Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that has a profound psychological impact. Despite the pertinence of mental health difficulties to psoriasis, the literature is devoid of empirical support for the long-term beneficial effects of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs). This study aimed to determine the comparative efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), mindfulness-based self-compassion therapy (MBSCT), and self-help MBSCT (MBSCT-SH) relative to treatment-as-usual (TAU) in improving the long-term psychological and physical outcomes of individuals with psoriasis. Ninety-four adults with mild to moderate psoriasis were randomly assigned to TAU (n = 22) or TAU combined with MBCT (n = 25), MBSCT (n = 25), or MBSCT-SH (n = 22). Participants completed assessments of psychological well-being, psoriasis symptom burden, and quality of life at pre- and post-treatment as well as 6- and 12-month follow-up. Although participants reported that the MBIs were beneficial, no statistically significant differences were found on psychological well-being, psoriasis symptom burden, or quality of life relative to TAU alone at post-treatment, 6- or 12-month follow-up. The development of our understanding of differences in the effects of MBIs for disparate disease groups is instrumental to realizing the therapeutic potential of MBIs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbott, R. A., Whear, R., Rodgers, L. R., Bethel, A., Thompson Coon, J., Kuyken, W., … Dickens, C. (2014). Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness based cognitive therapy in vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 76(5), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.02.012.
Asadullah, K., Döcke, W. D., Volk, H. D., & Sterry, W. (1999). The pathophysiological role of cytokines in psoriasis. Drugs of Today (Barcelona, Spain), 35(12), 913–924. https://doi.org/10.1358/dot.1999.35.12.564038.
Baer, R., Smith, G., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504.
Baer, R., Smith, G., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., … Williams, J. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003.
Barnhofer, T., & Crane, C. (2009). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression and suicidality. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical handbook of mindfulness (pp. 221–244). New York: Springer.
Basra, M. K., Fenech, R., Gatt, R. M., Salek, M. S., & Finlay, A. Y. (2008). The Dermatology Life Quality Index 1994–2007: a comprehensive review of validation data and clinical results. The British Journal of Dermatology, 159(5), 997–1035. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08832.x.
Bernhard, J., Kristeller, J., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (1988). Effectiveness of relaxation and visualization techniques as an adjunct to phototherapy and photochemotherapy of psoriasis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 19(3), 572–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(88)80329-3.
Beugen, S., Middendorp, H., Ferwerda, M., Smit, J. V., Zeeuwen-Franssen, M. E. J., Kroft, E. B. M., … Evers, A. W. M. (2016). Predictors of perceived stigmatization in patients with psoriasis. British Journal of Dermatology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14875.
Beygi, S., Lajevardi, V., & Abedini, R. (2014). C-reactive protein in psoriasis: a review of the literature. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 28(6), 700–711. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.12257.
Bjelland, I., Dahl, A. A., Haug, T. T., & Neckelmann, D. (2002). The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale: an updated literature review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 52(2), 69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3.
Böhm, D., Gissendanner, S., Bangemann, K., Snitjer, I., Werfel, T., Weyergraf, A., … Schmid-Ott, G. (2013). Perceived relationships between severity of psoriasis symptoms, gender, stigmatization and quality of life. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 27(2), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04451.x.
Breines, J., Thoma, M., Gianferante, D., Hanlin, L., Chen, X., & Rohleder, N. (2014). Self-compassion as a predictor of interleukin-6 response to acute psychosocial stress. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 37, 109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.11.006.
Brewer, J., Sinha, R., Chen, J., MA, R., MA, T., Nich, C., … Rounsaville, B. (2009). Mindfulness training and stress reactivity in substance abuse: results from a randomized, controlled stage I pilot study. Substance Abuse, 30(4), 306–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070903250241.
Bufka, L. F., & Camp, N. (2010). Brief measures for screening and measuring mental health outcomes. In M. M. Antony & D. H. Barlow (Eds.), Handbook of assessment and treatment planning for psychological disorders (2nd ed., pp. 62–94). New York: The Guilford Press.
Carlson, L., Speca, M., Faris, P., & Patel, K. (2007). One year pre–post intervention follow-up of psychological, immune, endocrine and blood pressure outcomes of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 21(8), 1038–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2007.04.002.
Cavanagh, K., Strauss, C., Forder, L., & Jones, F. (2014). Can mindfulness and acceptance be learnt by self-help? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mindfulness and acceptance-based self-help interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(2), 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.01.001.
