nach oben

Current Geriatrics Reports

Erschienen in:

01.09.2013 | Infectious Diseases in the Elderly (SF Bradley, Section Editor)

Impact and Management of MRSA in the Long-Term Care Setting

verfasst von: Christopher J. Crnich

Erschienen in: Current Geriatrics Reports | Ausgabe 3/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in healthcare facilities. Residents of nursing homes are commonly colonized with MRSA and acquisition within these facilities is common. While treatment of MRSA infection in the NH is more costly than treatment of infections caused by methicillin-susceptible strains, the frequency of serious infections and attributable mortality remains uncommon. Consequently, controlling the spread of MRSA in NHs is primarily a population health concern and interventions to control intrafacility transmissions should be balanced with a concern for resident quality-of-life.

• Klein E, Smith D, Laxminarayan R. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999–2005. Emerging Infect Dis. 2007;13:1840–6. These three articles nicely summarize patters of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the United States over the past decade.

• Klevens R, Morrison M, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:1763–71. These three articles nicely summarize patters of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the United States over the past decade.

• Elixhauser A, Steiner C. Infections with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in U.S. Hospitals, 1993–2005. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project: Statistical Brief #35. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2007. These three articles nicely summarize patters of infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the United States over the past decade.

Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ, et al. National trends in Staphylococcus aureus infection rates: impact on economic burden and mortality over a 6-year period (1998–2003). Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1132–40.PubMedCrossRef

Kallen AJ, Mu Y, Bulens S, et al. Health care-associated invasive MRSA infections, 2005–2008. JAMA. 2010;304:641–8.PubMedCrossRef

Martin GS, Mannino DM, Moss M. The effect of age on the development and outcome of adult sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:15–21.PubMedCrossRef

Christensen KLY, Holman RC, Steiner CA, Sejvar JJ, Stoll BJ, Schonberger LB. Infectious disease hospitalizations in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1025–35.PubMedCrossRef

Fukuta Y, Cunningham CA, Harris PL, Wagener MM, Muder RR. Identifying the Risk Factors for Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection among Patients Colonized with MRSA on Admission. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:1219–25.PubMedCrossRef

Schoevaerdts D, Agelas J-P, Ingels M-G, et al. Health outcomes of older patients colonized by multi-drug resistant bacteria (MDRB): a one-year follow-up study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;56:231–6.PubMedCrossRef

10.

Stone N, Lewis D, Lowery H, et al. Importance of bacterial burden among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers in a long-term care facility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:143–8.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Furuno JP, Hebden JN, Standiford HC, et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii in a long-term acute care facility. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36:468–71.PubMedCrossRef

12.

Reynolds C, Quan V, Kim D, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in 10 nursing homes in Orange County, California. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32:91–3.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Crnich CJ, Duster M, Hess T, Zimmerman DR, Drinka P. Antibiotic resistance in non-major metropolitan skilled nursing facilities: prevalence and interfacility variation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:1172–4.PubMedCrossRef

14.

Strausbaugh LJ, Jacobson C, Sewell DL, Potter S, Ward TT. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in extended-care facilities: experiences in a Veterans’ Affairs nursing home and a review of the literature. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1991;12:36–45.PubMedCrossRef

15.

• Muder R, Brennen C, Wagener M, et al. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal colonization and infection in a long-term care facility. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:107–12. These studies are two of the best examinations of the natural history of MRSA in nursing homes with a stable (non-outbreak) prevalence of MRSA.PubMedCrossRef

16.

• Bradley S, Terpenning M, Ramsey M, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: colonization and infection in a long-term care facility. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:417–22. These studies are two of the best examinations of the natural history of MRSA in nursing homes with a stable (non-outbreak) prevalence of MRSA.PubMedCrossRef

17.

Hsu CC. Serial survey of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among residents in a nursing home. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1991;12:416–21.PubMedCrossRef

18.

Mulhausen PL, Harrell LJ, Weinberger M, Kochersberger GG, Feussner JR. Contrasting methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in Veterans Affairs and community nursing homes. Am J Med. 1996;100:24–31.PubMedCrossRef

19.

• Mody L, Kauffman CA, Donabedian S, Zervos M, Bradley SF. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus colonization in nursing home residents. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1368–73. A good example of the risk factors and different patterns of MRSA colonization of residents in nursing homes.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Manzur A, Gudiol F. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in long-term-care facilities. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15 Suppl 7:26–30.PubMedCrossRef

21.

