Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the alum-processing mechanism attenuating toxicity of Araceae Pinellia ternata and Pinellia pedatisecta. Animal retroperitoneal inflammatory model in vivo and macrophagocyte release inflammatory factor model in vitro were used to detect the effect of alum processing on raphides and lectin. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the change in raphides during processing; HPLC method was used to determine the correlation between the dissolution and corrosion of raphides and ion in the alum solution; 27Al-NMR technology was used to detect the relationship between aluminum oxalate complex formation and the dissolved and corrosion of raphides. The change in protein peptide sequence of lectin during the processing of alum solution was determined by Shotgun LC–MS assay. Raphides induced severe rabbit conjunctival edema and an intraperitoneal injection of lectin increased PGE2 and protein in mice peritoneal exudate, while decreased after treatment with alum solution processing. During the processing raphides was dissolved and corroded, then its structure was damaged. Raphides was soaked in the alum solution and significantly decreased the oxalate content, and the effect was related with Al3+ in the alum. Al3+ in the alum combined with C2O4 2− of raphides into a stable complex compound promoted the dissolution of calcium oxalate. Raphides soaked in the alum made lectin proteins dissolve, whereas protein peptide sequence of lectin was changed and the protein structure was damaged. Conclusion: Alum solution could decrease the toxicity of P. ternata (Thunb.) Breit. and P. pedatisecta Schott. Since it made a special crystal structure of raphides damage and the protein of lectin dissolve. The structure of toxic substances significantly changed, which decreased the inflammatory effect.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
He, Y., Q.W. Zhang, Y.X. Zhang, J. Sun, and Z.J. Wang. 2004. Study on traditional Chinese pharmaceutical processing of radix Pinellia pedatisecta. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 29: 963–966.
Jaiswal, Y., Z. Liang, P. Yong, H. Chen, and Z. Zhao. 2013. A comparative study on the traditional Indian Shodhana and Chinese processing methods for aconite roots by characterization and determination of the major components. Chemistry Central Journal 7: 169.
Liang, Z., J. Zhang, L. Wong, T. Yi, H. Chen, and Z. Zhao. 2013. Characterization of secondary metabolites from the raphides of calcium oxalate contained in three araceae family plants using laser microdissection and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry. European Journal of Mass Spectrometry (Chichester, England) 19: 195–210.
Liu, X., X. Tian, T. Liu, and J. Liang. 2010. Disclosure of the tuberous lectin composed of homogeneous tetramers in Pinellia pedatisecda Schott. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 162: 1214–1223.
Park, S.W., B.Y. Kang, H.J. Yoon, E.M. Park, K. Choi, H.B. Lee, N.M. Hooper, and H.S. Park. 2002. Spontaneous release of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored renal dipeptidase from porcine renal proximal tubules. Archives of Pharmacal Research 25: 80–85.
Sun, H., B. Ni, A. Zhang, M. Wang, H. Dong, and X. Wang. 2012. Metabolomics study on Fuzi and its processed products using ultra-performance liquid-chromatography/electrospray-ionization synapt high-definition mass spectrometry coupled with pattern recognition analysis. Analyst 137: 170–185.
Vyas, S.B., and L.K. Duffy. 1995. Interaction of synthetic Alzheimer beta-protein-derived analogs with aqueous aluminum: a low-field 27Al NMR investigation. Journal of Protein Chemistry 14: 633–644.
Weber, R., S. Sen, R.E. Youngman, R.T. Hart, and C.J. Benmore. 2008. Structure of high alumina content Al2O3-SiO2 composition glasses. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112: 16726–16733.
Wu, H., Ye, D., Diao, H., and Cai, B. 1996. Orthogonal experiment design in the optimization of processing technology for Rhizoma Pinelliae by ginger and alum. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 21: 660-663, 703.
Yu, H.L., H. Wu, X.D. Zhang, and F.Y. Liu. 2010. Irritant stability of raphides and tubers from Pinellia ternate. Zhong Yao Cai 33: 903–907.
Yu, H.L., F.G. Zhu, and H. Wu. 2011. Study of Pinellia tuber and Pinellia pedatisecta Schott raphides of toxic proteins. China Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy 26: 1037–1042.
Zhao, T.F., Q. Zhang, W. Zhang, H. Wu, H.L. Yu, and H.Z. Wang. 2013. Study on inflammatory effect of toxic raphides from Pinellia ternate and its correlation with macrophages. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 38: 1041–1045.
Zhu, F., H. Yu, H. Wu, R. Shi, W. Tao, and Y. Qiu. 2012. Correlation of Pinellia ternata agglutinin and Pinellia ternata raphides’ toxicity. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 37: 1007–1011.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81173549), China and a Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, H., Pan, Y., Wu, H. et al. The alum-processing mechanism attenuating toxicity of Araceae Pinellia ternata and Pinellia pedatisecta . Arch. Pharm. Res. 38, 1810–1821 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-015-0556-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-015-0556-0