Chambers, S., Occhipinti, S., Foley, E., Clutton, S., Legg, M., Berry, M., … Smith, D. (2016). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in advanced prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35(3), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2016.68.8788.
Chinen, J., & Shearer, W. (2008). Secondary immunodeficiencies, including HIV infection. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 121(2), S388–S392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.06.003.
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69–93). New York: The Guilford Press.
Cohen, B., Martires, K., & Ho, R. (2016). Psoriasis and the risk of depression in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2012. JAMA Dermatology, 152(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3605.
Corcoran, K. J., & Fischer, J. (2013). Measures for clinical practice and research: a sourcebook (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Coronado-Montoya, S., Levis, A., Kwakkenbos, L., Steele, R., Turner, E., & Thombs, B. (2016). Reporting of positive results in randomized controlled trials of mindfulness-based mental health interventions. PLoS One, 11(4), e0153220. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153220.
Crane, C., Crane, R., Eames, C., Fennell, M., Silverton, S., Williams, J., & Barnhofer, T. (2014). The effects of amount of home meditation practice in mindfulness based cognitive therapy on hazard of relapse to depression in the staying well after depression trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 63, 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2014.08.015.
Eisendrath, S. J., Gillung, E., Hartzler, A., James-Myers, M., Wolkowitz, O., Sipe, W., … Delucchi, K. (2016). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy associated with decreases in C-reactive protein in major depressive disorder: a pilot study. alternative, Complementary & Integrative Medicine, 2(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.24966/ACIM-7562/100010.
Farias, M., & Wikholm, C. (2016). Has the science of mindfulness lost its mind? BJPsych Bulletin, 40(6), 329–332. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.116.053686.
Farshchian, M., Ansar, A., Sobhan, M., & Hoseinpoor, V. (2016). C-reactive protein serum level in patients with psoriasis before and after treatment with narrow-band ultraviolet B. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, 91(5), 580–583. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164655.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149.
Ferreira, B. I. I., Abreu, J. L. L., Reis, J. P. P., & Figueiredo, A. M. M. (2016). Psoriasis and associated psychiatric disorders: a systematic review on etiopathogenesis and clinical correlation. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 9(6), 36–43.
Finlay, A. Y., & Khan, G. K. (1994). Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)—a simple practical measure for routine clinical use. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 19(3), 210–216.
Fleming, P., Bai, J. W., Pratt, M., Sibbald, C., Lynde, C., & Gulliver, W. P. (2016). The prevalence of anxiety in patients with psoriasis: a systematic review of observational studies and clinical trials. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13891.
Fordham, B., Griffiths, C. E. M., & Bundy, C. (2015). A pilot study examining mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in psoriasis. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 20(1), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2014.902483.
Fortune, D. G. G., Richards, H. L., Corrin, A., Taylor, R. J., Griffiths, C. E., & Main, C. J. (2003a). Attentional bias for psoriasis-specific and psychosocial threat in patients with psoriasis. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 26(3), 211–224.
Fortune, D. G., Richards, H. L., Kirby, B., McElhone, K., Markham, T., Rogers, S., … Griffiths, C. E. (2003b). Psychological distress impairs clearance of psoriasis in patients treated with photochemotherapy. Archives of Dermatology, 139(6), 752–6. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.139.6.752.
Fredriksson, T., & Pettersson, U. (1978). Severe psoriasis—oral therapy with a new retinoid. Dermatologica, 157, 238–244. https://doi.org/10.1159/000250839.
Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy: distinctive features. New York: Routledge.
Gilbert, P., & Choden, P. (2013). Mindful compassion: using the power of mindfulness and compassion to transform our lives (1st ed.). London: Robinson.
Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Matos, M., & Rivis, A. (2011). Fears of compassion: development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511.
Graham, M. R., Baker, J. S., Evans, P., & Davies, B. (2009). Physiological effects and disease manifestations of performance-enhancing androgenic-anabolic steroids, growth hormone and insulin. In K. Maiese (Ed.), Neurovascular medicine: pursuing cellular longevity for healthy aging (pp. 174–214). New York: Oxford University Press.
Guardino, C., Schetter, C., Bower, J., Lu, M., & Smalley, S. (2014). Randomised controlled pilot trial of mindfulness training for stress reduction during pregnancy. Psychology & Health, 29(3), 334–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2013.852670.
Harinck, F., Nagtegaal, T., Kluijt, I., Aalfs, C., Smets, E., Poley, J., … Bleiker, E. M. (2011). Feasibility of a pancreatic cancer surveillance program from a psychological point of view. Genetics in Medicine, 13(12), 1015–1024. https://doi.org/10.1097/gim.0b013e31822934f5.