Storch GA, Radcliff JL, Meyer PL, Hinrichs JH. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a nursing home. Infect Control. 1987;8:24–9.PubMed

22.

Thomas JC, Bridge J, Waterman S, Vogt J, Kilman L, Hancock G. Transmission and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a skilled nursing facility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1989;10:106–10.PubMedCrossRef

23.

Trick W, Weinstein R, Demarais P, et al. Comparison of routine glove use and contact-isolation precautions to prevent transmission of multidrug-resistant bacteria in a long-term care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:2003–9.PubMedCrossRef

24.

• Furuno JP, Shurland SM, Zhan M, et al. Comparison of the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Acquisition among Rehabilitation and Nursing Home Residents. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32:244–9. A nicely done study examining differences in risk factors for the acquisition of MRSA among residents on post-acute versus long-term stay unites in three different long-term care facilities.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Fisch J, Lansing B, Wang L, et al. New acquisition of antibiotic-resistant organisms in skilled nursing facilities. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50:1698–703.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Murphy CR, Quan V, Kim D, et al. Nursing home characteristics associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Burden and Transmission. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:269.PubMedCrossRef

27.

• Stone ND, Lewis DR, Johnson TM, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Nasal Carriage in Residents of Veterans Affairs Long-Term Care Facilities: Role of Antimicrobial Exposure and MRSA Acquisition. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33:551–7. A well-designed epidemiological study of MRSA acquisition performed in three different long-term care facilities. A major finding of this study was the strong association between recent antibiotic use and acquisition of MRSA.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Elixhauser A, Steiner C. Statistical brief #35: infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in U.S. hospitals, 1993–2005. 2009;

29.

Chambers HF, Deleo FR. Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:629–41.PubMedCrossRef

30.

Klevens R, Edwards J, Richards C, et al. Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep. 2007;122:160–6.PubMed

31.

Deleo FR, Otto M, Kreiswirth BN, Chambers HF. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet. 2010;375:1557–68.PubMedCrossRef

32.

Maree CL, Daum RS, Boyle-Vavra S, Matayoshi K, Miller LG. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates causing healthcare-associated infections. Emerging Infect Dis. 2007;13:236–42.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Carleton HA, Diep BA, Charlebois ED, Sensabaugh GF, Perdreau-Remington F. Community-adapted methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): population dynamics of an expanding community reservoir of MRSA. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:1730–8.PubMedCrossRef

34.

Shurland SM, Stine OC, Venezia RA, et al. Colonization sites of USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in residents of extended care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:313–8.PubMedCrossRef

35.

Murphy CR, Hudson LO, Spratt BG, et al. Predicting High Prevalence of Community Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Nursing Homes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34:325–6.PubMedCrossRef

36.

Tattevin P, Diep BA, Jula M, Perdreau-Remington F. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone in long-term care facility. Emerging Infect Dis. 2009;15:953–5.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Crnich CJ, Duster M, Hess T, Zimmerman DR, Drinka P. Antibiotic resistance in non-major metropolitan nursing homes: prevalence and inter-facility variation. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol under revision.

38.

Safdar N, Bradley EA. The risk of infection after nasal colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Med. 2008;121:310–5.PubMedCrossRef

39.

Shurland SM, Stine OC, Venezia RA, et al. USA300 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (USA300 MRSA) colonization and the risk of MRSA infection in residents of extended-care facilities. Epidemiol Infect. 2011:1–10.

40.

Bradley EH, Holmboe ES, Mattera JA, Roumanis SA, Radford MJ, Krumholz HM. A qualitative study of increasing beta-blocker use after myocardial infarction: Why do some hospitals succeed? JAMA. 2001;285:2604–11.PubMedCrossRef

41.

Muder R, Brennen C, Goetz A, Wagener M, Rihs J. Association with prior fluoroquinolone therapy of widespread ciprofloxacin resistance among gram-negative isolates in a Veterans Affairs medical center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:256–8.PubMedCrossRef

42.

Niclaes L, Buntinx F, Banuro F, Lesaffre E, Heyrman J. Consequences of MRSA carriage in nursing home residents. Epidemiol Infect. 1999;122:235–9.PubMedCrossRef

43.

Suetens C, Niclaes L, Jans B, et al. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Is Associated with Higher Mortality in Nursing Home Residents with Impaired Cognitive Status. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54:1854–60.PubMedCrossRef

44.

Manzur A, DE Gopegui ER, Dominguez M, et al. Clinical significance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in residents in community long-term-care facilities in Spain. Epidemiol Infect. 2011:1–7.

