INTRODUCTION
METHODS OF LITERATURE REVIEW
CURRENTLY APPROVED THERAPIES FOR NEOVASCULAR AMD
Laser Therapy
Photodynamic Therapy
Anti-VEGF Therapy
Surgery
NOVEL PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS AS TREATMENTS FOR NEOVASCULAR AMD
Aflibercept
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Ranibizumab
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Bevacizumab
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Pegaptanib
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Molecular structure | Fusion protein: domains of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 fused with IgG1 Fc [26] | Monoclonal IgG antibody fragment (Fab) [31] | Monoclonal IgG antibody [32] | RNA aptamer-secreted protein [33] |
Mechanism of action | Binds to all forms of VEGF-A [31] | Binds to all forms of VEGF-A [30] | Binds to VEGF-A165 [33] | |
Half-life in vitreous humor | 4.79 days (in rabbits) [29] | |||
FDA approval | Neovascular AMD [28] | Metastatic renal and colorectal cancers; glioblastoma; non-small cell lung cancer [38] Off-label use for AMD | Neovascular AMD [17] |
THE VEFG PATHWAY
VEGF TRAP-EYE (AFLIBERCEPT INJECTION)
Structure and Mechanism of Action
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Toxicity
Formulation
CLINICAL TRIALS WITH ANTI-VEGF PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NEOVASCULAR AMD THERAPY
Drug name
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Study name
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Study type/phase
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Number of patients/sites
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Intervention/study design
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Important results
a
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Pegaptanib | VISION year 1 [69] | Phase 3: 2-cohort, prospective, multicenter, doubleblinded RCT | Cohort 1: 586 patients in 58 sites in US/Canada | 1) 0.3 mg 2) 1.0 mg 3) 3.0 mg 4) Sham | Year 1 endpoint: at week 54 all three dosing groups had fewer patients who lost vision (70%, 71%, and 65%) compared to the sham group (55%) |
VISION year 2 [70] | Cohort 2: 622 patients at 59 sites worldwide | Injections given every 6 weeks. Option to give PDT. | There was no difference between the three dosage groups | ||
941 patients in year 2 | All angiographic subtypes. In year 2, patients were re-randomized to either receive or discontinue treatment | There was no comparison to PDT. Year 2 endpoint: patients continuing with 0.3 mg treatment were less likely to lose vision from week 54 to week 102 as compared to those that did not receive treatment | |||
Ranibizumab | MARINA year 1 and 2 [71] | Phase 3: prospective, multicenter, doubleblinded RCT | 716 patients in 96 sites | 1) 0.3 mg 2) 0.5 mg 3) Sham | Year 1 endpoint: fewer patients in both RBZ groups lost vision (94.5% and 94.6%) compared to the sham group (62.2%). More patients in both RBZ groups had an improvement in vision (24.8% and 33.8%) compared to the sham group (5.0%) |
Injections given monthly. Occult CNV or minimally classic CNV only | Year 2 endpoint: fewer patients in both RBZ groups lost vision (92.0% and 90.0%) compared to the sham group (52.9%). Vision improvement was maintained at year 2 | ||||
Ranibizumab | ANCHOR year 1 [72] | Phase 3: prospective, multicenter, doubleblinded RCT | 423 patients in 83 sites | 1) 0.3 mg + sham PDT 2) 0.5 mg + sham PDT 3) Sham injection + verteporfin PDT | Year 1 endpoint: fewer patients in both RBZ groups lost vision (94.3% and 96.4%) compared to the verteporfin group (64.3%). More patients in both RBZ groups had an improvement in vision (35.7% and 40.3%) compared to the verteporfin group (5.6%) |