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. (1996). Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: a functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152–1168. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.64.6.1152.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy: the process and practice of mindful change (2nd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Herrmann, C. (1997). International experiences with the hospital anxiety and depression scale—a review of validation data and clinical results. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 42(1), 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(96)00216-4.
Higgins, J. P., Altman, D. G., & Sterne, J. A. (2011). Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In J. P. Higgins & S. Green (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0. Retrieved from www.cochrane-handbook.org
Hofmann, S., Sawyer, A., Witt, A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018555.
Hoge, E., Bui, E., Palitz, S., Schwarz, N., Owens, M., Johnston, J., … Simon, N. (2018). The effect of mindfulness meditation training on biological acute stress responses in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research, 262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.006.
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2012). Mindfulness for beginners. Boulder: Sounds True, Inc.
Kabat-Zinn, J., Wheeler, E., Light, T., Skillings, A., Scharf, M. J., Cropley, T. G., … Bernhard, J. D. (1998). Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing phototherapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(5), 625–32.
Kelly, A., Zuroff, D., & Shapira, L. (2009). Soothing oneself and resisting self-attacks: the treatment of two intrapersonal deficits in depression vulnerability. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33(3), 301–313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9202-1.
Kelly-Sell, M., & Gudjonsson, J. E. (2017). Overview of psoriasis. In J. Wu, S. Feldman, & M. Lebwohl (Eds.), Therapy for severe psoriasis (pp. 1–16). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
Kimball, A. B., Jacobson, C., Weiss, S., Vreeland, M. G., & Wu, Y. (2005). The psychosocial burden of psoriasis. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 6(6), 383–392.
Köhler, C., Freitas, T., Maes, M., Andrade, N., Liu, C., Fernandes, B., … Carvalho, A. (2017). Peripheral cytokine and chemokine alterations in depression: a meta-analysis of 82 studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 135(5), 373–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12698.
Kong, X. M., Zhu, W. Q., Hong, J. X., & Sun, X. H. (2014). Is glaucoma comprehension associated with psychological disturbance and vision-related quality of life for patients with glaucoma? A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 4, e004632. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004632.
Kouris, A., Pistiki, A., Katoulis, A., Georgitsi, M., Giatrakou, S., Papadavid, E., … Giamarellos-Bourboulis, E. (2014). Proinflammatory cytokine responses in patients with psoriasis. European Cytokine Network. https://doi.org/10.1684/ecn.2014.0358.
Kuijpers, H. J., Van der Heijden, F. M., Tuinier, S., & Verhoeven, W. M. (2007). Meditation-induced psychosis. Psychopathology, 40(6), 461–464. https://doi.org/10.1159/000108125.
Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., Taylor, R., Byford, S., … Dalgleish, T. (2010). How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work? Behaviour Research and Therapy,48(11), 1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.003.
Lavda, A. C., Webb, T. L., & Thompson, A. R. (2012). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of psychological interventions for adults with skin conditions. British Journal of Dermatology, 167(5), 970–979. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11183.x.
Ledesma, D., & Kumano, H. (2009). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and cancer: a meta-analysis. Psycho-Oncology, 18(6), 571–579. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1400.
Magin, P., Adams, J., Heading, G., Pond, D., & Smith, W. (2009). The psychological sequelae of psoriasis: results of a qualitative study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 14(2), 150–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548500802512294.
Malinowski, P., Moore, A. W., Mead, B. R., & Gruber, T. (2017). Mindful aging: the effects of regular brief mindfulness practice on electrophysiological markers of cognitive and affective processing in older adults. Mindfulness, 8(1), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0482-8.
McBride, J. D., & Cooper, M. A. (2008). A high sensitivity assay for the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein employing acoustic biosensing. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 6(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-3155-6-5.
McCusker, C., & Warrington, R. (2011). Primary immunodeficiency. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology, 7, S1), 1–S1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1710-1492-7-S1-S11.
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28(6), 487–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6.
Montgomery, K., Norman, P., Messenger, A. G., & Thompson, A. R. (2016). The importance of mindfulness in psychosocial distress and quality of life in dermatology patients. British Journal of Dermatology, 175(5), 930–936. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.14719.
Moon, H.-S., Mizara, A., & McBride, S. (2013). Psoriasis and psycho-dermatology. Dermatology and Therapy, 3(2), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-013-0031-0.
Murphy, R., Cooper, Z., Hollon, S. D., & Fairburn, C. G. (2009). How do psychological treatments work? Investigating mediators of change. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.10.001.