45.

Capitano B, Leshem O, Nightingale C, Nicolau D. Cost effect of managing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a long-term care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51:10–6.PubMedCrossRef

46.

•• Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:e18–55. This is an excellent guideline summarizing the antimicrobial and non-antimicrobial management of different types of MRSA infections in both inpatient and outpatient settings. A must read for any clinician.PubMedCrossRef

47.

Jeng A, Beheshti M, Li J, Nathan R. The role of beta-hemolytic streptococci in causing diffuse, nonculturable cellulitis: a prospective investigation. Medicine. 2010;89:217–26.PubMedCrossRef

48.

Fitch MT, Manthey DE, McGinnis HD, Nicks BA, Pariyadath M. Videos in clinical medicine. Abscess incision and drainage. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:e20.PubMedCrossRef

49.

Rajendran PM, Young D, Maurer T, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of cephalexin for treatment of uncomplicated skin abscesses in a population at risk for community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:4044–8.PubMedCrossRef

50.

Schmitz GR, Bruner D, Pitotti R, et al. Randomized controlled trial of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for uncomplicated skin abscesses in patients at risk for community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann Emerg Med. 2010;56:283–7.PubMedCrossRef

51.

• Livesley NJ, Chow AW. Infected pressure ulcers in elderly individuals. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:1390–6. These two guidelines provide an in-depth review of the management of patients with pressure ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers, two conditions that are ubiquitous in the long-term care setting.PubMedCrossRef

52.

• Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:e132–73. These two guidelines provide an in-depth review of the management of patients with pressure ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers, two conditions that are ubiquitous in the long-term care setting.PubMedCrossRef

53.

Drinka P, Bonham P, Crnich CJ. Swab culture of purulent skin infection to detect infection or colonization with antibiotic-resistant bacteria. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13:75–9.PubMedCrossRef

54.

Muder RR, Brennen C, Rihs JD, et al. Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from the urinary tract: association of isolation with symptomatic urinary tract infection and subsequent staphylococcal bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:46–50.PubMedCrossRef

55.

• Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:625–63. An exhaustively referenced evidence-based document on the management and prevention of urinary tract infections in adult patients, both those with and without indwelling urinary catheters.PubMedCrossRef

56.

Raz R, Schiller D, Nicolle LE. Chronic indwelling catheter replacement before antimicrobial therapy for symptomatic urinary tract infection. J Urol. 2000;164:1254–8.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Gould FK, Brindle R, Chadwick PR, et al. Guidelines (2008) for the prophylaxis and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the United Kingdom. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:849–61.PubMedCrossRef

58.

Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Johannes RS. Epidemiology and outcomes of health-care-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest. 2005;128:3854–62.PubMedCrossRef

59.

Drinka P, Niederman MS, El-Solh AA, Crnich CJ. Assessment of risk factors for multi-drug resistant organisms to guide empiric antibiotic selection in long term care: a dilemma. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:321–5.PubMedCrossRef

60.

El-Solh AA, Akinnusi ME, Alfarah Z, Patel A. Effect of antibiotic guidelines on outcomes of hospitalized patients with nursing home-acquired pneumonia. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:1030–5.PubMedCrossRef

61.

Brito V, Niederman MS. Healthcare-associated pneumonia is a heterogeneous disease, and all patients do not need the same broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy as complex nosocomial pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009;22:316–25.PubMedCrossRef

62.

• Crnich CJ, Drinka P. Medical device-associated infections in the long-term care setting. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2012;26:143–64. A nice review of the presentation and management of different types of device-related infections encountered in nursing homes.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Datta R, Huang SS. Risk of infection and death due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in long-term carriers. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:176–81.PubMedCrossRef

64.

Mody L, Bradley SF, Galecki A, et al. Conceptual model for reducing infections and antimicrobial resistance in skilled nursing facilities: focusing on residents with indwelling devices. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:654–61.PubMedCrossRef

65.

Bode LGM, Kluytmans JAJW, Wertheim HFL, et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:9–17.PubMedCrossRef

66.

Tacconelli E, Carmeli Y, Aizer A, Ferreira G, Foreman MG, D’Agata EMC. Mupirocin prophylaxis to prevent Staphylococcus aureus infection in patients undergoing dialysis: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1629–38.PubMedCrossRef

67.