ANCHOR year 2 [73] | 353 patients in 83 sites | Injections given monthly, PDT given 3 monthly Predominantly classic CNV only | Year 2 endpoint: fewer patients in both RBZ groups lost vision (89.9% and 90.0%) compared to the verteporfin group (65.7%). More patients in both RBZ groups had an improvement in vision (34% and 41%) compared to the verteporfin group (6.3%) | ||
Ranibizumab | FOCUS year 1 [74] | Phase 1/2: prospective, single-masked, multicenter, RCT | 162 patients at 25 sites | 1) 0.5 mg + verteporfin PDT 2) Sham injection + verteporfin PDT | Year 1 endpoint: fewer patients treated with RBZ+PDT lost vision (90.5%) compared to those treated with sham+PDT (67.9%). More patients in the RBZ+PDT group had an improvement in vision (23.8%) compared to those treated with sham+PDT (5.4%) |
FOCUS year 2 [75] | 148 patients at 25 Sites | Predominantly classic lesions only | Year 2 endpoint: fewer patients treated with RBZ+PDT lost vision (88%) compared to those treated with sham+PDT (75%). More patients in the RBZ+PDT group had an improvement in vision (25%) compared to those treated with sham+PDT (7%) | ||
Ranibizumab | PIER year 1 [76] | Phase 3: prospective, double-masked, multicenter, RCT | 184 subjects at 43 sites | 1) 0.3 mg 2) 0.5 mg 3) Sham Drug given monthly for 3 months then quarterly. All angiographic types. Allowed PDT to be given | Year 1 endpoint: fewer patients in the treatment arms lost vision (83.3%, 90.2%) compared to the sham group (49.2%). No difference in patients who had an improvement in vision (11.7%, 13.1%, and 9.5%) |
PIER year 2 [77] | 170 subjects at 43 sites | In year 2, sham patients crossed over to 0.5 mg quarterly group. All patients rolled over to 0.5 mg monthly later in year 2 | Year 2 endpoint: fewer patients in the treatment arms lost vision (78.2%, 82.0%) compared to the sham group (41.3%). No difference in patients who had an improvement in vision (15.0%, 8.2%, and 4.8%) | ||
Patients in the RBZ groups rolling into 0.5 mg monthly showed improvement (average gain of 2.2 and 4.1 letters 4 months after rollover). Patients in sham group did not benefit from the rollover (loss of 3.5 letters 10 months after crossover) | |||||
Ranibizumab | Phase 3: single-center, nonrandomized trial | 40 patients at a single site | 1) 0.5 mg Three monthly injections for 3 months, then monthly follow-up with PRN treatment | Year 1 endpoint: 82.5% of eyes lost vision, while 35% gained vision. The average number of injections was 5.6 | |
37 patients at a single site | All angiographic types | Year 2 endpoint: 97.5% of eyes lost vision, while 43% gained vision. The average number of injections was 9.9 | |||
Bevacizumab | ABC year 1 [80] | Phase 3: prospective, double-masked, multicenter, RCT | 131 patients at three centers in UK | 1) 1.25 mg 2) 0.3 mg PEG or PDT for classic; sham for minimally classic or occult CNV | Year 1 endpoint at week 54: fewer patients treated with BVZ lost vision (91%) compared to those receiving standard care (67%) |
Three doses of BVZ given every 6 weeks then PRN. PEG given every 6 weeks for a year. All lesions | More patients treated with BVZ had an improvement in vision (32%) compared to those receiving standard care (3%) | ||||
Bevacizumab Ranibizumab | CATT year 1 [81] | Phase 3: prospective, single-blind, multicenter, RCT | 1,208 patients at 44 sites | 1) 0.5 mg RBZ monthly 2) 1.25 mg BVZ monthly 3) 0.5 mg RBZ PRN 4) 1.25 mg BVZ PRN | Year 1 endpoint: similar percentage of patient in all groups lost vision (94.4%, 94.0%, 95.4%, and 91.5%), similar percentage of patients in all groups gained vision (34.2%, 31.3%, 24.9%, and 28.0%). Monthly regimens for both drugs and PRN regimen for RBZ had similar results for mean VA loss. No comparison could be made to the BVZ PRN group |