Neff, K. (2016). The self-compassion scale is a valid and theoretically coherent measure of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7(1), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0479-3.
Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2012). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923.
Nicholl, C. R., Lincoln, N. B., Francis, V. M., & Stephan, T. F. (2001). Assessment of emotional problems in people with multiple sclerosis. Clinical Rehabilitation, 15(6), 657–668. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215501cr427oa.
Nordlind, K., & Zalewska-Janowska, A. (2016). Skin and psyche. Sharjah: Bentham Science Publishers.
Parsons, C. E., Crane, C., Parsons, L. J., Fjorback, L. O., & Kuyken, W. (2017). Home practice in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of participants' mindfulness practice and its association with outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 95, 29–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.004.
Pietrzak, D., Pietrzak, A., Krasowska, D., Makara-Studzińska, M., Madej, A., Baranowska, M., & Borzęcki, A. (2017). Depressiveness, measured with Beck Depression Inventory, in patients with psoriasis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 209, 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.045.
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(8), 741–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(97)00022-3.
Rockliff, H., Karl, A., McEwan, K., Gilbert, J., Matos, M., & Gilbert, P. (2011). Effects of intranasal oxytocin on ‘compassion focused imagery’. Emotion, 11(6), 1388–1396. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023861.
Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., García-Rubio, C., Paniagua, D., García-Diex, G., & Rivas, S. (2016). Mindfulness Integrative Model (MIM): Cultivating positive states of mind towards oneself and the others through mindfulness and self-compassion. Anales de Psicología, 32(3), 749–760. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.3.261681.
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMC Medicine, 8(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-18.
Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press.
Shapiro, D. H. (1992). Adverse effects of meditation: a preliminary investigation of long-term meditators. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 39, 62–67.
Skevington, S. M., Lofty, M., & O'Connell, K. A. (2004). The World Health Organization’s WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. Quality of Life Research, 13(2), 299–310. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00.
Snaith, R. (2003). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 1(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-1-29.
Szabo, T. G., Long, D. M., Villatte, M., & Hayes, S. C. (2015). Mindfulness in contextual cognitive-behavioral models. In K. W. Brown, J. D. Creswell, & R. M. Ryan (Eds.), Handbook of mindfulness: theory, research, and practice (pp. 130–147). New York: The Guilford Press.
Takeshita, J., Grewal, S., Langan, S., Mehta, N., Ogdie, A., Voorhees, A., & Gelfand, J. (2017). Psoriasis and comorbid diseases epidemiology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 76(3), 377–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2016.07.064.
Teasdale, J., Segal, Z., Williams, J., Ridgeway, V., Soulsby, J., & Lau, M. (2000). Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(4), 615–623. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006X.68.4.615.
Vogelzangs, N., Beekman, A., Jonge, P., & Penninx, B. (2013). Anxiety disorders and inflammation in a large adult cohort. Translational Psychiatry, 3(4), tp201327. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2013.27.
Whitebird, R. R., Kreitzer, M. J., Vazquez-Benitez, G., & Enstad, C. J. (2017). Reducing diabetes distress and improving self-management with mindfulness. Social Work in Health Care, 57(1), 48–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2017.1388898.
WHOQOL Group. (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28(3), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291798006667.
Woolhouse, H., Mercuri, K., Judd, F., & Brown, S. (2014). Antenatal mindfulness intervention to reduce depression, anxiety and stress: a pilot randomised controlled trial of the MindBabyBody program in an Australian tertiary maternity hospital. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-014-0369-z.
World Medical Association. (2013). Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053.
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Drs. Paul Collins and Aoife Lally for their help with the study.
Funding
This study was funded by AbbVie Ltd.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Paul D’Alton: Study design, intervention delivery, data collection, statistical analysis, and manuscript preparation
Louise Kinsella: Study design, intervention delivery, and data collection
Orla Walsh: Study design and data collection
Cheryl Sweeney: Study design and data collection
Irene Timoney: Study design and data collection
Maeve Lynch: Study design and data collection
Martin O’Connor: Statistical analysis and manuscript preparation
Brian Kirby: Study design, data collection, statistical analysis, and manuscript preparation
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Approval
Ethical approval for the study was provided by St. Vincent’s Healthcare Group Ethics and Medical Research Committee. All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013) or comparable ethical standards.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Electronic Supplementary Material
ESM 1
(DOCX 33.1 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
D’Alton, P., Kinsella, L., Walsh, O. et al. Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Psoriasis: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Mindfulness 10, 288–300 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0973-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0973-5