Strausbaugh LJ, Jacobson C, Sewell DL, Potter S, Ward TT. Antimicrobial therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in residents and staff of a Veterans Affairs nursing home care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992;13:151–9.PubMedCrossRef

68.

Cederna JE, Terpenning MS, Ensberg M, Bradley SF, Kauffman CA. Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in a nursing home: eradication with mupirocin. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1990;11:13–6.PubMedCrossRef

69.

Kauffman CA, Terpenning MS, He X, et al. Attempts to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a long-term-care facility with the use of mupirocin ointment. Am J Med. 1993;94:371–8.PubMedCrossRef

70.

Mody L, Kauffman CA, McNeil SA, Galecki AT, Bradley SF. Mupirocin-based decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus carriers in residents of 2 long-term care facilities: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1467–74.PubMedCrossRef

71.

Simor AE, Augustin A, Ng J, Betschel S, McArthur M. Control of MRSA in a long-term care facility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1994;15:69–70.PubMedCrossRef

72.

Kotilainen P, Routamaa M, Peltonen R, et al. Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a health center ward and associated nursing home. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:859–63.PubMedCrossRef

73.

Harberg D. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guideline approach works to control a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:115–6.PubMedCrossRef

74.

Bowler WA, Bresnahan J, Bradfish A, Fernandez C. An integrated approach to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus control in a rural, regional-referral healthcare setting. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:269–75.PubMedCrossRef

75.

Cooper B, Stone S, Kibbler C, et al. Isolation measures in the hospital management of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): systematic review of the literature. BMJ. 2004;329:533–40.PubMedCrossRef

76.

Bradley SF. Eradication or decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage: what are we doing and why are we doing it? Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:186–9.PubMedCrossRef

77.

Muto CA, Jernigan JA, Ostrowsky BE, et al. SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003;24:362–86.PubMedCrossRef

78.

Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L. Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory C. Management of multidrug-resistant organisms in health care settings, 2006. Am J Infect Control. 2007;35:S165–93.PubMedCrossRef

79.

Calfee DP, Salgado CD, Classen D, et al. Strategies to prevent transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:S62–80.PubMedCrossRef

80.

• Rebmann T, Aureden K. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology. Preventing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transmission in long-term care facilities: an executive summary of the APIC Elimination Guide. Am J Infect Control. 2011;39:235–8. Both of these references address issues of controlling the spread of MRSA in nursing homes and are an attempt to different from hospitals. While the recommendations have not been validated empirically, they are thoughtful reviews on the unique challenges that providers face in nursing homes.

81.

• Cahill CK. Joint infection prevention and control guidelines: enhanced standard precautions (ESP) for California long-term care facilities. 2010. Available at: http://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/hai/Documents/AFL10-27AttachmentIncluded.pdf. Accessed 8 April 2013. Both of these references address issues of controlling the spread of MRSA in nursing homes and are an attempt to different from hospitals. While the recommendations have not been validated empirically, they are thoughtful reviews on the unique challenges that providers face in nursing homes.

82.

Hughes C, Smith M, Tunney M, Bradley MC. Infection control strategies for preventing the transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nursing homes for older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;12, CD006354.PubMed

83.

• Bradley SF. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: long-term care concerns. Am J Med. 1999;106:2S–10. discussion 48S–52S. A nice review on the issues germane to the control of MRSA in nursing homes. The author provides a nice conceptual overview that is somewhat different than the one proposed in this review.PubMedCrossRef

84.

Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, et al. Effectiveness of a hospital-wide programme to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Lancet. 2000;356:1307–12.PubMedCrossRef

85.

Baldwin NS, Gilpin DF, Tunney MM, et al. Cluster randomised controlled trial of an infection control education and training intervention programme focusing on meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nursing homes for older people. J Hosp Infect. 2010;76:36–41.PubMedCrossRef

86.

Chami K, Gavazzi G, Bar-Hen A, et al. A short-term, multicomponent infection control program in nursing homes: a cluster randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012;13:569.e9–17.CrossRef

87.

Horner C, Wilcox M, Barr B, et al. The longitudinal prevalence of MRSA in care home residents and the effectiveness of improving infection prevention knowledge and practice on colonisation using a stepped wedge study design. BMJ Open. 2012;2:e000423.PubMedCrossRef

88.

Wenzel RP, Bearman G, Edmond MB. Screening for MRSA: a flawed hospital infection control intervention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:1012–8.PubMedCrossRef

89.

Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Infection control: the case for horizontal rather than vertical interventional programs. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14 Suppl 4:S3–5.PubMedCrossRef

90.

