate and ganciclovir in patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoid malignancies. Blood 109:2571–2578PubMedCrossRef

100.

Preiksaitis JK (2004) New developments in the diagnosis and management of posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorders in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 39:1016–1023PubMedCrossRef

101.

Funch DP, Walker AM, Schneider G et al (2005) Ganciclovir and acyclovir reduce the risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in renal transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 5:2894–2900PubMedCrossRef

102.

Malouf MA, Chhajed PN, Hopkins P et al (2002) Anti-viral profilaxis reduces the incidence of lymphoproliferative disease in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 21:547–554PubMedCrossRef

103.

Opelz G, Daniel V, Naujokat C et al (2007) Effect of cytomegalovirus prophylaxis with immunoglobulin or with antiviral drugs on post-transplant non-Hodgkin lymphoma:a multicentre retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol 8:212–218PubMedCrossRef

104.

Gu SY, Huang TM, Ruan L et al (1995) First EBV vaccine trial in humans using recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the major membrane antigen. Dev Biol Stand 84:171–177PubMed

105.

Posfay-Barbe KM, Siegrist CA (2009) Immunization and transplantation—what is new and what is coming? Pediatr Transplant 13:404–410PubMedCrossRef

106.

Nepomuceno RR, Balatoni CE, Natkunam Y et al (2003) Rapamycin inhibits the interleukin 10 signal transduction pathway and the growth of Epstein Barr virus B-cell lymphomas. Cancer Res 63:4472–4480PubMed

107.

Alexandru S, Gonzalez E, Grande C et al (2009) Monotherapy rapamycin in renal transplant recipients with lymphoma successfully treated with rituximab. Transplant Proc 41:2435–2437PubMedCrossRef

108.

Holmes MV, Caplin B, Atkinson C et al (2009) Prospective monitoring of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in adult renal transplant recipients during the early posttransplant period: role of mycophenolate mofetil. Transplantation 87:852–856PubMedCrossRef

109.

Vegso G, Sebestyen A, Paku S et al (2007) Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of mycophenolic acid in human B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Leuk Res 31:1003–1008PubMedCrossRef

110.

Takebe N, Cheng X, Fandy TE et al (2006) IMP dehydrogenase inhibitor mycophenolate mofetil induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle inhibition in multiple myeloma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 5:457–466PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Lymphoproliferative Disorders After Solid Organ Transplantation—Classification, Incidence, Risk Factors, Early Detection and Treatment Options
verfasst von: Gyula Végső
Melinda Hajdu
Anna Sebestyén
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2011
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Pathology & Oncology Research / Ausgabe 3/2011
Print ISSN: 1219-4956
Elektronische ISSN: 1532-2807
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12253-010-9329-8

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

19.04.2024 | EAU 2024 | Kongressbericht | Nachrichten

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Lymphoproliferative Disorders After Solid Organ Transplantation—Classification, Incidence, Risk Factors, Early Detection and Treatment Options

Abstract

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Prostatakarzinom: EU initiiert neues Screeningkonzept

Blasenkarzinom – Biomarker statt Zytologie?

Stereotaktische Radiatio schlägt konventionelle Bestrahlung

Adjuvante Brustkrebstherapie: Doppelt hält besser

Update Onkologie

Live-Webinar: Aktuelle Leitlinien bei Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2011

Clinical and Prognostic Value of the Presence of Irregular Giant Nuclear Cells in pT1 Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma

CD1a and CD1d Genes Polymorphisms in Breast, Colorectal and Lung Cancers

Combined Inhibition of PI3K and mTOR Exerts Synergistic Antiproliferative Effect, but Diminishes Differentiative Properties of Rapamycin in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression and Antiproliferative Effect of Dexamethasone on Human Melanoma Cells

Immunohistochemical Profile of Urothelial and Small Cell Carcinomas of the Bladder

Estrogen Receptor Negative and Progesterone Receptor Positive Breast Carcinomas—How Frequent are they?

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Prostatakarzinom: EU initiiert neues Screeningkonzept

Blasenkarzinom – Biomarker statt Zytologie?

Stereotaktische Radiatio schlägt konventionelle Bestrahlung

Adjuvante Brustkrebstherapie: Doppelt hält besser

Update Onkologie