Lee BY, Singh A, Bartsch SM, et al. The Potential Regional Impact of Contact Precaution Use in Nursing Homes to Control Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34:151–60.PubMedCrossRef

91.

Crnich CJ, Drinka PJ. Predicting the impact of contact precautions on MRSA outcomes: caution up ahead. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;(in press).

92.

Morgan DJ, Diekema DJ, Sepkowitz K, Perencevich EN. Adverse outcomes associated with Contact Precautions: a review of the literature. Am J Infect Control. 2009;37:85–93.PubMedCrossRef

93.

Day HR, Perencevich EN, Harris AD, et al. Do contact precautions cause depression? A two-year study at a tertiary care medical centre. J Hosp Infect. 2011;79:103–7.PubMedCrossRef

94.

Morgan DJ, Pineles L, Shardell M, et al. The effect of contact precautions on healthcare worker activity in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34:69–73.PubMedCrossRef

95.

Office of Veteran Affairs. Guidelines for implementation of MRSA Prevention Initiative in the Community Living Centers (CLC). Veterans Health Administration. 2008.

96.

Bryce EA, Tiffin SM, Isaac-Renton JL, Wright CJ. Evidence of delays in transferring patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus to long-term-care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:270–1.PubMedCrossRef

97.

Kreman T, Hu J, Pottinger J, Herwaldt LA. Survey of long-term-care facilities in Iowa for policies and practices regarding residents with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:811–5.PubMedCrossRef

98.

Robicsek A, Beaumont JL, Paule SM, et al. Universal surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 3 affiliated hospitals. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:409–18.PubMedCrossRef

99.

Vos MC, Behrendt MD, Melles DC, et al. 5 years of experience implementing a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus search and destroy policy at the largest university medical center in the Netherlands. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:977–84.PubMedCrossRef

100.

Jain R, Kralovic SM, Evans ME, et al. Veterans Affairs initiative to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1419–30.PubMedCrossRef

101.

Datta R, Platt R, Yokoe DS, Huang SS. Environmental cleaning intervention and risk of acquiring multidrug-resistant organisms from prior room occupants. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:491–4.PubMedCrossRef

102.

Murphy CR, Eells SJ, Quan V, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus burden in nursing homes associated with environmental contamination of common areas. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:1012–8.PubMedCrossRef

103.

Nicolle L, Bentley D, Garibaldi R, Neuhaus E, Smith P. Antimicrobial use in long-term-care facilities. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21:537–45.PubMedCrossRef

104.

Smith D, Dushoff J, Perencevich E, Harris A, Levin S. Persistent colonization and the spread of antibiotic resistance in nosocomial pathogens: resistance is a regional problem. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:3709–14.PubMedCrossRef

105.

Lee BY, Bartsch SM, Wong KF, et al. The importance of Nursing Homes in the spread of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among hospitals. Med Care. 2013;

106.

Spindel SJ, Strausbaugh LJ, Jacobson C. Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a Veterans’ Affairs nursing home care unit: a 5-year experience. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995;16:217–23.PubMedCrossRef

107.

Lee YL, Cesario T, Gupta G, et al. Surveillance of colonization and infection with Staphylococcus aureus susceptible or resistant to methicillin in a community skilled-nursing facility. Am J Infect Control. 1997;25:312–21.PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Impact and Management of MRSA in the Long-Term Care Setting
verfasst von: Christopher J. Crnich
Publikationsdatum: 01.09.2013
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Current Geriatrics Reports / Ausgabe 3/2013
Elektronische ISSN: 2196-7865
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13670-013-0047-4

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

25.04.2024 | Hypotonie | Nachrichten

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Impact and Management of MRSA in the Long-Term Care Setting

Abstract

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Update Innere Medizin

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2013

Vascular Dementia

Emergence and Control of Antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative Bacilli in Older Adults

Changing Epidemiology and Control of Clostridium difficile in Older Adults

Relationship of Gait and Cognition in the Elderly

Issues Surrounding Antibiotic Use in Older Adults

The Epidemiology and Clinical Impact of Surgical Site Infections in the Older Adult

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

Niedriger diastolischer Blutdruck erhöht Risiko für schwere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen

Therapiestart mit Blutdrucksenkern erhöht Frakturrisiko

Adjuvante Immuntherapie verlängert Leben bei RCC

Alectinib verbessert krankheitsfreies Überleben bei ALK-positivem NSCLC

Update Innere Medizin